Basic WiFi Net Planning

BasicOutdoorWiFi
NetworkPlanning
MichaelEFox,N6MEF
SantaClaraCountyARES/RACES
SIGMeeting 15May2014
Revised:16May2014
ARES and Amateur Radio Emergency Service are registered service marks of the American Radio Relay League Incorporated and are used by permission.
Copyright2014SantaClaraCountyARES/RACESAllrightsReserved
IntendedAudience
Thisisabasiclevelpresentationintendedfor
someonewhoisgettingstartedwithoutdoorWiFi
networks
Foreachslidehere,thereareprobably5to10more
slidesofdetails,exceptionsandothernuancesthat
couldbecovered
Formoredetail,therearecountlesssourcesalready
availablefromequipmentvendorsandothers
Afterreviewingthispresentation,pickyourfavorite
Internetsearchengineandbegin
Assumptions
Weassumethefollowinghasalreadybeendefined:
Clearstatementoftheproblemtobesolved
o Who,what,when,where,why,how
o Clearsetofrequirements:traffictypes,quantities,
characteristics,people,
Clearreasoningforsolvingtheproblem
o Keyassumptions,clearexpectations,clearmetricsto
measuretheresults
WiFi selectedasthebestsolution
o Basedontheproblemtobesolvedandthereasonsfor
solvingit,WiFi hasbeendeterminedtobetherightchoice
Agenda
Siteselection
Topologyselection
Linkanalysis
o LineofSightAnalysis
o BandSelection
o LinkBudgetAnalysis
Technologyanalysis
Otherconsiderationsarealsoimportant(financial,
functional,sustainability,)butwewontcoverthat
here
SiteSelection
Mostproblemscanbeavoidedbycarefulattention
todetailatthemechanicalandphysicallayer
Therightcharacteristicsateachsitecansupporta
setitandforgetitoperation,eliminatingtheneed
forconstanttinkeringandfixing
SiteCharacteristicstoConsider
Power
o Whatisavailable?Underemergencyconditions?
Environment
o Exposuretoweather,temperature,humidity,dust,
Structure
o Safe,permissibleformountingantennas,equipment,
Access
o Canyougettoitwhenyouneedto?
Security
o Willtheequipmentbesecureagainstintentionaltamperingand
unintentionaldisruption?
o Whohasuseraccess?Canusersaccessthenetworkwithout
yourknowledge?(Part97consideration)
SiteCharacteristicstoConsider
Maintainability
o Howeasyisittoworkontheequipment?
Remotemonitoringandcontrol(alarms,telemetry)
o Doyouknowwhatshappeningwithpower,environment,
security,evenwhenyourenotthere?
Otherparties
o Interferencefrom/toothers?
o Cochannel,adjacentchannel,intermodulation,
More
TopologySelection
Star/Hubandspoke
Moredeterministicperformance(bandwidth,delay,jitter)
Singlehighlocationcansupportmultiplelowlocations
Singlepointoffailure
Mesh
Nosinglepointoffailure
Easiertodeployinanemergencyusingportablestations
Hardertofindmultiplelocations(lineofsight,power,)
Lessdeterministicnetworkperformance
Hybrid
o Someofeach
o Example:hubandspokefromcentralsitetoindividual
neighborhoods,thenmeshthroughoutneighborhood
Beawareofhiddentransmitterproblemsinallcases
LinkAnalysis
Lineofsight
Bandselection
Linkbudgetanalysis
LineofSight
Strictlineofsight
Fresnelzone
o Ideally,atleastfirstFresnelzoneisclear
o Clear0.6offirstFresnelzoneisconsideredminimum
Tools
o LinkCalculators
UbiquityAirLink (http://www.ubnt.com/airlink)
ShowsprofileplusGoogleEarthpath
o Fullpropagationmodelingsoftware
RadioMobile
Canexportto.kml formatforviewingwithGoogleEarth
10
UbiquitiAirLink
11
UbiquitiAirLink
12
UbiquitiAirLink
13
UbiquitiAirLink
14
UbiquitiAirLink
15
RadioMobile
Freesoftware;download/installoruseonline
FullLongleyRicepropagationprediction
Exportto.kml fileforviewingwithGoogleEarth
