Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIVERSITY
TUMAKURU
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SYLLABUS FOR
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM SCHEME
B. Sc. CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER II
Theory-2.3-CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA & FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Sl. No
Topic
Lecture hours
Section-A
1
Chemical Energetics
10
2
Surface chemistry
8
3
Ionic Equilibrium
12
Section-B
4
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
5
5
Alkyl and Aryl halides
7
6
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
12
Organometallic compounds
7
3
8
3
Active methylene compounds
Total hours
60
Practical 2.4
4 hours/week
SEMESTER III
Theory-3.3- SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, CONDUCTANCE,
ELECTROCHEMISTRY& FUNCTIONAL GROUP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II
Sl. No
Topic
Lecture hours
Section-A
1
Solutions
8
2
Phase Equilibrium
8
3
Conductance
6
4
Electrochemistry
8
Section-B
5
Aldehydes and Ketones
7
6
Carboxylic acid and their derivatives
8
7
8
Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
8
Heterocyclic Compounds
7
Total hours
60
Practical 3.4
4 hours/week
2
SEMESTER IV
Theory-4.3-COORDINATION CHEMISTRY, STATES OF MATTER &CHEMICAL
KINETICS
Section-A
Sl. No
Topic
Lecture hours
1
Transition elements
12
2
Coordination chemistry
8
3
Crystal Field theory
10
Section-B
4
Gases
8
5
Liquids
6
6
Solids
8
7
Chemical kinetics
8
Total hours
60
Practical 4.4
4 hours/week
OPEN ELECTIVES
Sl. No
1
2
Topic
Theory-4.9 A-Pharmaceutical chemistry
Theory-4.9 B-Pesticide chemistry
Lecture hours
30
30
SEMESTER V
Theory-5.1-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Sl. No
2
3
4
5
Topic
Stereochemistry-02
Natural Products
Industrial organic chemistry
Application of Spectroscopy to Simple Organic
Molecules
Total hours
Practical 5.3A
Lecture hours
8
13
12
12
45
6 hours/week
Topic
Quantum chemistry
Molecular Spectroscopy
Photochemistry
Total hours
Practical 5.3B
Lecture hours
20
18
7
45
6 hours/week
SEMESTER VI
Theory-6.1- INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Sl. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Topic
Inorganic polymers
Organometallic Compounds
Silicates
Fertilizers
Surface coatings
General principles of Metallurgy
Alloys
Chemical explosives
Total hours
Practical 6.3A
Lecture hours
4
8
8
5
5
6
5
4
45
6 hours/week
Theory-6.2- BIOCHEMISTRY
Sl. No
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Topic
Lipids
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Nucleic acids
Enzymes and correlation with drug action
Bio-inorganic chemistry
Biological oxidation
Concepts of Energy in Biosystems
Hormones
Vitamins
Total hours
Practical 6.3B
Lecture hours
4
8
5
6
6
4
8
2
2
45
6 hours/week
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory - 1.3
Semester I
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Credits: 04)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory 2.3
Semester II
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA &FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Theory: 4 hours/week
(Credits: 04)
(30 Lectures)
Chemical Energetics
Review of I law of thermodynamics, need for II law of thermodynamics and different ways
of stating II law of thermodynamics with respect to its spontaneity, spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. Concept of entropy and its significance-illustrations for order,
disorder, physical, chemical process and probability.
Heat engine: Carnots cycle and derivation of the expression for its efficiency, problems. II
law in terms of efficiency. Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes.
Calculation of entropy changes in reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic process.
Limitations of the entropy concept and spontaneity.
Gibbs free energy: Work function, chemical potential, definition and relationship between
free energy and work function. Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneous processes problems.Gibbs-Helmoltz equation (derivation-differential form).Rate of change of free
energy with respect to temperature and pressure. Temperature coefficient (mention only),
vant Hoff isotherm, G0 = -RTlnKp and problems on this equation.
Vant Hoff reaction isochore (derivation): Clausius - Clapeyron equation (derivation).
