Experimental Study On Paver Blocks Utilize in Pet Fibres

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)
Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PAVER BLOCKS UTILIZE IN PET

FIBRES
G.Lavanya1, P.Vasantha kumar2
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University College of Engineering-Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu
PG Student (Structural Engineering) Civil Engineering Department, Anna University Chennai- Regional Campus Madurai,
Tamilnadu
ABSTRACT
Utilization of waste material in concrete paving block would be beneficial in order to find an
alternative solution to reduce environmental pollution. One of the waste material is polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
which is a polyester material and is produced in large quantities. In this work fibres are simply cut from waste plastic
bottles reducing, in this way, the manufacturing costs of recycled PET fibre concrete. Plastics constitute 12.3% of total
waste produced most of which is from discarded water bottles. One possible solution is using RPET as short fibres in
concrete paving blocks. It can provide greater crack control and ductility enhancement capacities for quasi-brittle
concrete as well as mass consumption alternative, which is a very important issue in the merit of recycling waste
materials. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of a waste material to be used in concrete paving blocks
as fibre. The dimensions of PET fibres used are 30mm long, 5mm width and 0.6mm thickness It was added to
concrete in the various percentages 0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% of fibre in total weight of concrete. And sand was
replaced with 50% of quarry dust in paving blocks. Using 280*140*80 mm zigzag paver block moulds and M 30 grade
of concrete mix are used. Paver blocks test carried by compressive, flexural, split tensile and water absorption.
Keywords - Concrete blocks, M30 grade, Natural sand, PET fibres, Quarry dust.
1. INTRODUCTION
Interlocking concrete pavements or pavers are a special dry mix pre-cast piece of concrete commonly used in
pavement applications. As per IS 15658 Standard thicknesses of paver blocks are 60mm (for light traffic), 50mm (noTraffic), 80mm (heavy traffic) is common used in India . Paver block required high compressive strength, tensile and
flexure strength to use it in paver blocks and to increase the compressive strength of paver blocks several efforts have
been made.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most important synthetic fibres for industrial production. Poly
Ethylene Terephthalate commonly abbreviated PET. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. To
eliminate this problem, the introduction of fiber was brought in as an alternative to developing concrete in view of
enhancing its tensile strength as well as improving its ductile property. The largest use of PET currently is in
containers. In this area, beverage and mineral water bottles are standing in prime position. The current worldwide
production of PET exceeds 6.7 million tons/year. In India, domestic waste plastics are causing considerable damage to
the environment and hence an attempt has been made to understand whether they can be successfully used in concrete
to improve some of the mechanical properties. Among different waste fractions, plastic waste deserves special
attention on account non-biodegradable property which is creating a lot of problems in the environment. The PET
bottles cannot be disposed of by dumping or burning, as they produce uncontrolled fire or contaminate the soil and
vegetation. One possible solution is using RPET as short fibres in pavement concrete blocks. It can provide greater
crack control and ductility enhancement capacities for quasi-brittle concrete as well as mass consumption alternative,
which is a very important issue in the merit of recycling waste.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
.,
G. Navya et al (2010)
[1]
The compressive strength, water absorption and flexural strength of paver blocks were determined
by adding Coconut fibers in the top 20mm thickness. Coconut fibers were added in proportions of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%,
0.4% and 0.5% in volume of concrete. The compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption were
determined at the end of 7 and 28 days. Test results indicate that addition of coconut fiber by 0.3% paver block attains
maximum compressive strength. Test results indicate that addition of coconut fiber gradually increases flexural
strengths and water absorption at 7 and 28 days.
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R. C. Yeole et al., (2014)[2]

