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10)
Structural Geology
Tectonic plates moves and rocks bulge up and different
structures,forms and arrangements produces,the study of these
structures is called Structural Geology.
Orogeny
Due to collision of Plates,plane surface of crust looks like
mountains ,this process is called Orogeny.
Crystal Shortening
Crust plates become short/bulge up due to movement of tectonics
plates.this process is called Crustal Shortening.
Types of deformation
Elastic deformation: materials return to original state after deformation
Brittle deformation: materials are permanently deformed (ruptured) after
reaching their yield points
Plastic deformation: materials are deformed and do not return to original
shape, but have not ruptured
Folds
Synclines: rocks folded into troughs; youngest rocks in the center.
Anticlines: rocks folded into ridges; oldest rocks in the center.
o Parts of a fold
Limbs - sides of the folds
Types of folds
Symmetrical or open folds - axial plane is vertical; halves are
symmetric
Asymmetrical folds - axial plane is inclined; one limb dips more
steeply than other limb
Recumbent folds - axial plane is close to horizontal
Overturned folds - axial plane has rotated more than 90 degrees
Plunging folds - folds are themselves tilted
Basin - synclinal in cross-section at any orientation
Dome - anticlinal in cross-section at any orientation (also known
as pericline or quaquaversal fold)
Strike-slip faults
Example: San Andreas Fault
Distinctive landforms (linear valleys, chains of lakes, sag ponds,
topographic saddles)
Dip-slip faults
Hanging wall - block on which a miner would hang
their lamp
Footwall - block on which a miner's foot rests
Normal faults
Graben - downdropped block between two normal
faults that dip in opposite directions
Horst - upthrown block between two normal faults that
dip in opposite directions
Reverse faults - hanging wall moves up; footwall moves down
Thrust faults - a reverse fault which has a very shallow dip (~ < 15)
Bedding Plane-The definition of a bedding plane is the line
separating one layer of compressed rock from the next layer of
compressed rock.
Endogenetic:
Weathering
The gradual breakdown of pre-existing rocks due to natural
processes.
Types of Weathering:
Frost Wedding:
Scientists have observed a process called freeze-thaw. That
process occurs when the water inside of rocks freezes and expands.
That expansion cracks the rocks from the inside and eventually
breaks them apart. The freeze-thaw cycle happens over and over
again and the break finally happens. Another word for it is frost
wedging.
Salt Wedding:
Another type of mechanical weathering is called salt wedging.
When it rains and water flows everywhere, it usually has ions and
salts dissolved inside. Have you seen salt water dry up? Salt crystals
are left over. Those crystals happen in nature, too. The water flows
in a rock and evaporates. Crystals slowly begin to grow. Those
crystals act like a wedge and crack the rocks.
Frost Heaving:
the upthrust and cracking of a ground surface through the freezing and expan
sion of water underneath. Alsocalled: frost heaving.
Erosion
The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural
agents.
Erosion is the general name for the processes that break down rocks
(weathering) and the processes that carry away the breakdown
products (transportation).
Types of Rocks:
Hydrophobic- that repell water.
Hydrophilic- that attract rocks.