NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

SEMESTER 1, 2015/2016

MA1102R Calculus

Solution to Tutorial 8
Tutorial Part I (Partial)

du

= 2 . So
1. (a) Let u = . Then
x
dx Z x
Z
 
cos(/x)
1
1
1
+ C.
dx =
cos u du = sin u + C = sin
x2

x
Z
Z
2
(b) (2 + tan ) d = (1 + sec2 ) d = + tan + C.

du
1
(d) Let u = 1 + x. Then
= . So
dx
2 x
Z
Z
2
2
1
1

2 dx = 2
+ C.
du = + C =
2
u
u
x (1 + x)
1+ x
du
= sec2 y. So
(e) Let u = tan y. Then
dy
Z
Z
sec2 y
1
p

dy =
du = sin1 u + C = sin1 (tan y) + C.
2
1 u2
1 tan y

1
2

x (x + 1) dx =

2. (a)

x5 x 4 x3
(x + 2x + x ) dx =
+
+
5
2
3
4

x=1
=
x=0

31
.
30

Z 1
Z 4

(b)
| x 1| dx =
(1 x) dx +
( x 1) dx
0
1


0 3/2
x=4
3/2 x=1
x
x
1 5
= x
+
x
= + = 2.
3/2 x=0
3/2
3 3
x=1
Z

x4
x3 + x2 + C.
4
y = x3 3x2 + 2x = x(x 1)(x 2). Then y 0 on [0, 1] and y 0 on [1, 2].
x=1  4
x=2
 4
Z 2
Z 1
Z 2
x
x
3
2
3
2
|y| dx =
y dx +
(y) dx =
x +x

x +x
4
4
0
0
1
x=0
x=1
1 1
1
=
= .
4
4
2
Z

3. (a)

y dx =

(x3 3x2 + 2x) dx =

MA1102R CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 8

du
= 2x. So
4. (a) Let u = x2 + 1. Then
Z
Z dx
2x
1
1
1
+ C.
dx =
du = + C = 2
2
2
2
(x
+
1)
u
u
x
+
1
Z
Z 0
Z
2x
2x
2x
dx =
dx +
dx
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1)2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
0
x=0

x=b

1
1
+ lim 2
= lim 2
a
x + 1 x=a b
x + 1 x=0




1
1
+ lim 1
= (1) + 1 = 0.
= lim 1 +
a
b
1 + a2
1 + b2
6. (a) Note that f (1) = 2. f 0 (x) = 5x4 3x2 + 2. Then f 0 (1) = 4. So
(f 1 )0 (2) =

1
f 0 (1)

1
= .
4

1
[ln |x| + ln |x 2| ln(x2 + 1)].
3

1 dy
1 1
1
2x
ii)
=
+

.
y dx
3 x x 2 x2 + 1
r




y 1
1
2x
1
2x
dy
1 3 x(x 2) 1
=
+

iii)
=
.
dx
3 x x 2 x2 + 1
3
x2 + 1
x x 2 x2 + 1
i) ln |y| =

7. (a)

Tutorial Part II
1. Let f (x) = 2 + x x2 = (2 x)(1 + x). Define
(
f (x), if 1 x 2,
g(x) =
0,
otherwise.
Then g(x) f (x) and g(x) 0 for all x R. Therefore,
Z b
Z b
Z
Z 2
Z
f (x) dx
g(x) dx
g(x) dx =
g(x) dx =
a

f (x) dx.

f (x) dx is maximized when a = 1 and b = 2.

It follows that
a

2.

dx
= 1. Therefore,
dt
Z a
f (a t)
f (a x)
(1) dt =
dx.
f (a t) + f (t)
0 f (a x) + f (x)

(i) Let t = a x. Then x = a t and

Z
0

f (x)
dx =
f (x) + f (a x)

Z
a

MA1102R CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 8

(ii) It follows from (i) that

Z a
Z a
Z a
f (x)
f (a x)
f (x)
2
dx =
dx +
dx
0 f (x) + f (a x)
0 f (x) + f (a x)
0 f (x) + f (a x)

Z a
f (a x)
f (x)
+
dx
=
f (x) + f (a x) f (x) + f (a x)
0
Z a
x=a

= a.
=
1 dx = x
0

x=0

Using f (x) = x and a = 1, we can compute that

0

3.

x4
1
dx = .
4
4
x + (1 x)
2

(i) Recall that ln x is increasing. So ln 2 > ln 1 = 0.

M
. Take c = 2r . Then c > 1 and
Let M > 0. Choose a rational number r >
ln 2
M
ln c = ln 2r = r ln 2 >
ln 2 = M.
ln 2
(ii) Let M > 0. Using (i), there is a number c > 1 such that ln c > M . Note also
that ln 1 = 0 < M . Then by applying the Intermediate Value Theorem to ln x
on [1, c], there exists a number x0 (1, c) such that ln x0 = M .
(iii) Let M < 0. Then M > 0. By (ii), there exists a number x1 > 1 such that
ln x1 = M . Let x0 = 1/x1 . Then ln x0 = ln x1 = (M ) = M .
(iv) It follows from (ii), (iii) and the fact ln 1 = 0 that the range of ln x is R.
Let M > 0. By (i), there exists a number c > 1 such that ln c > M . Then
x > c ln x > ln c > M.
By definition lim ln x = .
x

Let y = 1/x. Then x 0+ if and only if y . So

lim ln x = lim ln(1/y) = lim ( ln y) = .

x0+