Design and Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Multistory Commercial Building Using Aci-318 Metric Manually and Extensive Design by Robot Analysis

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING ACI-318
MUHAMMAD ABDUL AZEEM BAIG

IMBIA ABD-EL-SALAM IMBIA AMMAR
A Thesis submitted in
Partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the award
Of the Degree of Bachelors of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering

University Of Bani-Walid Libya
SEPT 2016
ii
I hereby declare that the work in this project report is my own except for quotations
and summaries, which have been duly acknowledged
Student
: MUHAMMAD ABDUL AZEEM BAIG

: IMBIA ABD-EL-SALAM IMBIA AMMAR
Date
: SEPTEMBER 2016
Supervisor
: Prof Dr Ibrahim Mohamed Elhaj
iii
For my beloved mother and Father
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving me faith, health and
intellectual capacity to carry out this project work. Then, I fully appreciate the moral
support and encouragement from my parents and other family members towards the
course of this study, thank you and may ALLAH (S.W.A) bless you with his infinite
mercy.
It has been a good fortune for me to have Dr Ibrahim Mohamed Elhaj as my

research supervisor, thank you sir; actually, there is no amount of words that i could
use to describe my profound gratitude to you.
I am also grateful to all the teaching staff who offered their contribution
during the conduct of this project. Finally, I am grateful to all my friends and
colleagues, those that were at University of Bani walid & at University of sirte,
students and others that were schooling at other universities.
ABSTRACT
All the building structures have to design based on the relevant code of practice of standard.
The choice of the standard code to be applied varies and sometimes depends on the
requirement of the local authority or familiarity of the designers. Standard code is essential in
the reinforced concrete structures design to provide a safety and economic design. Currently,
BS 8110 and ACI-318 are the most widely used standards in designing reinforced concrete
structures based on limit state principle. However, some of the design requirements such as
partial safety factors, material properties, load combinations, etc. Are made to be different
between BS 8110 and ACI-318. This may affect the cost of building structures that were
designed using these two standards. The aim of this study is to design the reinforced concrete
structures for a three-storey commercial building, which will be designed using ACI-318. The
material properties such as characteristics strength of reinforcements and concrete, and
dimensions of the structure elements are fixed. Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis is the
reinforced concrete structure design package that will be used to design and produce the
structural detailing for the three-storey building based on ACI-318. So then, generally, the
study found out that the correctly designed structure may result in economical output while
ensuring safety.
vi
CONTENTS
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTI-STORY

COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING ACI-318 i
OATH
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xi v
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scope of Study
1.5 Outline of Thesis
CHAPTER 2
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2
Building Codes & Standards
2.3 Optimum Cost of Reinforced Concrete Building
2.4 Factors Contributing To the Cost of Building Construction
2.5 Construction Cost
2.6
Research Methodology
2.7
Model OF Design
2.8
Design Specifications And properties of the structure
2.8.1 Materials and Design Parameters
2.9 Design Loading
2.9. Partial Safety Factors
2.9.3 Factors of Safety Loads And Strength Of Section By Strength
2.10 Design Methods
2.10.1 Object of Structural Design
2.10.2 Philosophy of Limit State Design
2.11 Project Flow Chart
2.11. Expected Results
CHAPTER 3
3.
Design Of Slabs
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Introduction
3.1.3 DesignConcepts
3.1.4 Types of slabs
3.1.5 One & two way slabs outlined
3.1.6 Econlomical Choice According to size and loading
3.1.7 Calculation of thickness for one way slab
3.1.8 Design procedure for one way slab
3.1.9 ACI Code specified method for two-way slabs
3.1.10 Two-way slab design procedure
3.1.11 Classification of slabs
3.1.12 Purpose of main steel in slabs
3.1.13 Analysis methods for slabs
3.1.14 Slabs direction in ribbed slab
3.1.15 Design concept
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
8
9
9
10
11
14
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
21
22
23
23
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
31
viii
3.1.16 Maximum Reinforcement Ratio