Mention its applications to TbandTf determination (derivation not required), problems on
Vant Hoff isochore and Clausius - Clapeyron equation.
Qualitative treatment of Nernst heat theorem and III law of thermodynamics (statement
only). Elementary concept of residual entropy.
(10 Lectures)
Surface chemistry:
Adsorption- types of adsorption, factors affecting adsorption. Free energy change in
adsorption, Adsorption isotherms Freundlichs isotherm and Langmuir's adsorption.
Derivation of Langmuirs adsorption isotherm, BET equation (derivation not required)
applications.
Catalysis- types, general characteristics, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Theories of catalysis, intermediate compound formation theory and adsorption
theory.Enzyme catalysis lock and key mechanism with example. Michaelis-Menton
enzyme catalytic equation, derivation of mathematical expression for the Michaelis-Menton
equation. Industrial applications of enzymes and catalysts.
(8 Lectures)
Ionic Equilibria:Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors
affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of
weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of
hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions.
Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts applications of solubility
product principle.
(12 Lectures)
9
Organometallic compounds:
Grignard reagent, organozinc and organolithium compounds Preparation and synthetic
applications
(3 Lectures)
Active methylene compounds:
Preparation, Keto-enol tautomerism and Synthetic uses of ethylacetoacetate and diethyl
melanoate.
(3 Lectures)
Reference Books:
Graham Solomon, T.W., Fryhle, C.B. &Dnyder, S.A. Organic Chemistry, John
Wiley & Sons (2014).
McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning
India Edition, 2013.
Sykes, P. A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman, New
Delhi (1988).
Finar, I.L. Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E.L.B.S.
Morrison, R.T. & Boyd, R.N. Organic Chemistry, Pearson, 2010.
Bahl, A. &Bahl, B.S. Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand, 2010.
Barrow, G.M. Physical Chemistry Tata McGrawHill (2007).
Castellan, G.W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P.M. & Townsend, J.R. General Chemistry Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
Mahan, B.H. University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
Petrucci, R.H. General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. & Smith, P.W.G.,
Textbookof Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 1996.
Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry Orient-Longman, 1960.
Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R.
Chand & Co.: New Delhi (2011).
12
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory 3.3
Semester III
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, CONDUCTANCE,
ELECTROCHEMISTRY & FUNCTIONAL GROUP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II
Theory: 4 hours/week
Section A: Physical Chemistry-2 (30 Lectures)
(Credits: 04)
Solutions
Thermodynamics of ideal solutions: Ideal solutions and Raoults law, deviations from
Raoults law non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and temperaturecomposition curves of ideal and non-ideal solutions. Distillation of solutions.Lever
rule.Azeotropes.
Partial miscibility of liquids: Critical solution temperature; effect of impurity on partial
miscibility of liquids. Immiscibility of liquids- Principle of steam distillation.Nernst
distribution law and its applications, solvent extraction.
(8 Lectures)
Phase Equilibrium
Phases, components and degrees of freedom of a system, criteria of phase
equilibrium.Gibbs Phase Rule and its thermodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius
Clapeyron equation and its importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of onecomponent systems (water and sulphur) and two component systems involving eutectics,
congruent and incongruent melting points (lead-silver, FeCl3-H2O and Na-K only).
(8 Lectures)
Conductance
Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak
and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.
Transference number and its experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving
boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements:
determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products
of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt.
Conductometric titrations (only acid-base).
(6 Lectures)
Electrochemistry
Reversible and irreversible cells.Concept of EMF of a cell.Measurement of EMF of a
cell.Nernst equation and its importance.Types of electrodes.Standard electrode
potential.Electrochemical series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of
thermodynamic properties: G, H and S from EMF data.
Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference
and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge. pH determination using
hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode. Potentiometric titrations -qualitative
treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).
(8 Lectures)
Section B: Organic Chemistry-3 (30 Lectures)
Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be
studied in context to their structure.
13
(8 lectures)
Reference Books:
Barrow, G.M. Physical Chemistry Tata McGrawHill (2007).
Castellan, G.W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P.M. & Townsend, J.R. General Chemistry, Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi (2009).
