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Week 01: The Atmosphere

SUMARY

Characteristics of the Atmosphere


Hydrostatic Equation
Manometric Equation
Standard Atmosphere

CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE ATMOSPHERE

04 Fundamental Properties (describe the state of air):

DENSITY: Amount of mass per unit of volume (KG/M3) or


(SLUG/FT3). Symbol (, RHO).

PRESSURE: It is the force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) per unit


area. (N/M2) or (LB/FT2). Symbol (P).

TEMPERATURE: Is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the


air molecules as they . Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F), Kelvin (K) and
Rankine (R). Symbol (T).

VELOCITY: Is the net motion of the air. Velocity is a vector.


(magnitude and direction). Symbol (V o V).

CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE ATMOSPHERE

Equation of State: Describes the relationships between the


density, temperature and pressure of a gas, or a mixture of gases
such as air.
=

R: the proportionality constant is called the gas constant:

()()
= 287
1716
()()
()()
THIS EQUATION IS CALLED THE PERFECT GAS
EQUATION

HYDROSTATIC EQUATION

Consider an infinitesimal mass of air in a static (all velocities are zero)


atmosphere.
(P+dP) dA
dA

dh

PdA

= y = 0

+ =
=

MANOMETRIC EQUATION
The two reservoirs
at different pressures

The pressure at point 1


must be the same as P1

Fluid Pressure = Constant

=
(Hydrostatic Equation)

=
(Density and Gravity are Constant)
=
(Manometric Equation)

BAROMETER

It is a special type of manometer in which one end (the


higher end) of the tube is completely sealed off and filled
with fluid.
Barometers are usually filled with mercury and are often
used to measure atmospheric pressure

PITOT STATIC TUBE

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

Altimeter

Airspeed Indicator

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

Vertical Speed Indicator

Air flowing out of the bottle


indicates that the altitude of the
aircraft is increasing.
Air flowing into the bottle
indicates that the aircraft is
descending

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere is asumed to be static so that the velocity in


the model is everywhere zero.
The other three point properties, density, pressure and
temperature, must be determined everywhere in the
atmosphere to define the model
The starting point is established at mean seal level (MSL)
TEMPERATURE (T0): 288,16K = 518,69R
PRESSION (P0): 101,325 N/m2 = 2116,2 lb/ft2
DENSITY (0): 1,225 kg/m3 = 0,002377 slug/ft3

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

Temperature Model

An algebraic model is defined for the


temperature with altitude in the atmosphere

variation

of

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

Gradient Layers

In altitude bands where temperature varies, the variation with altitude is linear
and given by:
= +

Ing. Carlos Saito Villanueva

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

Common Uses of the Standard Atmosphere

The properties of the standard atmosphere are used frequently as


reference conditions for aircraft performance predictions.

For example, aircraft takeoff performance depends in part on the air density.
The density for a given takeoff calculation is often given as a density altitude.
Density altitude, which is given the symbol (h), is that altitude in the standard
atmosphere that has the correspoding density. If the density is for instant,
0.00199 slug/ft3, then the density altitude would be given as 6000ft.

Likewise, pressure altitude (hP) and temperature altitude (ht).

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