3.1.17 Shrinkage Reinforcement Ratio
3.1.18 Loads assigned to slabs
3.2.1 Elevation Plans of slabs
3.2.2 Design procedure for one-way slab
3.2.3 Design procedure for two-way slab
3.2.4 Data for Design
3.3
Design of two-way slab
3.5
Design of one -way slab
CHAPTER 4
4.
Design of Beams
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Struvtural theory of beams
4.2.1 Types of a beam
4.2.2 Scope of usage of beam
4.2.3 Relation of reinforcement with section
4.3 Assumptions
4.4 Loading data
4.5 Design Procedure
4.6 Flow charts
4.7 Information about Sample of design
4.7. Desing assumptions
4.7.2 Check Deflection
4.7.3 Sizing the cross-section
4.8 Design of Flexure
4.8.1 Actual Depth
4.8.2 Minimum Ratio of steel required
4.8.3 Design Reinforcement for every moment in beam
4.9 Design of shear
4.10 Development length
CHAPTER 5
5.
Design of Stairs
5.1 Geometrical design of stairs
5.1.2 Check for reliabilty
5.1.3 Check for angle
5.2 Detailed design of stair
5.3 No. of steps in each flight
5.4 Structural design of stairs
5.5 Design for flight no.1 & 3
5.6 Data for design for flight no 2
5.6.2 Design for flexure for flight no 2
5.7 Reinforcement details
31
31
32
33
35
37
38
39
45
50
50
50
50
51
51
54
54
55
56
58
59
59
59
60
60
60
60-68
69
75
78
78
78
79
81
82
83
86
87
88
71
ix
CHAPTER 6
6.
Design of Columns
90
6.1 Introduction
90
6.1.1 Types of reinforced concrete columns
90
6.1.2 Axial Load capacity of column
91
6.1.3 ACI code requirements for cast in place columns
92
6.1.4 General Configuration of moments with in columns
93
6.1.5 Classification of columns
94
6.1.6 Effective length
95
6.1.7 Design of axially loaded column
96
6.1.8 Types of reinforcements and their use
96
6.1.9 Safety provisions for columns
99
6.1.10 Design formula
101
6.2
Sample for Design
102
6.3
Design in detail
105
6.3.1 Design of moments
105
6.4 Buckling analysis for long column by moment magnification factor 109
6.6
Splices for columns
116
6.7
Usage of dowels
118
CHAPTER 7
7.
Design of Foundations
120
7.1 Foundation design parameters
120
7.1.2 Allowable Settelment
121
7.2.1 General
122
7.2.2 Area of the footing
122
7.2.3 Depth of the footing
122
7.2.4 Depth from punching and shear consideration
122
7.3 General procedure of design of footing
122
7.4 Steps for structural Design
124
7.5 Data for design
125
7.6 Detailed Steps & formulas for design
127
7.7
Design of sample foundation
131
7.7.1 Area of footing
131
7.7.2 Footing Stability
132
7.7.3 Stregth of design
133
7.7.4 Check one way shear
133
7.7.5 Actual & allowable shear stress
133
7.7.6 Check two way shear
134
7.7.4 Check one way shear
133
7.8 Desing of flexure in long direction
136
7.9 Desing of flexure in short direction
137
7.10 Development length in footing
140
7.11 Bearing Stregth of column and footing

7.12 Development length in dowels
CHAPTER 8
141
142
-
8.
143
143
144
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

8.1 Conclusion
6.2 Suggestion of Further Works
REFERENCES
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Design input detail of building
13
Table 2.2: Initial Sizes and Specification of building
14
Table 2.3: Areas of groups of bars
15
Table 2.4:Detail Dead load
15
Table 2.5: Detail of Self weight of slab
16
Table 2.6: partial Safety factors according to ACI 318-02
17
Table 2.7: Live Loads from ASCE
17
Table 3.1 : Minimum thickness of beam & slabs
27
Table 3.2: Reinforcement of one-way slab
49
Table 4.1: Design for Shear by stirrups under ACI 318-08
69
Table 4.2: Beam Reinforcement tables
77
Table 5.1: Data for design of stairs
79
Table 6.1 : Preliminary assumed sections of columns
104
Table 6.2: Design Value Obtained from Robot -Analysis
105
Table 6.3: Columns Reinforcements
Table 7.1: Servicbilty load for foundations
131
Table 7.2: Reinforcement table for foundations
142
xv
LIST OF FIGURES & FLOW CHARTS
Figure 1.1: Front view of building
Figure 1.2: Side view A of Buiding
Figure 1.3: Side view B
Figure 1.4: perespective view
Figure 2.1:Design /Cost Relation Ship
10
Figure 2.2: Model of R.A for design
11
Figure 2 .3: Axis Plan
11
Figure 2.4: First and Second floor plan
12
Figure 2.5: Ground Floor plan
13
Flow-chart1 : Desing Procedure
21
Figure 3.1 : Typical types of slabs
25
Figure 3.1.1:Elevation plans for ground floor showing assigned slab names
33
Figure 3.1.2:Elevation plans for first floor showing assigned slab names
33
Figure 3.1.3 :Elevation plans for Second floor showing assigned slab names
34
Figure 3.3: Slab S2 , two way slab as design sample
39
Figure 3.4: One way slab S8 for design
45
Figure 4.1: Types of beams
50
Flow-chart4.1 : Design procedure for singly reinforced rectangular section
56
Flow-chart4.2 : Design procedure for Doubly reinforced rectangular section
57
Figure 4.2: B.M.D for beam 59 from robot structural analysis
58
Figure 4.3: Spans and sections of beam 59 for design
59
Flow-chart4.3 : Design procedure for Shear of beams
70
Figure 4.4: S.F.D for beam 59 from robot structural analysis
71
Figure 4.5 : Reinforced concrete beams reinforcement model
77
Figure 5.1 : Dimensions of stairs
78
Figure 5.3 :plan for stairs
80
Figure 5.4 :vertical cut section of stairs
80
Figure 5.5 :Loading diagram for flight 1 & 3
83
Figure 5.6 :B.M.D for flight 1 & 3
83
Figure 5.8-5.10 :Loading -B.M.D and S.F.D or flight 2
86
Figure 5.7: Reinforcment for stairs
88
xv
Figure 6.1: Shows interior and exterior columns
94
Figure 6.3: Different kinds of column reinforcements
99
Figure 6.4: Elevation plans showing assigned names to coloumns of different