The parametric experimental study for producing paving blocks using waste steel aggregates (the
form of rounded bearings of size 6.35 mm) is presented. Waste steel bearings are added in concrete of paver blocks in
various percentages. Rubber pads are also used below the paver blocks. Impact strength of paver blocks with various
percentages of waste steel aggregates and using rubber pads is investigated. Test results shows 50% more impact
strength than ordinary paver blocks.
Sharda Sharma., (2014)[3]
water proofing superplasticizer is used in M 35 mix design with adding it maximum 2 % of
superplasticizer by weight of cement in the construction of concrete blocks pavements. Superplasticizer is added 0.5
%, 1.0 %, 1.5 % and 2.0 % by weight of the cement in construction of the concrete pavement blocks. The effect is
shown in the workability of the M 35 mix design considering w/c ratio on 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, and 0.55 and slump
value considered. The use of superplasticizer helped also in reduction of water percentage in concrete mix with
comparison to conventional mix design without using superplasticizer.
Fernando. P., et al., (2012)[4]
Synthetic fibres added such as polypropylene, glass, nylon and PET fibers in concrete cracking
control. The PET fibres diameter is 25-30 micon,length-15 mm. The fibre added at the three different volume of
fractions 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, w/c-0.6. After 40 days as the PET fibre ratio increased, cracking length and number of
crack decreased, 0.10% of the added PET fibre give good results. The experimental results have shown that the
addition of short polypropylene fibres to the mortar mixture was more at restraining considerably crack formation due
to plastic shrinkage.
S.Revathi et al., (2015)[5]
The main objective of this paper is to use waste products like groundnut husk ash for the
production of Paver Blocks which will useful in construction. Density of paver blocks is within the range of 18882202 kg/m3. Density values decreases with increase in Groundnut husk ash. Groundnut husk ash is suitable in making
paver blocks as the water absorption is less than 7%. The paver blocks prepared using M40 grade of concrete s can be
used for light traffic commercial vehicles like Pedestrian plazas, shopping complexes ramps, car parks, housing
colonies, office complexes, rural roads with low volume traffic, farm houses, beach sites, tourist resorts local authority
footways, residential roads, etc.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Materials
Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, PET fibres and water.
Cement-OPC 43 grade
Fine aggregate -Natural river sand + quarry dust
Coarse aggregate- 10 mm natural gravel
Water- Drinking water to be used.
Table 3.1 Properties of PET fibres:
Properties
Values
Molecular formula
(C H O )
Density
1.38 g/cm (20 C)
Melting point
250 C-260 C
350 C
Practically insoluble
8
3
4 n
Boiling point
Solubility in water
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat capacity, C
Young's modulus (E)
Tensile strength( )
t
Elastic limit
10
0.15 to 0.24 W m K
1.0 kJ/(kgK)
28003100 Mpa
5575 Mpa
50150%
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Fig 3,1 PET fibres

3.2 Methodology:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days =30Mpa

Maximum size of aggregate =10mm
Degree of quality control =good
Degree of workability =0.9 compacting factor
Test data for materials

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Specific gravity of cement -3.5

Compressive strength of cement at 7 days satisfies the requirement of IS:269-1989
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.75
Specific gravity of fine aggregate 2.60
Water absorption of coarse aggregate 0.5%
Water absorption of fine aggregate 1.0%
Free (surface ) moisture of coarse aggregate nil
Free (surface) moisture of fine aggregate 2%
Mix design was calculated
Water
cement
fine aggregate
19.46 l
50 kg
53.3 kg
0.39
1.067
coarse aggregate
101.98 kg
2.04
Paver Mould size: 22.511.256 cm zigzag.

Mixing, compacting and curing:
Mixing of concrete should be done thoroughly to ensure that concrete of uniform quantity is
obtained. Hand mixing is done in small works, while machine mixing is done for all big and important works. All
specimens were compacted by the three layer compacted by tamping rod, then using needle vibrator for good
compaction of concrete. Finally the surface of the concrete was leveled and finished and smoothened by metal trowel
and wooden float. In factory manufacture of pavement blocks are compacted by machine vibrator to be used. .
Normally 28 days of curing for ordinary concrete is the requirement. However, the rate of hardening of concrete is
very much reduced with the reduction of ambient temperature.
4. Experimental Procedure And Result

Plan Area (Asp):
= 20000 2
.
To calculate the area of paver block we adopted plan area method as per IS 15658.
As per method reading recorded is Msp= 0.5828 Kg, Mstd= 0.4920 Kg therefore the Area (Asp) is 23690 mm2.
Aspect Ratio:
Aspect ratio = (L/T) = 225/60 = 3.75<4 as per IS 15658: 2006
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Compressive test:
The apparent compressive strength of individual paver block shall be calculated by dividing the
maximum load (in N) by the plan area (in mm2).
Fig 4.1 Compressive Test of Paver Blocks

Table 4.1 Compressive Test Results
7 days
14 days
N/mm2
N/mm2
26.59
28.54
26.86
29.01
27.22
29.28
26.33
28.49
Percentage of
adding fibres
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2
40
28 days N/mm2
34.79
35.34
36.02
34.73
34.79
35.34
36.02
28.54
29.01
29.28
28.49
26.59
26.86
27.22
26.33
34.73
35
30
25
20
7 DAYS
15
14 DAYS
28 DAYS
10
5
0
NM
0.25
0.5
PERCENTAGE OF ADDING PET FIBRES
Chart 4.1 Compressive Test Results

