Biology

Principles and Concepts of Life

Science

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Introduction to Biology

How Science Solves Problems: The Scientific Method

Fields in Biology

List of Known Biologists

Common Biological Tools and Techniques

Characteristics of Living Things

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From the Greek words bios = life and logos = study

Branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and
vital processes

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Biology_organism_collage.png/300px-Biology_organism_collage.png

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Value/Importance of Biology

Limitations of Biology

Biology tries to answer most questions that pertain to how

we should live our daily lives

It is limited to the study of things that can be observed or

measured

Man is not alone in the planet; he must co-exist with other

living things for life to be prolonged and preserved

It is unable to make moral or value judgments

Technological advancement creates new opportunities to

solve current problems

It cannot be accountable to all our problems especially with

regard to questions of ethics and morals

Equips us to better respond to situations where sometimes

humans are the cause
It directly connects with other fields of science

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Science

The Scientific Method

An objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand

the principles and forces operating in the natural universe

1. Observation

From the Latin word scientia = to know

2. Propose a hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Drawing a conclusion

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Fields In Biology According To Discipline

1) Identify the problem.

2) What was Fleming's hypothesis?
3) How was the hypothesis tested?
4) Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on
the experiment?
5) This experiment leads to the development of what major
medical advancement?

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anatomy structures
histology tissues
cytology the cell
physiology structure in relation to their function
taxonomy classification of organisms

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Fields In Biology According To Discipline

genetics heredity and transmission of traits
evolution survival and adaptation through natural selection
embryology embryos and how they develop
ecology interrelationship of an organism with its
environment

Fields In Biology According To Study of

Particular Organisms
microbiology microscopic organisms
parasitology organisms that live as parasite and cause
serious damage to host
nematology roundworms
malacology molluscs
entomology insects
ichthyology fishes

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Fields In Biology According To Study of

Particular Organisms

Fields In Biology According To Practical

Applications

herpetology reptiles and amphibians

animal husbandry animal domestication and propagation

ornithology birds

horticulture study of growing trees, plants and vegetables

mammalogy mammals

fisheries management of fish populations to support food

needs

anthropology humans
limnology freshwater systems

medicine normal condition and diseases of humans and

animals and their treatment
public health diseases that concern majority of the
population and may cause harm to a greater number of
people

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Filipino Biologists

Filipino Biologists

Pedro B. Escuro plant breeder who developed several

varieties of rice

Jose R. Velasco plant physiologist known for his research in

cadang cadang disease of coconut

Claire Baltazar entomologist who studied different insects

affecting yields of important crops

Edgardo Gomez marine biologist who is known for his work

on conservation of marine ecosystems

Asuncion K. Raymundo microbiologist who identified the

genetic cause of a disease in banana through techniques in
molecular biology

Romulo Davide nematologist who studied several species

of nematodes affecting important crops

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Foreign Biologists

Microscope

Carl Linnaeus Swedish naturalist who developed the

binomial system of classifying organisms

An important tool used to magnify small objects that cannot

be seen by the unaided eye

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Dutch microbiologist and

naturalist, first to develop the simple microscope and first to
discover protozoans
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace separately formulated
the theory of evolution by natural selection
James Watson and Francis Crick built the structure of the
genetic material (DNA)
http://www.microscope.com/media/catalog/product/cache/2/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d2
7136e95/o/m/omano_om115ld_compound_microscope_angle_1.jpg

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Types of Microscope

Types of Microscope
Electron Microscope most powerful type which uses an
electron beam to magnify minute objects unseen under
normal light microscopes; Has two types:

Compound Light Microscope

uses at least 2 lenses and light
rays as source of illumination
http://mccarterbiology.edublogs.org/files/2010/11/compound-microscoperwiwy2.jpg

Scanning EM renders 3D view surface

Transmission EM gives powerful 2D view sections

Stereoscopic Microscope
provides less magnification but is
helpful in dissecting small
specimens like insects
http://www.microscope.com/media/catalog/product/cache/2/ima
ge/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/o/m/omano_omv_zoom
_stereo_microscope_1.png

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http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/images/fesem_beam_zoom.jpg

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Other Tools and Techniques

Characteristics of Living Things

Tissue culture used to know the effect/s of certain

substances on cell growth, reproduction and metabolic
processes

Organization ability of multicellular organisms to be

subdivided into cells, organelles

Electrophoresis used to purify a protein and separate its

constituents
Dissection a technique that requires dainty hands and
meticulous attitude

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Metabolism chemical processes in building and breaking

down of biological molecules
Motility ability of living things to propel themselves to
space
Responsiveness enables organisms to perceive the
environment and react to it

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Hierarchy of Life

Hierarchy of Life

Biosphere

The sum of all living things taken in

conjunction with their environment

Ecosystem

The relationships of smaller groups of

organisms with each other and their
environment

Community

The relationships between groups of different

species

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Hierarchy of Life
Organ

Tissue

Cell
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Population

Organism

Organ System

Groups of similar individuals who tend to

mate with each other in a limited geographic
area
The relationships of smaller groups of
organisms with each other and their
environment
A group of cells, tissues, and organs that
perform a specific major function

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Hierarchy of Life

A group of cells or tissues performing an

overall function

A group of cells performing a specific function

The fundamental unit of living things

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Organelle

Molecules,
atoms, and
subatomic
particles

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A subunit of a cell

The fundamental functional levels of

biochemistry

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Theory of Evolution
Adaptation all organisms adapt to their environments
Variation all organisms are variable in their traits
Over-reproduction all organisms tend to reproduce
beyond their environment's capacity to support them
Evolution not all organisms are well adapted to their
environment; some will survive and reproduce better
than others (natural selection)

http://treeonline.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/26648-frog_tongue1.jpg

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