stories of the building
88
Figure 6.7: Shows governing case of column 59 with axial load and moments 99
Figure 6.8: shows section of column 59
115
Figure 6.9: shows minimum requirements for splices
116
Figure 6.10: Reinforcment detail of columns
118
Figure 6.11: Naming of columns from R.S.A
118
Figure 7.2: Foundation plans showing assined names to foundations
125
Figure 7.3: Shows load on foundation by 3d structural model on R.S.A
126
Figure 7.4: Showing dead and live load on foundation 33 under column 59
126
Figure 7.5: Typical reinforcment of foundation
139
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
Charts
PAGE
145
Design of Reinforced Concrete Multi-story Commercial building
INTRODUCTION To Design & Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Multi-story
Building Under ACI Code .
1.1
Research Background
Structural design is a process of selecting the material type and conducting in-depth calculation of
a structure to fulfill its construction requirements. The main purpose of structural design is to
produce a safe, economic and functional building. Structural design should also be an integration
of art and science. It is a process of converting an architectural perspective into a practical and
reasonable entity at construction site. (Chan Chee, 2007)
One of the important things to be considered in any construction is the cost effectiveness
(i.e. how economical the construction will be at the end of construction). Often a times,
constructions become uneconomical (too expensive) when too much emphasis is laid on the quality
alone. Therefore there should be a balance between quality control and cost effectiveness.
The codes and standards that impact modern building construction are constantly in flux and
changing, and it is difficult to keep up with copious changes and how they will impact building
design. In the structural design of concrete structures, Refereeing to standard code is essential. A
standard code serves as a reference document with important guidance. The contents of the
standard code generally cover comprehensive details of a design. These details include the basis
and concept of design, specification to be followed, design methods, safety factors, loading values
and etc. These codes and standards define the parameters in the reinforced concrete design process
that affect the cost of materials. This would include the dimensions(X, Y, Z) of the different
reinforced concrete elements, the area of reinforcements and ratio of reinforcement limit values.
1.2 Problem statement.

Accurately Analyzed structures are important during the design phase to minimize the construction
cost. Excellent designers must have the ability to organize and manage the process of design so
with special consideration to cost effectiveness during the design process.
In todays construction industry, the commonest codes of practice used are the ACI and BS
codes. However the problem of cost ineffectiveness is becoming so rampant. Although lack of
experience from the engineers also affects the design which eventually affect the cost. For this
reason this research is dedicated to find out the process of assembling different building
components under strictly followed recommendations of one of the aforementioned code i.e ACI318-08.
1.3 Objectives.
The main objectives of this study are:
1- To make analysis by ACI code in order to obtain the most safe and sound solution.
2- To ascertain the accuracy of the analysis and the design using software (Robot Analysis)
3- To achieve an ultimate design in terms of quality at minimal cost.
1.4 Scope of study.
The project focuses mainly design of concrete and reinforcement, the structure is a three storey
building. This structure is intended to serve as a commercial building. The main reason why a
three-storey structure is being adopted is that it does not involve calculation for the wind load, The
code used is ACI 318-08 And the selected software to used is Robot Analysis.
1.5 Architectural model of Building : ALL of the Architectural work is done by author,
+
Fig 1.3 Right Side view
Fig1.4 perspective view
1.6 Outline of Thesis