Mahan, B.H. University Chemistry, 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
Petrucci, R.H. General Chemistry, 5th Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehningers Principles of Biochemistry 7thEd., W. H.
Freeman.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. &Stryer, L. Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman, 2002.
(Credits: 02)
Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. & Smith, P.W.G.,
Textbookof Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 1996.
Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry Orient-Longman, 1960.
Khosla, B. D.; Garg, V. C. & Gulati, A. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R.
Chand & Co.: New Delhi (2011).
Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,
Universities Press.
16
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory 4.3
Semester IV
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COORDINATION CHEMISTRY, STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL
KINETICS
Theory: 4 hours/week
(Credits: 04)
Law of corresponding states-statements, reduced equation of states and explanation.JouleThomson effect-explanation, Joule-Thomson coefficient, Inversion temperature-definition
(no derivation).Their application to the liquification of air and hydrogen (by Lindes
process in detail).
(8 Lectures)
Liquids
Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer.Viscosity of a liquid and
determination of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer.Effect of temperature on
surface tension and coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only).
(6 Lectures)
Solids
Forms of solids.Symmetry elements, unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and
identification of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial
angles, Law of rational indices. Miller indices.XRay diffraction by crystals, Braggs
law.Structures of NaCl, KCl and CsCl (qualitative treatment only).Defects in
crystals.Glasses and liquid crystals.
(8 Lectures)
Chemical Kinetics
The concept of reaction rates.Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on
reaction rates.Order and molecularity of a reaction.Derivation of integrated rate equations
for zero, first and second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of
reactants).Halflife of a reaction.General methods for determination of order of a
reaction.Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius equation.
Theories of Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated Complex theory of bimolecular
reactions. Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).
(8 Lectures)
Reference Books:
Barrow, G.M. Physical Chemistry Tata McGrawHill (2007).
Castellan, G.W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P.M. & Townsend, J.R. General Chemistry Cengage Learning
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
Mahan, B.H. University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
Petrucci, R.H. General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley.
Shriver, D.F. & Atkins, P.W. Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press.
Wulfsberg, G. Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
Rodgers, G.E. Inorganic & Solid State Chemistry, Cengage Learning India Ltd.,
2008.
Concise Coordination Chemistry, R. Gurudeep,C. Ramalingam.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18
(Credits: 02)
2+
2+
Zn2+,Ba , Sr , Ca , K
Anions : CO32 , S2, SO2, S2O32, NO3, CH3COO, Cl, Br, I, NO3,SO42-, PO43-, BO33,C2O42-, F- (Spot tests should be carried out wherever feasible)
Section B: Organic Chemistry
1. Detection of extra elements (N, S, Cl, Br, I) in organic compounds (containing upto two
extra elements)
2. Separation of mixtures by Chromatography: Measure the R f value in each case
(combination of two compounds to be given).
3. Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of 2 amino acids (glycine,
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine or any other amino acid) by paper chromatography
4. Identify and separate the sugars present in the given mixture by paper chromatography.
Reference Books:
19
20
Theory 5.1
Semester V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Theory: 3 hours/week
(Credits: 03)
Stereochemistry-02
Geometrical isomerism : cis-trans, syn-anti and EZ notations - Methods of distinguishing
geometrical isomers using melting point, dipole moment, solubility, cyclisation and heat
of hydrogenation.
Optical isomerism: Definition Specific rotation Chirality and elements of symmetry
Threo and erythro; D and L; Enantiomers - Diastereomers Optical isomerism in lactic
acid, glyceraldehyde and tartaric acid - Meso compounds Racemic mixture - Resolution
methods - Optical activities in compounds without asymmetric carbon atoms (biphenyl
and allenes) - DL and RS configurations Enantiomeric excess - Asymmetric synthesis.
Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions.
(8 Lectures)
Natural Products
Carbohydrates: Classification, and General Properties, Glucose and Fructose (open
chain and cyclic structure), Determination of configuration of monosaccharides, absolute
configuration of Glucose and Fructose, Mutarotation, ascending and descending in
monosaccharides. Structure of disacharrides (sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, lactose) and
polysacharrides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.