16
BandSelection
900MHz,2.4GHz,3.6GHz,5.8GHz
Lowerfrequencieslesssusceptibletolineofsightissues;
higherfrequenciesmoresusceptibletolineofsight
issues
o 5.8GHzisrelativelyunforgiving
LowerfrequencieshavelargerFresnelzones(greater
chancethatsomethingwillbeinsidethezone),but
betterabilitytodealwithit
900MHztendstobenoisy(cordlessphones,baby
monitors,)
2.4GHziscrowded;only3nonoverlappingchannels
3.6GHzrequireslicense,dynamicfrequencyselection
5GHzhasthreeseparatesubbandsw/different
power/useregulations
17
LinkBudgetAnalysisProcess
Gatherbandwidthrequirements
DetermineRFparameters
o Channelwidth,streams,modulationtype, minimumSNR,
TXpower,RXsensitivity,gains,losses
Calculate
o ReceivedPower,LinkMargin,MaximumChannelNoise
Check
o FadeMargin
o FCCregulations
Ifnecessary,makeadjustmentsandrepeat
18
ExampleProblem
Aswediscusseachpartoftheanalysisprocess,well
applyarealworldexample
Forourexample,wewillassumeweneedapointto
pointlinkbetweentwositesthatare25kmapart
Thelinkservesaclusterofusersataremotesite
whowillsharethelinkbandwidth
Wewillusethe5.8GHzband
19
Calculate
Check
o Fademargin
o FCCregulations
20
BandwidthRequirements
Applicationshavebandwidth,delay,jitter
requirements
o Emailgenerallyrequireslittlebandwidth(exceptforlarge
attachments)andisinsensitivetodelayandjitter
o VoIPissensitivetobothdelayandjitter
o Videoisalsodelayandjittersensitiveandrequiresmore
bandwidth
Bandwidth
o WiFi ishalfduplex(i.e.simplex),planaccordingly
DelayandJitter
o Tominimize:usestartopology,morebandwidththan
necessary,QoS capabilitiesofcommercialproducts
21
BandwidthRequirements
Determineperclientbandwidthrequirements
o Forourexample,wellsay2Mbpseach
Determinenumberofclientsperlink
o Forourexample,wellsaythereare10clientsonthelink
o Forexample,thiscouldbe10usersonaLANor10sites
thathubintoasinglebackbonelink
Determinetotalclientbandwidthrequired
o 2Mbps*10sites=20Mbps
Determinerawbandwidthrequired
o RawWiFi bandwidthisabout2Xtheclient(payload)BW
o Sorawbandwidthrequired=20Mbps*2=40Mbps
22
Calculate
Check
o Fademargin
o FCCregulations
23
802.11nModulationandCodingScheme(MCS)
802.11nallowsdifferentchannelsizes,modulationschemes
andspatialstreams
Channelwidth
o 20MHzisfairlystandard;40MHzisgreedy(itssharedspectrum!)
o Forourexample,wellpick20MHz
Streams
o Mostoutsideplantequipmenttodayiseitheroneortwostreams
o Eachstreamaddsthroughput:twostreamsistwiceasfastasone
o Forourexample,wedliketouse2streams
Modulationschemes
o Inorderofincreasingcomplexity:BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,64QAM
o Higherdensitymodulationsgivehigherspeed,butlessnoiseimmunity
Thecombinationofthemodulationschemewiththenumber
ofstreamsdefinestheModulationandCodingScheme(MCS)
24
ANoteAboutStreamsvs.Diversity
802.11ngearcantransmit/receivemultiplestreams,
atthesametime,usingmorethanoneantennaor
morethanonepolarization
o Examplesareequipmentmarked802.11nMIMO
Older802.11a/b/ggearmayhavemultiple
antennas,butthoseareusedfordiversity;onlyone
antennaisusedatanygiventime
o AnexampleistheLinkSys WRTGseries
802.11ngearcanbeconfiguredforbackward
compatibilitywith802.11a/b/ggear,butyougiveup
theadvantageofmultiplestreams
25
MCSComparison
Forourexample,we
need:
o 40Mbpsdatarate
Wealsodecidedon:
o 20MHzChannel
Twopossibleanswers:
o MCS4:1stream,16QAM
o MCS10:2streams,QPSK
Note:DifferentvendorspublishdifferentSNR
numbersforeachMCS.Somearemoreconservative
thanothers.Mostarefairlysimilar.