The thesis is organized into five chapters. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction of what
to be encountered.
Chapter 1 is a brief overview of the research background and the objectives of the study
followed by the outline of thesis.
Chapter 2, which discusses the research methodology that was adopted for the research.
The chapter deals with the definition of model for designing multi stories reinforced concrete
multi-purpose building, which had built and consists of three floors. The properties of design
model are shown in the first part of its chapter such as the dimensions, the properties of materials
(concrete, steel), the unit weight of concrete and blocks, and the values of loads (dead load and
live load) which depends on the type of building.
Chapter 3 presents the general literature about slabs and proceeds with results of analysis
of slabs by designing a sample element.
Chapter 4 presents the general literature about beams and proceeds with results of analysis
of beams by designing a sample.
Chapter 5 presents the general literature about Stairs and proceeds with results of analysis
of stairs by designing in detail.
Chapter 6 presents the general literature about Columns and proceeds with results of
analysis of Columns by designing a sample element.
Chapter 7 presents the general literature about Foundations and proceeds with results of
analysis of foundations by designing a sample.
Chapter 8 summarizes the project results that have been carried out. The finding of the
study is described. A future recommendation to extend the study is also proposed.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.
2.1 Introduction:
The term Design of reinforced concrete building consists of two main elements, which
includes the concrete design and the design of reinforcement.
2.2.1 BUILDING CODES AND STANDARDS.
The codes and standards that impact modern building construction are constantly in flux, and it is
difficult at best to keep up with copious changes and how they will impact building design. For
engineers and architects who is working with structural design.
2.2.2 BS 8110 BUILDING CODE: PART 1:1997.
BS 8110 part 1 gives recommendations for the structural use of concrete building and structures,
excluding bridges and structural concrete made with high alumina cement. The aim of design is
the achievements of an acceptable probability that structures being design will perform satisfactory
during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads
and deformation of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and resistance to the
effects of misuse and fire. The structure should be so designed that adequate means exist to
transmit the design ultimate dead, wind and imposed loads safely from the highest supported level
to the foundations (British code, 1997).
The design strengths of materials and design loads should be based on the loads and material
properties as in the BS 8110 and as appropriate for the serviceability limit state (SLS). The design
should satisfy the requirement that no SLS is reached by rupture of any section, by overturning or
by buckling under the worst combination of ultimate loads.
2.2.3 ACI 318 BUILDING CODE (ACI 318-02).
The American concrete institute standard 318, building code requirements for reinforced concrete,
has permitted the design of reinforced concrete structure in accordance with limit state principles
using load and resistance factors since1963. A probabilistic assessment of these factors and
implied safety levels is made, along with consideration of alternate factors values and formats. (A
discussion of issues related to construction safety of existing structure is included). Working stress
principles and linear elastic theory formed the basis for reinforced concrete design prior to 1983,
when the concept of ultimate strength design was incorporated in the ACI building code (ACI31802), (Edward cohen, 1971). Because of the highly nonlinear nature of reinforced concrete behavior,
the linear approach was unable to provide a realistic assessment of true safety levels (Andrew
Scanlon, 1992).
The developers of ACI 318-02, who introduced the idea of load and resistance factors to
account for uncertainties in both load and resistance .Probabilistic methods were developed and
refined during the late 1960s in response to the need to consider variability and uncertainty,
explicitly and rationally. Proposed formulations include code incorporation of explicit second
moment probabilistic procedures. In such an approach, the designer would select a desired safety
index B and carry out the design utilizing the means standard deviations of the load and
resistance variables. The safety index positions the mean load effect to ensure attainment of the
target reliability (American code). The explicit second moment approach was not considered by
ACI38 or other major code writing organizations. (Edward Cohen, 1971).
2.3 OPTIMUM COST OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING.
The meaning of the optimum cost of reinforced concrete building with some studies, which it is
minimum quantity of concrete and steel in any construction or it is the minimum cost of the
construction but the most studies explains the optimum cost by minimum quantity of concrete and
steel in any construction.
Hence, the primary objective of economic analysis is to secure cost-effectiveness for the
client. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to identify and to evaluate the probable economic
outcome of a proposed construction project. An analysis is required from the viewpoint of the
owner of the project when doing the proposal, the analysis can be evaluated the followings
(Ashworth A., 1994) to achieve maximum profitability from the project concerned, to minimize
construction costs within the criteria set for design, quality and space, to maximize any social
benefits, to minimize risk and uncertainty and to maximize safety, quality and public image.
Cost and safety are one of the important factors that will affect method of construction,
quality of work, period of the construction and most of all, the success of a project. It seeks to
ensure the efficient use of all available sources to construction. Clients requirements, possible
effect on the surrounding areas, relationship of space and shape, assessment of the initial cost, the
reason for, and method of, controlling costs, the estimation of the life of buildings and material
need to be studied so as to improve the efficiency of control in construction (Flanagan R. and Tate
B., 1997).
2.4 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DESIGN OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
Implementation of a construction projects is a complicated and complex process (Neap H.S and
Celik T., 2001). Phases of construction are divided into categories such as material, labor, plant,
supervision, All disturbances regarding the cost must be detected periodically (Popescu, 1977).
The collection, analysis, publication and retrieval of designed information are very important to
the construction industry. Contractors and surveyors will tend, wherever possible, to use their own
generated data in preference to commercially published data, since the former incorporate those
factors which are relevant to them. Published data will therefore be used for backup purpose. The
existence of a wide variety of published data leads one to suppose, that it is much more greatly
relied on than is sometimes admitted (Ashworth A., 1994)
2.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COST
Most decision makers recognize that there are only a few variables that have a large influence on
a buildings costs. Brandon has classified these variables into two categories decisions
concerning the size of the buildings and decisions concerning material specifications and building
configuration (Figure 2.1).
Cost
Area
Specificatio
n and shape
Figure 2.1 Design / Costs relationships
2.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
The proposed methodology is based on designing the building by software program (Robot
Structural Analysis) with ACI Code, each code has different properties of concrete and steel ,such
as the concrete compressive strength (fc), the yield strength of steel (fy) ,the various combinations
of the load, the allowable ratio for minimum and maximum reinforcement and other properties ,
in practice ,design of the elements are governed by various architectural requirements. If the height
and width of the beam are located ,the designs allocates the right amount of steel but, in this
study ,we assumed that the dimension of the beams and columns are not given .hence ,during the
design by R.S.A software, we will start with small dimensions ,in this case the program will check
if the dimensions were acceptable or not ,here if the dimensions are small the message from
program report will come out please note: max/min reinforcement sizes do not permit acceptable
bar spacing ,increase member size .so, we will increase the member size till we get the first
acceptable dimensions that have the first acceptable amount of steel.
10
2.7 MODEL OF DESIGN.