Terpenes: Isoprene rule Occurrence, Classification with examples Elucidation of
structure and synthesis of citral, zingiberene, Structure of limonene, menthol, camphor,
beta-carotene vitamine A and uses.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Classification, General properties Structure and physiological
functions of nicotine, quinine, coniine and piperine. Structural elucidation and synthesis
of nicotine.
Pheromones:
ombykol
21
22
23
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory 5.2
Semester V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Theory: 3 hours/week
(Credits: 03)
Quantum Chemistry
Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators, Schrodinger equation
and its application to free particle and particle-in-a-box (rigorous treatment),
quantization of energy levels, zero-point energy and Heisenberg Uncertainty principle;
wavefunctions, probability distribution functions, nodal properties, Extension to two and
three dimensional boxes, separation of variables, degeneracy.
Qualitative treatment of simple harmonic oscillator model of vibrational motion: Setting
up of Schrdinger equation and discussion of solution and wavefunctions. Vibrational
energy of diatomic molecules and zero-point energy.
Angular momentum: Commutation rules, quantization of square of total angular
momentum and z-component.
Rigid rotator model of rotation of diatomic molecule. Schrdinger equation,
transformation to spherical polar coordinates. Separation of variables.Spherical
harmonics.Discussion of solution.
Qualitative treatment of hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like ions: setting up of Schrdinger
equation in spherical polar coordinates, radial part, quantization of energy (only final
energy expression). Average and most probable distances of electron from nucleus.
Setting up of Schrdinger equation for many-electron atoms (He, Li). Need for
approximation methods. Statement of variation theorem and application to simple
systems (particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator, hydrogen atom).
Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding, valence bond and molecular orbital approaches,
LCAO-MO treatment of H2+. Bonding and antibonding orbitals.Qualitative extension to
H2. Comparison of LCAO-MO and VB treatments of H2 (only wavefunctions, detailed
solution not required) and their limitations. Refinements of the two approaches
(Configuration Interaction for MO, ionic terms in VB).Qualitative description of LCAOMO treatment of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules (HF, LiH).Localised
and non-localised molecular orbitals treatment of triatomic (BeH2, H2O) molecules.
Qualitative MO theory and its application to AH2 type molecules.
(20 Lectures)
24
Practical
Practicals: 6 hours/week
5.3A: Organic Chemistry
(Credits: 03)
25
27
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory 6.1
Semester VI
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Theory: 3 hours/week
(Credits: 03)
Inorganic Polymers
General properties, glass transition temperature and its determination. Phosphorous,
Sulphur, Silicon and boron based polymers and its applications.
(4 Lectures)
Organometallic Compounds
Definition and Classification with appropriate examples based on nature of metal-carbon
bond (ionic, s, p and multicentre bonds). Structures of methyl lithium, Zeiss salt and
ferrocene. EAN rule as applied to carbonyls. Preparation, structure, bonding and
properties of mononuclear and polynuclear carbonyls of 3d metals.p-acceptorbehaviour of
carbon monoxide. Synergic effects (VB approach)- (MO diagram of CO can be referred
to for synergic effect to IR frequencies).
(8 Lectures)
Silicates
Glass: Glassy state and its properties, classification (silicate and non-silicate
glasses).Manufacture and processing of glass. Composition and properties of the
following types of glasses: Soda lime glass, lead glass, armoured glass, safety glass,
borosilicate glass, fluorosilicate, coloured glass, photosensitive glass.
Ceramics: Important clays and feldspar, ceramic, their types and manufacture.
Hightechnology ceramics and their applications, superconducting and semiconducting
oxides, fullerenes carbon nanotubes and carbon fibre.
Cements: Classification of cement, ingredients and their role, Manufacture of cement and
thesetting process, quick setting cements.
(8 Lectures)
Fertilizers:
Different types of fertilizers. Manufacture of the following fertilizers: Urea, ammonium
nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates; polyphosphate,
superphosphate, compound and mixed fertilizers, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate.