Useof2streamsallows
lowerSNR
WechooseMCS10
MinimumSNRis14dB
26
TXPowerandRXSensitivity
EachradiowillhavespecificationsforTXpowerand
RXsensitivityforeachMCS
ExamplefromUbiquitiRocketM5datasheet:
ForMCS10
o WorstcaseTXpower=27dBm 2dB=25dBm
o WorstcaseRXsensitivity=90dBm +2dB=88dBm
27
Gains
Gainsaretypicallyoftwotypes
o Amplifiergain
o Antennagain
AtGHzfrequencies,cleanamplifiersareveryexpensive
andnotreallypracticalfortheamateur
o DontusethegarbageyouseeoutoneBayorelsewhere;youll
trashthebandforeveryone
So,antennasarewhereyouachievegain
Bothantennasonalinkcontributetogain
Sogainistypicallythesumofthetransmitterantenna
gainandthereceiverantennagain
o Forourexample,wellusea30dBi dishoneachend
o Soourtotalgainis60dB
28
Losses
FreeSpacePathLoss
CableLoss
Otherlosses
29
FreeSpacePathLoss
FSPL(dB)=20log10(d)+20log10(f)+32.45
o d =distanceinkm,f =frequencyinMHz
Forourexample,wehavea25kmpathat5.8GHz 136dB
30
CableLoss
Lossbetweenradioandantenna
Somedeviceshaveintegratedradio&antenna
o Cableloss=~0
Somedeviceshaveveryshortcables
o Radiomountsonantennawithshortjumper
o Cableloss=1dB
Somedeviceshaveremoteantennas
o Indoorradioconnectedtooutdoorantenna
o Losswillbegreaterathigherfrequencies
o Cableloss=3+dB
Forourexample,wewillassume1dBateachend
31
OtherLosses
Staticobstructions
o buildings,walls,fences,
Semistaticobstructions:
o Obstructionsthatmaypresentadifferentamountofloss
atdifferenttimes
o Examples:treesfullofwetleavesintheSpringcancause
higherlossthandrytreeswithnoleavesintheFall/Winter
Ourbiggestconcern:withlowtotheground
networks,theseotherlosseswillbethebiggest
unknown
o Experimentationwillbenecessary
Forourexample,wewillassume0dB
32
SummarySoFar
Parameter
Value
RequiredPerUserBandwidth
2Mbps
RequiredTotalUserBandwidth
20Mbps
RequiredRawBandwidth
40Mbps
ChannelWidth
20MHz
MCS
10
Minimum requiredSNR
14dB
TXPower
25dBm (27dBm +/ 2dB)
RXSensitivity
88dBm (90dBm +/ 2dB)
Gain(antenna)
60dB(30dBateachend)
Loss(FSPL)
136dB
Loss(cable)
2dB(1dBateachend)
Loss(other)
0dB
33
Calculate
Check
o FadeMargin
o FCCregulations
34
ReceivedPower
ReceivedPower(dBm)=
TransmittedPower(dBm)+Gains(dB) Losses(dB)
Aspreviouslydetermined:
o Transmittedpower=25dBm (forMCS10,UbiquitiRocketM5)
o Gains=TXantennagain+RXantennagain
Forourexample,weareassuming30dBdishesonbothends
So,gains=30dB+30dB=60dB
o Losses=FSPL+cableloss+otherlosses
Forour25kmexampleat5.8GHz,FSPL=136dB
Forourexample,cablelossis2dB(1dBoneachend)
Forourexample,otherlossesare0dB
So,losses=136+2+0=138dB
ReceivedPower=25dBm +60dB 138dB=53dBm

35
LinkMargin
LinkMargin(dB)=
ReceivedPower(dBm) ReceiverSensitivity(dBm)
Aspreviouslydetermined
o ReceivedPower=53dBm
o ReceiverSensitivity=88dBm (forMCS10,UbiquityRocket
M5)
LinkMargin=(53dBm) (88dBm)=35dB
36
MaximumChannelNoise
Maximumchannelnoise(dBm)=
ReceivedPower(dBm) SNR(dB)
Aspreviouslydetermined:
o Receivedpower=53dBm
o SNR=14dB(forMCS10)
Maximumchannelnoise=(53dBm) (14dB)=67dBm
37
Calculate
Check
o FadeMargin
o FCCregulations
38
FadeMargin
TheRayleighFadingModeldescribestherelationshipbetweenthe
linkmarginandthelinkavailabilityasapercentageoftime
%Availability
UnavailableTime/Day
Fade Margin(dB)
90
2.4hrs
99
14.4min
18
99.9
1.44min
28
99.99
8.6sec
38
99.999
0.864sec
48
Avalueofabout1015dBisgenerallyrecommended
IfthesignalfadesbelowtherequirementsfortheselectedMCS,
mostequipmentwillautomaticallyrenegotiatetoalowerMCS(i.e.
speed),ifavailable,tokeepthelinkup
IfthesignalfadesenoughthatalowerMCSisnotpossible,then
thelinkwillgodown
39
FadeMargin
Wejustcalculated
o LinkMargin=35dB
LinkMargin=ReceivedPower ReceiverSensitivity
o MaximumChannelNoise=67dBm
MaxChannelNoise=ReceivedPower SNR
Botharedependentonthereceivedpower
Buttheactualreceivedpowerwillvaryduetofading
o Ifitdropsbymorethan35dB,itwillbebelowthereceiver
sensitivity(i.e.thereceivercanthearit)
o Ifitdropsbelowthenoisefloor,thereceiverwillnotbe
abletodistinguishitfromothernoise
Sohowgoodaretheabovetwonumbers?
