1.

1 Introduction
Concrete is one of the best and the most versatile material available for
construction today. It is inexpensive, durable, strong and can take the
shape of the form in which it is place. The development of concrete as a
construction material dates back to several thousand years whereas steel
was introduced to reinforce the concrete in the last century. There has
been a tremendous growth in the advances and usage of reinforced
concrete for construction during this period.
Although a majority of concrete structures have performed satisfactorily
over the past years but many problems have raised due to improper
quality of materials, incorrect specifications, faulty design, and mistakes in
construction process or extreme environmental conditions.
Cracks in concrete have many causes. They may affect appearance only,
or they may indicate significant structural distress or a lack of durability.
Cracks may represent the total extent of the damage, or they may point
to problems of greater magnitude. Their significance depends on the type
of structure, as well as the nature of the cracking.
Repair and rehabilitation work for concrete structures can broadly be
classified into two categories:
a) Repair in which damage due to deterioration and cracking is corrected
to restore the original structural shape, and
b) Repair which is necessary to strengthen the structural capacity of
members whose load carrying capacity is either inadequate or whose
strength has been severely impaired due to sustained damage.
While the former is essential a cosmetic restoration aimed at compliance
with serviceability and structural integrity criteria, the second category
deals primarily with the enhancement of strength and therefore complies
predominantly with strength criteria.
A complete investigation work was taken to determine the causes and a
proper repair process was carried out to solve the problem and to ensure
those beams are satisfied the safety requirements.

1.2 Repair and Rehabilitation

REPAIR:

Repair is the process of restoring building that is damaged or deteriorated

or broken, to good condition.
REHABILITATION:Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its
previous good conditions.

1.3 Objectives for Repair and Rehabilitation

Spalling of concrete cover

Cracks parallel to the reinforcement
Spalling at edges
Swelling of concrete
Dislocation
Internal cracking and reduction in area of steel reinforcement.

1.4 Cracks
Cracks result in when applied forces are greater than those which the
building or its part can withstand. These forces may have emerged
externally to the building or internally within the building or have been
developed in the materials of the building as a result of Chemical changes.
There may be a single force or a combination of forces having a single
cause or several causes.
Reinforced concrete structures are one of the most popular in the world.
They are often used in civil and hydraulic engineering.
During their service time, reinforced concrete structures tend to
deteriorate.
Cracks are one of the biggest problems appearing in reinforced concrete.
The reasons that cause cracking of structures could be different: load
impact, corrosion of reinforcement, unsteady settlement of framework,
environmental effects, etc.
The cracks cause the decrease of the structures durability and longevity.

1.4.1 Disadvantages of Cracks

Structure become unsafe

It spoil the appearance of Structure
Dampness in the Structure
Reduce in market value

Increase in maintenance cost

Most cracks occur due to drying of construction water.

These are generally superficial

Do not affect the serviceability of the building
Can be easily repaired

If cracks are more significant, repair work may be repeated

periodically.
Structural significance of the cracks tends to be exaggerated by a
natural reaction of the owner.
Many cracks do not have any effect on the stability of structure,
because of high factor of safety.
Cracking has adverse effects on appearance. Sometimes several
cracks go unnoticed for years which affect the performance of the
structure.
Rain penetration through a crack depends on:
Construction of a building
Degree of exposure
Capillarity of fine cracks
Wind driven rain penetration through wide cracks