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002
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Review
Circuit Analysis Methods
z KVL:
Vi = 0
loop
KCL:
Ii = 0
VI
node
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
R1
R2
e
J
Consider
e V e
+ I =0
R1
R2
Notice:
linear in e,V , I
No eV ,VI
terms
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
R1
Consider
R2
linear in e,V , I
V
+ I
R1
node
linear sum
voltages of sources
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Write node equations -e V e
+ I =0
R1
R2
Rearrange -1
1
R + R e
1
2
conductance
matrix
G
or
linear in e,V , I
V
+ I
R1
node
linear sum
voltages of sources
R2
R1 R2
e=
V+
I
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
e = a1V1 + a2V2 + + b1 I1 + b2 I 2 +
Linear!
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity
Superposition
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity
Superposition
Homogeneity
x1
x2 .
..
x1
x2 ..
.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity
Superposition
Superposition
x1a
x2 a .
..
ya
x1b
x2 b .
..
yb
x1a + x1b
x2 a + x2 b .
..
y a + yb
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Linearity
Homogeneity
Superposition
V1
0
0
V2
y1
y2
V1 + 0
0 + V2
y1 + y2
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
V =0 +
i
+
v
+
v
short
I =0
i
+
v
+
v
open
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
R2
R1
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
R1
I = 0 eV =
R2
I acting alone
R2
V
R1 + R2
R2
V =0
sum
R1
R1 R2
eI =
I
R1 + R2
superposition
R2
R1 R2
e = eV + eI =
V+
I
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Voil !
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Demo
salt
water
constant
+
output shows
superposition
sinusoid
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Consider
By superposition
v =
mVm + n I n + Ri
m
no
resistance
units
units
By setting
n I n = 0, mVm = 0,
i = 0
i = 0
+
v
-
y network
r
a
r
t
i
N
Arb
resistors
Vm
In
+
also
independent
of external
excitement &
behaves like
a resistor
All
n I n = 0,
mVm = 0
independent of external
excitation and behaves like a
voltage vTH
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Or
v = vTH + RTH i
vTH
RTH
+ vTH
+
v
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Method 4:
The Thvenin Method
J
N
+
+
v
-
+
v
Thvenin equivalent
RTH
+ vTH
Lecture 3
Example:
+
V
R2
i1 R1
i1 R1
RTH
+
V
VTH
i1 =
+ I
V VTH
R1 + RTH
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
VTH :
VTH = IR2
RTH :
RTH = R2
+
VTH
-
R2
+
RTH
-
R2
Example:
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Graphically,
v = vTH + RTH i
1
RTH
v
vTH
V
OC
I SC
Open circuit
(i 0)
v = vTH
Short circuit
(v 0)
vTH
i =
RTH
VOC
I SC
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
in recitation,
see text
Method 5:
J
+
+
v
-
IN
RTH = RN
Norton
equivalent
IN =
VTH
RTH
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3
Summary
Discretize matter
LMD
Physics
LCA
EE
R, I, V
Linear networks
Next
Nonlinear analysis
Discretize voltage
101100
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 3