40
LinkMarginvs.FadeMargin
LinkMargin=35dB
CheckingtheRayleighFadingModeltable,wesee
thatweshouldbeabletomaintaintheselectedMCS
atleast99.9%ofthetime
%Availability
UnavailableTime/Day
Fade Margin(dB)
90
2.4hrs
99
14.4min
18
99.9
1.44min
28
99.99
8.6sec
38
99.999
0.864sec
48
35dB
41
MaxChannelNoisevs.FadeMargin
MaximumChannelNoise=67dBm
Noisefloorvaluesvary,dependingonothersignalsand
directionalityofantenna
Typicalvaluesin5.8GHzbandare88dBm to93dBm,a
differenceof21dBto26dBfromthecalculatedmaximum
channelnoise
AccordingtotheRayleighFadingModel,thatisenoughto
predictatleast99%availabilityofourselectedMCS
%Availability
UnavailableTime/Day
Fade Margin(dB)
90
2.4hrs
99
14.4min
18
99.9
1.44min
28
99.99
8.6sec
38
99.999
0.864sec
48
2126dB
42
FCCRestrictions
Checktomakesureyourpowerandantenna
selectionsarelegal
FCCPart15placesrestrictionsonTXpowerandEIRP
o
o
o
o
Differentforeachband
Differentfordifferentpartsof5GHzband
Differentforpointtopointvs.pointtomultipoint
Welldocumented suggestbuildingacheatsheet
FCCPart97lessensthoserestrictionsbutincludes
otherrestrictions
o Trafficcontent,controloperator,noencryption,
Forexample:Becarefulofencryptionattheuserdatalevel,such
assomeoneusinganSSLconnectiontotheiremailserver,
43
Example:Part15,5.8GHz,PtoP
Part15.407(a)(3):
o ForPointtoPointintheupper
5.8GHzband,ifantennagainis
>23dB,thenreduceTXpower
by1dBforeachincreaseof1
dBinantennagain
Inourexample:
o Witha30dBdishand1dBof
cableloss,wemustturndown
theTXpowerto24dBm
o Butthepreviouscalculations
used27dBm (+/ 2dB)
o Needtorecalculatewithalegal
TXpower!
44
Calculate
Check
o FadeMargin
o FCCregulations
45
Adjustments
Ifyouhaveplentyofsignal
o Pleaseturnitdown(requiredinPart97).Weallhaveto
sharetheband.Useonlywhatyouneed.
Ifyoudonthaveenoughsignal
o
o
o
o
o
o
UsehigherTXpower(iflegal)
Usehighergainantenna(iflegal)
UselowerMCS
Selectadifferentsite
Selectadifferentnetworktopology
Selectadifferentfrequencyband
Afteryoumakeanynecessaryadjustments,repeat
thecalculationsusingthenewvalues
46
OtherCalculations
Inthepreviousexample,wecalculatedthemargins
fromtheothervalues
But,byrearrangingthetermsintheprevious
equations,wecanfigureouttheanswerstomany
otherpracticalandusefulquestions,suchas:
o Foragivensituation,whatistheminimumantennagain?
o Foragivensituation,whatistheminimumtransmit
power?
Theseareleftasexercisesforthereader
o Dontyouloveitwhenyoureadthat?!!!
47
LinkBudgetCalculators
Popular
o UbiquitiLinkCalculator
o MicroTik LinkCalculator
Note:
o Youstillneedtocomeup
withtherightnumbersto
plugintothecalculator!
Fullradiopropagation
analysis
o RadioMobile
o Candisplayprobability
distribution
48
TechnologyAnalysis
So,Part97mesh,orPart15802.11,orsomeofboth?
802.11Carrier Equipment(Part15)
Broadband HamNet Software(Part97)
Other?
TDMA nohiddentransmitterproblems
CSMA hiddentransmitterproblems
??
Security(encryption)
Nosecurity(noencryption)
??
Nocontentrestrictions
Contentrestrictions must controlaccess
??
Nocontroloperatorneeded
Controloperatorneeded
??
LimitedEIRP(range)
EIRP(range) notasmuchofanissue
??
QoS (helpswithdisparatesignallevels)
NoQoS
??
Performancecanbedeterministic
Performancechangesbasedonpath
??
Preconfiguration,networkplanningreqs
Selfconfiguring,autodiscovery
??
Other??
??
??
Itallcomesbacktowhatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?
49
Sequentialvs.Iterative/Integrated
Thispresentationshowedaseriesofsequentialsteps
Inreality,theanalysisisusuallybothiterativeand
integrated
Bottomline
o Startwithacleardefinitionoftheproblem
o Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftime!
50
theresalotmore
butthatsenoughfornow.
51

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25dBm (27dBm +/ 2dB)

88dBm (90dBm +/ 2dB)

ReceivedPower=25dBm +60dB 138dB=53dBm

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