The model that will be designed is a multi-stories reinforced concrete commercial building which
has length of 20.00 m x 21 m width and the building consists of three stories, two stories upon the
ground with height 4m. Figure 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 shows the plan of the building.
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3 Axis Plan.
11
2016
Area = 405.5 m
1.20m
MENS TOILET
3.60m
3.50m
1.5
2.40m
6.20m
3.50m
Toilet
Shop
3.50m
7.00m
21.20m
Architectural Layout of Elevation plan
4.40m
Date : 2/8/2016
19.60m
4.20m
1.40m
1.00m
6.20m
1.70m
WOMENS TOILET
1.40
6.00m
2.40m
CLEANERS ROOM
6.00m
Shop
Prayer
Room
2.30m
Shop
Shop
0.30m
3.00m
7.00m
7.00m
2016
Area = 405.5 m
1.20m
2.40m
1.5
CLEANERS ROOM
6.20m
3.50m
3.50m
Toilet
Shop
Shop
2.40m
7.00m
21.20m
Architectural Layout of Elevation plan
4.40m
19.60m
4.20m
6.00m
1.40m
2.30
1.00m
6.20m
1.70m
WOMENS TOILET
MENS TOILET
3.60m
3.50m
0.30m
6.00m
Shop
Prayer
Room
2.30m
Shop
Shop
3.00m
7.00m
7.00m
2.80m
Building usage
Shops
Story height
Ground floor
4m
1th & 2th
4m
Length of building
21.00 m
Width of building
20.00 m
Height of building
13.8 m
Table 2.1 Design input detail of the building
2.8 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF THE STRUCTURE

The initial sizing of members and specifications of the frame building are shown in Table 3.2. The
initial sizes of member were checked against the conditions according to serviceability limit state
and ultimate limit state. The sizes were adjusted until the conditions of serviceability limit state
and ultimate limit state stated in ACI318-08 were satisfied.
Structural Elements
Columns
Beams
Dimensions(exterior)
Dimensions(Interior)
Ground floor
500x250 mm
600x250 mm
1th to 2th
400x250 mm
500x250 mm
Tie Beam(plinth)
250x600 mm
250x600 mm
1th to 2th
250x400 mm
250x500 mm
Slab
200 mm THK.
No. of stories
3 stories
Beam to column connection = fixed

Column to base connection = fixed
Table 2.2 Initial sizes and specification of the building according to ACI318 code
2.8.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES.

Every material has different properties that are simply of their own. Similarly, the material used in
the design of the structure in this research also has different properties and strength. Table 3.4, 3.5
lists the material properties applied in the preliminary analysis of the design of the structural
14
members (beams, slabs and columns, etc.) The values of compressive strength of concrete, yield
stress of reinforcement, concrete density and modulus of elasticity conforms to ACI 318.
Structure Elements
Parameters
Compressive strength; fcu. Beams, Slabs, Columns
25N/mm
Density of concrete
24 kN/m
21.718 KN/mm
Modulus of elasticity; E
420 N/mm
Yield stress fy
Table 2.3 Material Properties conform to ACI318 code
2.9 PROCEDURES OF DETERMINATION OF LOADING.

The simulation of load determination on members of the structure on three dimensional structural
frames was used; the procedure utilizes load analysis to find the dimension of members to be used
later on finding the optimal design. Dead load and live load were applied to the structure.
2.9.1 Determination Dead Load.
All of the dead loads are according to the (ACI318) Code. It is defined as the sum of all constant
and continuous loads occurred on the building
Which represents:
Own weight of structure
Floor covering
Wall loads
Flooring cover
Flooring cover represents the weight of finishing materials on floor, such as sand, bitumen, mortar
and marble. Table 3.8 shows the details of dead load on floor and surface slabs.
DEAD LOAD (FLOORING COVERING )
FROM
TYPE
MAGNITUDE
UNIT
floor slab
Area pressure
1.00
KN/m2
Surface slab( Roof)
Area pressure
KN/m2
Table 2.4 Details of dead load on surfaces as component of concrete slab
15
Own weight of structure

Own weight of structure represents the weight of the main elements of the building,
such as slabs, beams and columns. Table 3.3 shows the details of slabs weight according to
ACI318-08 codes.
DEAD LOAD
FROM
TYPE
MAGNITUDE
UNIT
Slab self weight of
Area pressure
4.2
KN/m2
200 mm thickness
(without finishes)
Table 2.5 Details of slab self-weight according to ACI318 Code
Wall loads:
The wall in the building is from concrete blocks, the thickness of wall is 0.25m for
exterior wall and 0.2m for interior wall, therefore, the load of wall on beam will be:
For exterior walls:
H = 4m
W= 0.25 X 4 X18 + 0.02 X 4 X 24 =19.92 KN/m
For interior walls:
H = 4m
W= 0.2 X 4 X18+ 0.02 X 4 X 24 = 16.32 KN/m
2.9.2 Partial Safety Factors According To ACI 318-02 CODE

The strength reduction factors ,,are applied to specified strength to obtain the design strength
provided by a member .the factors for flexure ,shear ,and torsion are as shown in Table 2.6.
16
=0.9
for flexure (tension controlled)
=0.75
For shear and torsion.
=0.65
For axial compression (columns)

Table2.6: Partial safety factor according to ACI318-02
2.9.2.2 Determination Live Load
It is defined as the sum of all variable movable loads occurring in the building.
This represents:
Human weights
Furniture weights
Type of building (office building)
LOAD
(KN/m2 )
Catwalks for maintenance access
1.92
Office use
2.4
Computer use
4.79
Access floor system
File and computer rooms shall be designed for heavier loads based on
4.79
anticipated occupancy
Lobbies and first-floor corridors
Offices
2.40
corridors above first floor
3.83
Balconies (exterior)
4.79
Catwalks for maintenance access
1.92
Private rooms and corridors serving them
1.92
Public rooms and corridors serving them
4.79
Table 2.7 American standard Design Minimum Loads for Building.
Note: Refer to ASCE 7-05 Section 4.9 (pg 12), Table 4.1
17
2.9.3 Design load combinations: Load factors according to ACI Code.

