Writing a Scientific Paper

Karlheinz F. Fronda Gladwin T. Labrague2 Matthew M. Manalo3 Pancho J. VIllamoran4

1

Philippine Science High School Central Luzon Campus, Clark Freeport, Pampanga

ABSTRACT
While the Abstract is the first section of the paper, it is the last thing you should
write. The Abstract summarizes the significant items in the paper including the
results and conclusions. The Abstract should make sense isolated from the
paper: do not refer to equations or figures in the paper. In fact collections of
Abstracts are commonly separately published without the corresponding papers
and are often the text digested by search engines.) The Abstract should be short:
perhaps a sentence for every section of the paper

INTRODUCTION
The Introduction explains why this experiment should be of interest to the reader. Cite
and explain what other workers have discovered about the topic. (See these guys care about
this stuff, so you should too!) Connect the experiment in the ongoing parade of science. Not
uncommonly the experiment is of interest to you only because your teacher told you to do it. If
so your teacher may be able to transmit his or her enthusiasm for the project to you. Beware:
the Introduction is the easiest place to plagiarize (because its stuff all those people you cite also
wrote about). For me the Introduction is always the most interesting section to read: it starts with
basic-level knowledge and brings me up-to-speed on a topic that I probably didnt know much
about to start.

METHODOLOGY
A device with internet was turned on, and Google Chrome was opened. On the search
bar, the link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/HomoloGene/ was typed. "Huntington Disease" was
typed on the search bar of the said website, and then "Enter" was pressed. Among the genes
that were shown, huntingtin was selected. The top five organisms that were shown to possess a
gene homologous to the HD gene were selected. The alignment scores were checked, and the
"Show Pairwise Alignment Scores" were analyzed.

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RESULTS
After obtaining the data for the alignment scores of H. sapiens (human), P. troglodytes
(chimpanzee), C. lupus (dog), B. taurus (cattle), and M. musculus (house mouse), the percent
identity for both protein and DNA were tabulated (Table 1) to understand and analyze it with
ease.
Table 1. Identitiy (%) BLUE for Protein - GREEN for DNA

Human
Human

Chimpanzee
98.7

Dog
91.9

Cattle
89.4

House Mouse
91.2

98.6

87.3
91.2

84.1
88.4

86.4
90.5

86.8

83.6
89.4

85.9
89.3

84.4

84.0
87.1

Chimpanzee

98.7

Dog

98.6
91.9

91.2

Cattle

87.3
89.4

86.8
88.4

89.4

House Mouse

84.1
91.2

83.6
90.5

84.4
89.3

87.1

86.4

85.9

84.0

81.4

81.4

Based on the table, the organism that has the closest sequences (both protein and DNA) to
human is the Chimpanze, followed by dog, then house mouse, and lastly, cattle. The organism
that has the closest sequences (both protein and DNA) to chimpanzee is the human, followed
by dog, then house mouse, and lastly, cattle. The organism that has the closest sequences
(both protein and DNA) to dog is the human, followed by chimpanzee, then cattle, and lastly,
house mouse. The organisms that have the closest sequences (both protein and DNA) to cattle
are the human and dog, followed by chimpanzee, and lastly, house mouse. The organism that
has the closest sequences (both protein and DNA) to house mouse is the human, followed by
chimpanzee, then dog, and lastly, cattle.
It was observed that human has the closest nucleotide sequence to the mouse HD gene. For
their DNA sequence, they are 86.4% identical. In terms of their protein, they are 91.2% identical.
Even though not included in the top five organisms, the 6 th organism (R. norvegicus) is 97.7%
identical in protein and 95.9% identical in DNA to that of the mouse.
DISCUSSION

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One region of the HTT gene contains a particular DNA segment known as a CAG
(cytosine, adenine, and guanine) trinucleotide repeat, which appears multiple times in a row. For
normal gene, the CAG segment repatsn for 10 to 35 times within the gene while for huntingtin
mutation, it repeats for 36 121 times.
The reason why drug companies would be interested with mice or rats with Huntington
disease is because of the characteristics of these animals. These are the usual models being
used because their close genetic and physiological similarities to humans. Also, their genomes
are easy to manipulate for analysis and study. For the past years, mice are also been found a
good model for probing immune, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, and other
complex physiological systems that mammal share. Just like humans, mice also developed
certain diseases and of which is the Huntingtons disease. If scientists were able to look for the
solution on how to cure a mouse with HD, it would be a lot easier for them to look for cure for
the human beings, which would definitely benefit the entire planet.
CONCLUSION
This section simply states what the researcher thinks the data mean, and, as such,
should relate directly back to the problem/question stated in the introduction. This section
should not offer any reasons for those particular conclusions--these should have been
presented in the Discussion section. By looking at only the Introduction and Conclusions
sections, a reader should have a good idea of what the researcher has investigated and
discovered even though the specific details of how the work was done would not be known.

REFERENCES
Bird, W.Z. 1990. Ecological aspects of fox reproduction. Berlin: Guttenberg Press.
Fox, J.W. 1988. Nest-building behavior of the catbird, Dumetella carolinensis. Journal of
Ecology 47: 113-17.
Smith, C.J. 1989. Basal cell carcinomas. In Histological aspects of cancer, ed. C.D. Wilfred, pp.
278-91. Boston: Medical Press.

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