You are on page 1of 2

Ch1*structural engineering is the science & art of planning

designing & constructing safe & economical structures that will


serve their intended purposes.
* Structural Analysis is the prediction of the performance of a
given structure under loads and /or other external effects such as
support movements and temperature changes.
*Role of structural analysis in projects: 1-use estimated
loads2-check forces in members to determine stresses, and failure
criteria 3-deformations to determine sensitivity criteria 4-make sure
that the estimated dimensions are right
Phases of structural Engineering Project: 1) Planning Phase
(establishment of functional requirements). 2) Preliminary
Structural Design (selection of sizes of various members of a
structural system based on approximate estimation, past
experience, and code requirements). 3) Estimation of loads
(Estimation of all possible loads expected to act on structure). 4)
Structural Analysis (the values of all loads are carried out to
analysis to determine the resultant stresses). Then if safe, 5)
Construction Phase. If not safe> go back to Estimation of loads it
can be said to be safe when passing code requirements and
serviceability requirements.
*classifications (types/forms) of structures:1- Tension
structures(cables of suspension bridge/roof)-limited by the material
strength and factor of safety.2-compression struc.(bridge
columns,archs)-bending may accure.3-trusses(pin connected)members are in T or C.4-shear struc.(shear walls)-beams and
frames members are in T or C.5-Bending struc.(slabs,beams)
beams and frames members are in T or C.

*live load reduction:

for American Units: L=L0 (0.25+


For SI Units : L=L0 (0.25+
> KLL AT(AI)

37.16 m2

15
)
K AT

4.57
)
K AT

400ft2

> if members supporting: one floor, then max load reduction is L

0.5L0/ if two or more floors, then max reduction is L

>no reduction if Live load

0.4L0

100lb/ft2

KLL values:
Interior columns 4
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs 4
Edge columns with cantilever slabs 3
Corner columns with cantilever slabs 2
Edge beams without cantilever slabs 2
Interior beams 2
All other members not identified, including: 1
Edge beams with cantilever slabs/ Cantilever beams
One-way slabs/ Two-way slabs/ Members without provisions for
continuous shear transfer normal to their span.

Fx

Ch3 *Equilibrium Equations- for 2D:

Ch2*Types of loads on structures:1-dead 2-live 3 Impact 4snow 5-wind 6-Earthquake 7-hydrostatic&soil pressure8thermal&other effects

Fy

=0

Mz

=0 ,

=0

Fx

Unit weight of construction


(lb/ft^3
KN/m^3
materials
)
Aluminum
165
25.9
brick
120
18.8
Reinforced concrete
150
23.6
Structural steel
490
77
Wood
40
6.3
Minimum floor live loads for buildings
School:classroom,apartment,Hospital patient
room/ward
Library,lab Hospital operating room
Dance halls & ballrooms

*external loads: are actions on the structure like live loads & snow
loads. Also reactions of other systems on the structure it includes
external applied load and external reactions.- unknown
( C/T/bending/Torsion/temp.)
*Explain internal forces: forces exerted on a member or portion
of the structure by the rest of the structure these forces develop
within the structure & maintain its integrity.- forces are always
equal but opposite therefore they dont appear in the equations of
equilibrium.(shear/C &T/bending/torsion)

psf
40

kPa
1.92

60
2.87
10
4.79
0
Wholesale stores
12
6
5
Heavy storage warehouse, heavy manufacturing
25
11.9
0
7
*Live loads: include all loads other than dead loads. Like people,
environmental loads: snow,eq. they have different load factors in
building codes since they differ from other loads in the structure.
*Impact load:loads that involve unusual vibration & impact forces of
dynamic live loads wich produse higher stress. Ex.(elevators)
For highway bridges, design live loads is multiplied by (1+impact
factor)
Impact Factor (I)=

50
<0.3
L+125

*Snow Load: the design of snow loads is based on its geographical


location.