(5 Lectures)
Surface Coatings:
Objectives of coatings surfaces, preliminary treatment of surface, classification of surface
coatings.Paints and pigments-formulation, composition and related properties. Oil paint,
Vehicle, modified oils, Pigments, toners and lakes pigments, Fillers, Thinners, Enamels,
emulsifying agents. Special paints (Heat retardant, Fire retardant, Eco-friendly paint,
Plastic paint), Dyes, Wax polishing, Water and Oil paints, additives, Metallic coatings
(electrolytic and electroless), metal spraying and anodizing.
28
(5 Lectures)
29
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theory 6.2
Semester VI
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BIOCHEMISTRY
Theory: 3 hours/week
(Credits: 03)
Lipids
Introduction to lipids, classification.
Oils and fats: Common fatty acids present in oils and fats, Omega fatty acids, Trans
fats, Hydrogenation, Saponification value, Iodine number, Rancidity
Biological importance of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids (cholesterol).
(4 Lectures)
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins:
Preparation of Amino Acids: Strecker synthesis using Gabriels phthalimide
synthesis.Zwitterion, Isoelectric point and Electrophoresis.
Reactions of Amino acids: ester of COOH group, acetylation of NH2group,
complexationwith Cu2+ ions, ninhydrin test.
Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of proteins.
Determination of Primary structure of Peptides by degradation Edmann degradation (Nterminal) and Cterminal (thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme).Synthesis of
simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (t-butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) &
C-activating groups and Merrifield solid-phase synthesis.
(8 Lectures)
Nucleic Acids
Components of Nucleic acids: Adenine, guanine, thymine and Cytosine (Structure only),
other components of nucleic acids, Nucleosides and nucleotides (nomenclature), Structure
of polynucleotides; Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA(types of RNA),
Genetic Code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and
Translation.
(5 Lectures)
Enzymes and correlation with drug action
Mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action, Coenzymes and cofactors
and their role in biological reactions, Specificity of enzyme action(Including
stereospecificity), Enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of
inhibition(Competitive and Non-competitive inhibition including allosteric inhibition).
Drug action-receptor theory.Structure activity relationships of drug molecules, binding
role of OH group,-NH2 group, double bond and aromatic ring.
(6 Lectures)
Bio-Inorganic Chemistry
A brief introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Role of metal ions present in biological
systems with special reference to Na+, K+ and Mg2+ ions: Na/K pump; Role of Mg2+ ions
30
(6 Lectures)
Biological oxidation
Bioenergetics; energy transformations in living systems, free energy concept.Exergonic
and endergonic reactions, ATP and other high energy compounds, energy coupling.
Mitochondrial electron transport chain components, schematic representation indicating
sites of ATP synthesis.Oxidative phosphorylation Chemosmatic theory (an
outline).Substrate level phosphorylation.
(4 Lectures)
Concept of Energy in Biosystems
Calorific value of food.Standard caloric content of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats.Oxidation of foodstuff (organic molecules) as a source of energy for cells.
Introduction to Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism), ATP: the universal currency of
cellular energy,
ATP hydrolysis and free energy change.
Conversion of food into energy. Outline of catabolic pathways of CarbohydrateGlycolysis, Fermentation, Krebs Cycle. Overview of catabolic pathways of Fats and
Proteins.Interrelationships in the metabolic pathways of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates.
(8 Lectures)
Hormones Introduction-General characteristics, Classification of hormones on the basis
of structure.General mechanism of hormone action and second messenger - cAMP as an
example.Biological importance of somatotropin, insulin, glucagon, progesterone, estrogen
and androgen.
Vitamins
(2 Lectures)
Introduction-fat
symptoms/syndromes,
soluble-
sources,
Hypervitaminosis,
chemical
water-soluble
names
and
deficiency
sources,
deficiency
(2 Lectures)
Reference books:
Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
Freeman.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. &Stryer, L. Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman, 2002.
31
PRACTICALS
Practicals: 6 hours/week
(Credits: 03)
6.3B: Biochemistry
33