The design load combinations are the various combination of the load cases for which the structure
needs to be designed. For ACI 318-08 if a structure is subjected to dead load (D), live load (L), the
required strength U to resist dead load D and live load L shall not be less than Combination factors
(LRFD):
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Where:
o D = dead load;
o L = live lopad.
2.10 Design Methods

There are two acceptable methods to design concrete: the working stress method and the
ultimate strength method (Wight & jamesr, 2005) (Mehdi & Robert, 2007). The ultimate
stress method is the one most commonly used. The reasons for this are the ultimate strength
method will require substantially less concrete and rebar, and the design calculations are
easier. Working stress design model assumes that as the concrete beam bends due to induced
moments the strain relationship between the rebar in tension and the concrete in compression
remain constant. Ultimate strength design places the rebar in full yield so the strain
relationship between reinforcement and concrete is ignored and a rectangular concrete
compression block stressed at design strength is formed.
2.10.1 Object of Structural Design

The permissible stress and ultimate strength methods have served their purpose over the
years. However, the engineers have always realized the shortcutting of these methods and
been on the outlook for improvements in the process of design.
The purpose of design may be stated the provision of a safe and economical structure
complying with the clients requirements (Rowe et al., 1995). In other words, the process
18
of design should ensure a balance between total cost of the structure and an acceptable
probability of the structure becoming unserviceable during its life. Limit state design is
based on this philosophy. It recognizes the need to provide a safe and efficient structure at
an economical price. Simultaneously, it gives clear idea of actual factors of safety used to
take into account elements of uncertainty and ignorance.
2.10.2 Philosophy of Limit State Design

Limit state design takes account of the variations and uncertainties that may occur in
the design and construction of structures. Different safety factors are provided for those
variations in design and construction. Safety and serviceability are expressed in terms of
the probability that the structure will not beware unfit for its intended pur-pose during its
life. Limit state for use may arise in various ways, the principal ones being as (Mehdi &
Robert, 2007) (Wight & jamesr, 2005):
(1)
Ultimate limit states: the usual collapse limit. States including collapse due to fire,
explosive pressure etc.
(2)
Serviceability limit state: focal damage and deflection limit states, durability, vibration,
ere penetration and heat trans-mission etc.
Limits states of collapse may be defined as occurring when a part or the whole of the
structure fails under extreme loads. It may be due to rupture of one or more critical sections, loss
of overall stability or buck-ling owing to elastic or plastic instability.
Limit states due to local damage may occur, when cracking or spalling of concrete impairs the
appearance or usefulness of the structure or adversely affects finishes, partitions etc. For example,
a check on the limit state of crack width may be necessary in water retaining structures or structures
situated in severe environments. Similarly, it may be necessary to check the limit state of crack
formation in compression to ensure that no initial microcracking, which could be harmful to the
durability of the member, is produced at any stage of construction in zones subject to high
compressive stresses.
Limit states of deflection or deformation may be defined as occurring when it becomes
excessive to impair the appearuruce or usefulness of the structure and may cause discomfort to
users. In certain cases limit states of other effects such as vibration, fatigue, impact, durability of
19
fire damage may also have to be considered: For example, the limit states design of bridges
requires the investigation of limit states of vibration and fatigue in addition to collapse, cracking
and deflection (Mehdi & Robert, 2007). Similarly, the consideration of limit states of impact
resistance is essential for structures, which may be subjected to impact, explosions or earthquakes.
The usual approach is to design the structure because of limit states for collapse and then check
that the criteria governing remaining limit states are satisfied. The limit state of collapse under
extreme loads is investigated by ultimate strength theory of reinforced concrete, while the limit
states of deflection and local damage both utilize the elastic theory (Mehdi & Robert, 2007).
20
2.11 Project flow chart.
START
Generate Plan in AutoCAD Software
Import Structure Plan

into (Autodesk Robot
Structure Analysis)
Assigning Of Elements Based On assumed Structure

Plan
Import the 2d plan to 3d

software to process
architectural
visualization and
establish ensuring it
compliance with
structural midel
General a 3D Model
Assign Loads and Load Cases Acting On the Structure
Correct any errors, Recheck Properties of Elements
Run Analysis
Change the dimensions of

section
max< < min
Error
Decrease Spacing
between members or
add new members(such
as column )
Run R.C member

Required Reinforcement
Calculations
Run Provided
Reinforcement wizard &
Check The Steel Ratio .
max< < min
Report Design Results

