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2.1
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Bessemer Thomas, () , ()
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2.1.1 Bessemer Thomas
Bessemer 1855,
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Bessemer
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(Dow ling et al. 1992),
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( Siemens-Martin)
1867 Martin, Siemens.
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[ (s) . . S500s],
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() (
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( 12%).
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S220, ( , StI)
220 Mpa,
6 -14 ( 2 mm).
S400, ( StI)
400 Mpa . 6 32
( 2 mm) 12 14 m.
S500. StIV StIVs.
, ,
500 Mpa
.
S500s, Tempcore.
Tempcore,
.
S500. StIVb
500 Mpa.
412
( 0.5 mm), 2.15x5.00 m,
.
94
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( ., ,
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2000 ( 2000 . . . . . . . .).
5.
EURONORM 80-69,
, C,
, .
(. . 7.31, )
S400, S400s S500s
, S500
. ,
EURONORM 80-85 \/ 10080,
S500s ( )
.
( )
( C),
.
V 10080, (
)
: , :
1 \. , , , : 2 \\. : 3
\\\. : 4 \\\\. , , : 5
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: 7 \\\\\\\. : 8 \\\\\\\\.
EURONORM 80-85,
- 8
. C 9.
, ,
.
95
. , () S400,
, . 9. () S500.
, . 38. () S400s,
, . 8. () S500s,
, . 16. ()
. S500s, ,
. 16.
: 13, 14, 15,
18, (SOVEL) 24.
(2000).
96
( . . , 4 2001- WWW.SIDENOR.GR,
WWW.HALYBOYRGIA.GR.).
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100
6.6
(, 2000).
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S220 (StI)
0,15% S400 (StIII)
0.30%.
S400
,
(, 2000).
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103
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104
7.1
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( HOOKE ): F = S x E (E=
KN/mm2).
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L =
Lo = ( )
105
L = .
So =
Vo = .
l = (
)
l% = .
F
= .
Fp , F =
Fm
= .
= .
So = 127,4 x m / L
Vo = Lo x So
l
= L - L
l% =
l x 100 / L
f = F / So
5% = lo x 100 / lo
106
7.2
/
. 9.
.
m=1222gr
L=500mm
: So=311,36mm2
Lo=300mm, : Vo= So x Lo= 93,40968 cm3
,
. : L= L-L= 49mm
:
L/Lo x 100= 16,3%
107
5mm.
5d (d=20 mm 20)
,
. lo= 5d= 100mm.
10 () 10
l.: lo- lo= lo= 21 mm.
:
5 = lo/ l= 21mm.
:
5 %= lo/ l x 100= 21%
(. . .):
0,2% . Lo=300mm
fp 0,6 mm ,
:
fp= Fp/So=561 N/mm
fm=Fm/So=699 N/mm
.
1 :
HOOKE
.
2 :
: =200
kn/mm, Fi= 200kn. So
So=311,36 mm lo,
lo=300mm. :
=(Fi/So)/(li/lo)200=(200/311,36)/(li/300)li= 0,96mm.
,
ooke 0,96 mm.
. 0 0,96
108
HOOKE. 0,96
.
3 :
0,2%
.
. . .= 0,2%lo= 0,6
0,96 0,6 : 0,96 +0,6=1,59.
1,56 ooke.
,
. . .,
. W2= x /2,
, .(
.
W2
W2= x /2= 328,6 KN x mm
,
ooke W1
. . W1=W2
. .
W1= 1 x 1/2
W1= W2 => 1 x 1/2=328,6 => 4 x 1/2=328,6 => 1=164,3 KN
: W = 328,6 KN*mm
,
,
.
W
, 2 3 .
W1= 1 x /2
W2=2 x /2
W4= (B+)/2
W5= (B+)/2
W3= 3 x /2
109
W
:
W = W- W= 8561,31-328,6=8232,71 KN x mm
:
: W/Vo=8561,31/93409,68=0,091KN/mm
:
: W/So= 26,44 KN/mm
7.3
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:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
(..)
(..)
5%
( 971 & )
95%
90%.
S500s :
fy= 500 Nt/mm2
fm= 550 Nt/mm2
5= 12%
3
(..),
110
(..), 5%, -
.
10
(m10)
Cv 0,95 Cv.
m10 Cv
xi 0,95Cv
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10
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15 (..),
(..), 5%, .
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m15- k x S15 Cv. (k
241). 15 45
60.
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7.4.1
111
3
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1
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5%
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20
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114
200 ..
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15.000kgx0.03 /kg=415.
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0.12/kg 15.000kg x 0.12/kg
=1800 ...
8.3 0
, .
8.4 K
ao=
a =
1 =
1 = (1,a) s
100% cm2
K2 =
s
100% cm2 .
115
2
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2 (.. 90%
.. 90% ).
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.
( , 1999, 68,
. . . - ., ,
, ( ..),
1999 . . . .)
9.
1) ., ,
, ( ..),
1999
2) . . , 4 2001.
3) 14 (..), 15-17
2003, : . . .
4) 2000 ( 2000
....-....).
5) , 1999, 68,
. . .
6) INTERNET: . WWW.SIDENOR.GR,
. WWW.HALYBOYRGIA.GR.
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117