SYLLABUS

1. Simulate Analog modulation schemes like AM, FM and PM

2. Sampling and reconstruction of signals in time domain and frequency domain
3. Implementation of LMS algorithm.
4. Time delay estimation using correlation function.
5. Simulate Delta modulation and demonstrate the effect of step size for avoiding slope overload
error and granular noise
6. Study of eye diagram of PAM transmission system.
7. Generation of QAM signal and constellation graph.
8. Mean Square Error estimation of a signal.

Exp No: 1
Date:
AM GENERATION
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a one of the conventional modulation technique to
transmit signals using a carrier wave. The amplitude or the strength of a high frequency carrier
wave is changed in accordance with the amplitude of message signal.
Carrier signal (Sc) = Acsin(2fct)

Message signal (Sm) = Amsin(2fmt)

Where,

Ac Amplitude of the carrier signal

Am Amplitude of the message signal

fc frequency of the carrier signal

fm frequency of the message signal

When the signal is amplitude modulated, the amplitude of the high frequency carrier is varied in
accordance with the amplitude of message signal.

Modulated Signal = (Ac+ Amsin(2 fmt))*sin(2 fct)

Modulation Index or Modulation Depth is the one of the most common term that used along
with modulation techniques. Here in AM, it is the measure of amplitude variation surrounding an
unmodulated carrier. It is the ratio of the amplitude of message signal to the amplitude of carrier
signal.In terms of modulation index (m=Am/Ac) the equation of the modulated signal becomes,

Modulated signal = (1+ msin(2 fmt))*Acsin(2 fct)

PROGRAM
clc;
clearall;
disp('Menu');
disp('Options:1-Amplitude Modulation and 2-Frequency modulation');
p=input('Enter choice=');
fm=input('Enter the signal frequency =');
fc=input('Enter the carrier frequency =');
fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency =');
t=0:0.001:10;
x=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('MODULATING SIGNAL')
switch(p)
case 1
a=modulate(x,fc,fs,'am');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,a);

xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('AMPLITUDE MODULATION')
case 2
b=modulate(x,fc,fs,'fm');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,b);
xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('FREQUENCY MODULATION')
otherwise
disp('Invalid choice');
end
SAMPLE OUTPUT
Menu
Options:1-Amplitude Modulation and 2-Frequency modulation
Enter choice=1
Enter the signal frequency =1
Enter the carrier frequency =10
Enter the sampling frequency =700

SAMPLE OUTPUT
Menu
Options:1-Amplitude Modulation and 2-Frequency modulation
Enter choice=2
Enter the signal frequency =.5
Enter the carrier frequency =8
Enter the sampling frequency =1000

%AMPLITUDE MODULATION WITHOUT FUNCTION

clc;
clearall;
fm=input('Enter the signal frequency =');
fc=input('Enter the carrier frequency =');
m=input('Enter the modulation index =');
t=0:0.001:10;
md=cos(2*pi*fm*t);

amf=(1+(m*sin(2*pi*fm*t))).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);%amplitude modulation
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,md);
xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('MODULATING SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,amf);
xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('AMPLITUDE MODULATION');

SAMPLE OUTPUT
Enter the signal frequency =1
Enter the carrier frequency =8
Enter the modulation index =.7

%FREQUENCY MODULATION WITHOUT FUNCTION

clc;
clearall;
fm=input('Enter the signal frequency =');
fc=input('Enter the carrier frequency =');
m=input('Enter the modulation index =');
t=0:0.001:10;
md=cos(2*pi*fm*t);
fmf=cos((2*pi*fc*t)+(m*sin(2*pi*fm*t)));
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,md);
xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('MODULATING SIGNAL')

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,fmf);
xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'),title('FREQUENCY MODULATION')

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Enter the signal frequency =.5

Enter the carrier frequency =5
Enter the modulation index =.8

Program:
clc;
clear

all;

0:0.001:1;

vm

input('Enter

the

amplitude

of

message

signal

');

vc

input('Enter

the

amplitude

of

carrier

signal

');

fm

input('Enter

the

message

fc

input('Enter

the

carrier

input('Enter

sm

modulation
=

frequency
frequency
index

');

');
');

vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,sm);
xlabel('Time

---->');

ylabel('Amplitude

---->');

title('Message

Signal');

grid

on;

sc

vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,sc);
xlabel('Time

---->');

ylabel('Amplitude

---->');

title('Carrier

Signal');

grid
y

on;
=

vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+m.*sin(2*pi*fm*t));

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('Time

---->');

ylabel('Amplitude

---->');