Flow chart 1 : Design procedures
Architectural output
Drawings
21
2.10.1 EXPECTED RESULT.
22
The most economical alternative solution would be identified.
1-
The required quantity of material would be evaluated.
2-
3. Design of Slabs
3.1.1 Definition: - A slab is structural element whose thickness is small compared
to its own length and width. Slabs are usually used in floor and roof
construction. According to the way loads are transferred to supporting
beams and columns, slabs are classified into two types; one-way and twoway
3.1.2 Introduction
The slab provides a horizontal surface and is usually supported by
columns, beams or walls. One-wa y slab is the most basic and common type of
slab. One-way slabs are supported by two opposite sides and bending occurs in
one direction only. Two-way slabs are supported on four sides and bending
occurs in two directions. One-way slabs are designed as rectangular beams
placed side by side.
3.1.3 DESIGN CONCEPTS:
An exact analysis of forces and displacements in a two-way slab is complex, due
to its highly indeterminate nature; this is true even when the effects of creep and
nonlinear behavior of the concrete are neglected. Numerical methods such as
finite elements can be used, but simplified methods such as those presented by
the ACI Code are more suitable for practical design. The ACI Code, Chapter 8,
assumes that the slabs behave as wide, shallow beams that form, with the
columns above and below them, a rigid frame. The validit y of this assumption of
dividing the structure into equivalent frames has been verified by analytical and
experimental research. It is also established that factored load capacit y of two way slabs with restrained boundaries is about twice that calculated by theoretical
analysis because a great deal of moment redistribution occurs in the slab before
failure. At high loads, large deformatio ns and deflections are expected; thus, a
minimum slab thickness is required to maintain adequate deflection and cracking
conditions under service loads.
However, slabs supported by four sides may be assumed as two-way

slab when the ratio of lengths to width of two perpendicular sides exceeds 2.
Although, while such slabs transfer their loading in four directions, nearly all
load is transferred in the short direction. Two -way slabs carr y the load to two
directions, and the bending moment in each direction is less than the bending
moment of one-way slabs. Also two-way slabs have less deflection than one-wa y
slabs.
23
Design Of Slabs
Compared to one-way slabs, Calculation of two-way slabs is more complex. Methods for
two-way slab design include Direct Design Method (DDM), Equivalent frame method
(EFM), Finite element approach, and Yield line theory. However, the ACI Code specifies two
simplified methods, DDM and EFM.
Slabs ma ybe solid of uniform thickness or ribbed with ribs running in one or two
directions. Slabs with var ying depth are generally not used. Slab are horizontal
plate elements forming floor and roof in building and normally carr y lateral
actions.
3.1.4 Types of Slabs
Ribbed slabs: Slab cast integrally with a series of closely spaced
joist which in turn are supported b y a set of beams. Designed as a
series of parallel T-beams and economical for medium spans with
light to medium live loads.
Waffle slabs: A two-way slab reinforced by ribs in two-dimensions.
Able to carry heavier loads and span longer than ribbed slabs.
Flat slabs: Slabs of uniform thickness bending and reinforced in two
directions and supported directly b y columns without beams.
Flat slabs with drop panel: Flat slab thickness at its column
supports with column capitals or drop panels to increase strength and
moment-resisting capacit y. Suitable for heavily loaded span
3.1.5 One & two way slabs outlined:
One-way slabs
1. One-way Beam and slab / One-way flat slab:
These slabs are supported on two opposite sides and all bending moment
And deflections are resisted in the short direction. A slab supported on
Two sides with length to width ratio greater than two, should be d esigned
As one-way slab.
2. One-way joist floor system:
This t yp e of slab, also called ribbed slab, is supported by reinforced
Concrete ribs or joists. The ribs are usually tapered and uniformly spaced
And supported on girders that rest on columns.
Two-way slab
1. Two-way beam and slab: If the slab is supported by beams on all four
sides, the loads are transferred to all four beams, assuming rebar in both
directions.
2. Two-way flat slab: A flat slab usually does not have beams or girders but is
supported by Drop panels or column capitals directly. All loads are
24
Design Of Slabs
transferred to the Supporting column, with punching shear resisted by drop

panels.
3. Two-way waffle slab: This t ype of slab consists of a floor slab with a
length-to-width ratio less Than 2, supported b y waffles in two directions.
)Fig. 3-1: Typical type of slabs (ACI,1994
25
Design Of Slabs
3.1.6 ECONOMICAL CHOICE OF CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS

ACCORDING TO SIZE, DIMENS IONS AND LOADINGS REQUIRED:
Various types of floor systems can be used for general buildings, such as
residential, office, and in institutional buildings. The choice of an adequate and
economic floor system depends on the t ype of building, architectural la yout,
aesthetic features, and the span length between columns. In general, the
superimposed live load on buildings varies between 5 and 10 KN/m. A general
guide for the economical use of floor systems can be summarized as follows:
1. Flat plates: Flat plates are most suitable for spans of 6m to 7.5m and live
loads between 4 and 6.5 KN/m. The advantages of adopting flat plates include
low-cost formwork, exposed flat ceilings, and fast construction. Flat plates have
low shear capacit y and relatively low stiffness, which may cause noticeable
deflection. Flat plates are widely used in buildings either as reinforced or
prestressed concrete slabs.
2. Flat slabs: Flat slabs are most suitable for spans of 6mto 9m and for live loads
of 5.5 to 10 KN/m they need more formwork than flat plates, especially for
column capitals. In most cases, only drop panels witho ut column capitals are used.
3. Waffle slabs: Waffle slabs are suitable for spans of 9m to 14.5m and live loads
of 5.5 to 10 KN/they carry, heavier loads than flat plates and have attractive
exposed ceilings. Formwork, including the use of pans, is quite expensive.
4. Slabs on beams: Slabs on beams are suitable for spans between 6m and 9m and
live loads of 4 to 8 KN/m. The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs, producing
relatively low deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is needed.
5. One-way slabs on beams: One-wa y slabs on beams are most suitable for spans
of 0.9 to 1.8m and a live load of 4 to 7KN/m. They can be used for larger spans
with relatively higher cost and higher slab deflection. Additional formwork for the
beams is needed.
6. One-way joist floor system: A one-wa y joist floor system is most suitable for
spans of 6 to 9 m and live loads of 5.5 to 8.2 KN/m, Because of the deep ribs, the
concrete and steel quantities are relatively low, but expensive formwork is
expected. The exposed ceiling of the slabs may look attractive.
26
Design Of Slabs
3.1.7 Calculation of thickness for one way slab:
Table 3.1 Minimum thickness of beams
Table 3.2 Minimum thickness of beams for exterior panels
27
Design Of Slabs
3.1.8 Design Procedure:
One-wa y slab design