Mx

=0 ,

FMy

=0

Mz

=0

Fz

Equilibrium Eqns-3D:

=0

=0 ,

Fy

Dead load: is the weight of the materials of construction


incorporated into building including but not limited to walls floors
roofs ceilings stairways built-in partitions finishes cladding and
other incorporated architectural and structural items & fixed
service equipment including weight of cranes.(actual weights must
be used)

=0

Equilibrium : when structure is initially at rest and remains at rest


when subjected to a system of forces and couples

*types of support: 1- Roller Support 2- Hinge support 3- Fixed


Support.
*internally stable: A structure is considered to be internally stable if
it maintains its shape &remains a rigid body when detached from
the supports.
*internally unstable: can be used with appropriate supporting
system
*internally stable statically determinate externally: all supports
reactions can be determined by solving the EOE. (3 eq.3unknowns)
*statically indeterminate: structure that has more than 3 reactions
so we cant use EOE to find reactions.
Degree of indeterminacy: ie=r-3
r

3 statically unstable externally

r=3 statically determinate externally

3 statically indeterminate externally

*Hinges: Me=0 equation of condition (ec)


r

3+ec statically unstable externally

r=3+ec statically determinate externally


r

3+ec statically indeterminate externally

cuts pass through two members use the 2 EOE.( use summations
and moments)
*How to analysis of compound trusses: using one of the
methods above or combination of the two methods. If by using the
method of joints 2 or less unknown forces cant be found, we must
use method of sections to complete the calculations of the truss.
*Identification of zero-force members:

Ch4:*Truss: an assemblage of straight members connected at


their ends by flexible connections to form a rigid configuration.

1) if only two non-collinear members are connected to a joint that


has no external loads or reactions applied to it. Then, then the
force in both members is equal to zero
2) If three members, two of which are collinear, are connected to a
joint that has no external loads or reaction, then the force is the
non- collinear is zero.
Procedure of analysis for Method of joints: 1) Check static
determinacy. 2) find zero force members. 3) Draw FBD. 4) find the
slopes of the inclined members. 5) Determine Reactions. 6)find the
joint with two or fewr unknowns to start at. 7)put all unknowns as
tensile forces. 8) finds the two unknowns be equilibrium equations.
Procedure of analysis for method of sections: 1) select a
section that not more than three members with unknown forces
and the section shal cut the truss into two parts. 2) Find the
reactions 3) use the part with less unknowns. 4) Draw FBD and
show arrows of tensile and compressive forces. 5) determine the
three unknowns by applying the three EOE.
Ch5: *Complex Trusses: trusses that cant be classified as simple
trusses or as compound trusses.

*Assumptions of trusses:1- all members are connected only at


their ends by frictionless hinges in plane truss,&by frictionless
ball&socket joints in the space trusses. 2- all loads & supports
reactions are applied only at the joints. 3- the centroidal axis of
each member concides with the line connecting the center of the
adjacent joints.
*reason of assumptions: to obtain an ideal truss whose members
are subjected only to axial forces.
*How to determine the stability of trusses: truss is internally
stable if the number & geometric arrangement of its members is
such that the truss doesnt change its shape & remains a rigid body
when detached from the supports. m
M+r

2j-3

2j unstable

-Cant use method of joints or sections.-every joint have more than


2 unknowns.
Every section passes through more than 3 members with
unknown forces.
-the member force can be determined by writing 2EoE in terms of
unknown member forces for each joint of the truss & then solving
the system of 2j equations.
*space trusses: because of their shape, arrangement of members
or applied loading, cant be subdivided into plane trusses to
analyze it.it must be analyzed as 3D structure using 3d force
system. (r=6 at least for 6 EOE)
M=3j-6
r

6- statically unstable externally

r=6 statically determinate externally


r

m+r

6 statically indeterminate externally

3j statically unstable space truss

M+r=2j statically determinate

m+r=3j statically determinate

M+r

m+r

2j Statically indeterminate

*Explain methods of joints: the axial forces in the members of a


statically determinate truss are determined by considering the
equilibrium of its joints (taking sigma FX, FY at each joint).
*Explain methods of sections: involves cutting the truss into two
points by passing on imaginary section through the members
whose forces are desired. The desired member forces are then
determined by considering the equilibrium of one of the two
portions of the truss. Sections are chosen so that they dont pass
through more than 3 members with unknown forces. To find a force
in a member, Take moment of all forces &reaction on either portion
of the truss about the point of intersection of the two members. For

3j statically indeterminate

You might also like