Determination of Tensile Splitting Strength:
The area of failure plane(s) of the paver block
From the equation
Where
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= area of the failure, in mm2

= mean of two measurements of the failure length, one at the top and one at the bottom of the paver block in mm
= mean of three measurements of thickness at the failure plane, one in the middle and one at either end, in mm.
The tensile splitting strength of the paver block determined by equation
T=0.637
Where,
T = tensile splitting strength, in MPa; and
P = failure load in N
Fig 4.2 Split Tensile Test of Paver Blocks

Table 4.2 split tensile test results
Percentage of adding PET fibres
Split tensile strength in N/mm2
0
2.61
0.25
2.97
0.5
3.33
0.75
2.67
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF PAVER BLOCKS @ 28 DAYS

3.33
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH N/mm2
3.5
2.97
3
2.67
2.61
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
NM
0.25
0.5
Chart 4.2.Split Tensile Test Results
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0.75
77

Determination of The Flexural Strength

As per IS 15658:2006 flexural strength of the paver block can be calculated as
3
=
22
2
Fb = flexural strength, in N/mm
P = maximum load, in N
l =distance between central lines of supporting rollers, in mm
b=average width of block, measured from both Faces of the specimen, in mm;
d= average thickness, measured from both ends of the fracture line, in mm
Fig 4.3 Flexural Test of Paver Blocks

Table 4.3 Flexural Strength Test Results
Percentage of
Flexural strength in
adding PET fibres
N/mm2
0
4.63
0.25
4.86
0.5
5.08
0.75
4.47
FLEXURAL STRENGTH N/mm2
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF PAVER BLOCKS @ 28

DAYS
5.2
5.1
5
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
5.08
4.86
4.63
4.47
NM
0.25
0.5
Chart 4.3 Flexural Strength of Paver Blocks
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78

Determination of Water Absorption:

Saturation:
The Paver block shall be completely immersed in water at room temperature for 242 h. The paver
block then shall be removed from the water. Visible water on the paver block shall be removed with a damp cloth. The
paver block shall be immediately weighed and the weight for each specimen noted in N to the nearest 0.01 N (W W).
Drying:
After saturation, the paver block shall be dried in a ventilated oven at 107 + 7C for 24 h and until
two successive weighing at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 percent of the previously
determined mass of the paver block. The dry weight of each specimen (Wd) shall be taken in N to the nearest O.O1N.
Percent Water Absorption (Wpercent )
=

100
Table 4.4 Water Absorption Test Results

Percentage of
Percentage of water
adding PET fibres
absorption
0
5.35
0.25
5.20
0.50
4.87
0.75
5.00
5. CONCLUSION
The percentage of PET fibre was added to concrete paver blocks in 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ratios in effective manner. The
paver blocks test result was taken by compressive, flexural, split tensile and water absorption. In compared all the test
results shows 0.5% percentage of PET fibre adding to concrete blocks good achieve in compressive, flexural, split
tensile and water absorption.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thankfully acknowledge to Dr. M.RAJARAM Vice-Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai, Dr.
S.GANESAN Registrar, Anna University, Chennai Dr.C.SWARNALATHA Dean Anna University, Regional Campus
Madurai, Mr. B.STALIN, Head of the Department, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai Dr. J.JEGAN Head
of the Department, University College of engineering Ramanathapuram, Mr. I.DANIEL LAWRENCE, Teaching
Fellow, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai.
REFERENCE
[1] G. Navya J. Venkateswara Rao Experimental Investigation on Properties Concrete Paver Block with the
Inclusion of Natural Fibers International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications volume.4 pp. 34-38
(2014)
[2] R. C. Yeole M. B.Varma Comparison of Mix Designs of Paver Blocks using Waste Rounded Steel Aggregates
and Rubber Pad International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Volume 4 ( 2014)
[3] Sharda Sharma Analysis of Workability on Construction of Interlocking Concrete Pavement Blocks (ICBPs)
Using Superplasticizer As Admixture International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) volume. 3 (2014)
[4] Fernando Pelisser, Oscar, RubemKleguesMontedo, Philippe Jean Paul Gleize, Humberto , Ramos Roman
Mechanical properties of recycled PET fibers in concrete Vol. 96, pp. 409-414, 2012
[5] S.Revathi R.Kumutha K.Vijai Properties of Paver Blocks with Groundnut Husk Ash as Fine Aggregates
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology volume. 02 (2015)
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Experimental Study On Paver Blocks Utilize in Pet Fibres

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)

Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190