1. Decide the type of slab according to aspect ratio of long and short side
Lengths.
2. Compute the minimum thickness based on ACI Code.
3. Compute the slab self-weight and total design load.
4. Compute factored loads (1.4 DL + 1.7 LL).
5. Compute the design moment.
6. Assume the effective slab depth.
7. Check the shear.
8. Find or compute the required steel ratio.
9. Compute the required steel area.
10. Design the reinforcement (main and temperature steel).
11. Check the deflection.
3.1.9 The ACI Code specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs:
1. The direct design method, DDM (ACI Code, Section 8.10), is an

approximate procedure for the analysis and design of two -way slabs. It is
limited to slab systems subjected to uniformly distributed loads and
supported on equally or nearly equally sp aced columns. The method uses a
set of coefficients to determine the design moments at critical sections.
Two-way slab systems that do not meet the limitatio ns of the ACI Code,
Section 8.10.1.1, must be analyzed by more accurate procedures.
2. The equivalent frame method, EFM (ACI Code, Section 8.11), is one in
which three-dimensional building is divided into a series of two
dimensional equivalent frames by cutting the building along lines midway
between columns. The resulting frames are considered separately in the
longitudinal and transverse directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
28
Design Of Slabs
3.1.10 Two-way slab design procedure by the Direct Design Method

1. Decide the type of slab according to aspect ratio of long and short side
Lengths.
2. Check the limitation to use the DDM in ACI Code. If limitations are not
met, the DDM cannot be used.
3. Determine and assume the thickness of slab to control deflection.
4. Compute the slab self-weight and total design load.
5. Compute factored loads (1.4 DL + 1.7 LL).
6. Check the slab thickness against one-way shear and two-way shear.
7. Compute the design moment.
8. Determine the distribution factor for the positive and negative moments
using ACI Code.
9. Determine the steel reinforcement of the column and middle strips.
3.1.11Classification of slabs:
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally
carry uniformly distributed loads.
Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and
are classified according to the method of support as follows:
One-end continuous
Both-End continuous
3.1.12 Purpose of main and secondary steel: The distribution steel should be tied
above the main steel, otherwise the lever arm which is measure up to the
center of the main steel shall be reduced resulting in the reduction of the
moment of the resistance
Purpose of Main steel:
It takes up all the tensile stresses developed in the structure
It increase the strength of concrete sections
Purpose of distribution steel:
It distribute the concentrated load on the slab
It guards against shrinkage and temperature stress
It also keeps the main reinforcement in the position
29
Design Of Slabs
3.1.13 Types of analysis-methods for slabs:
Elastic analysis co vers three techniques:

(a) Idealization in to strips or beams spanning one way or a grid with the
strips spanning two ways
(b) Elastic plate analysis
(c) Finite element analysis: (Used By the software Robot analysis in
this project)
The best method for irregularly shaped slabs or slabs with non-uniform
loads
Method of design coefficients use is made of the moment and shear

coefficients given in the code, which have been obtained from yield line
analysis.
The yield line and Hillerborg strip methods are limit design or collapse
loads methods
3.1.14 Slabs direction In Ribbed Slab

Direction of one wa y slab :
In one-way ribbed slabs ribs ma y be arranged in
any of the two principal directions. Two options are possible; the first is by
providing ribs in the shorter direction as shown in Figure a, which leads to
smaller amounts of reinforcement in the ribs, while large amounts of
reinforcement are required in the supporting beams, associated with large
deflections.
30
Design Of Slabs
The second option is by providing ribs in the longer direction as shown in

Figure b, which leads to larger amount of reinforcement in the ribs, while
smaller amounts of reinforcement are required in the supporting beams
associated with smaller deflections compared to the first option.
The
designer has to make up his mind regarding the option he prefers. Some
designers opt to run the ribs in a direction that leads to smaller moments
and shears in the supporting beams which means much more reinforcement
in the ribs. Other designers opt to run the ribs in the shorter direction which
leads to much more reinforcement in the supporting beams. The later option
leads to more economical design.
3.1.15 Design Concept:
One-wa y solid slabs are designed as a number of independent 1 m wide strips
which span in the short direction and supported on crossing beams.
Practical rules:
THE overall thickness of a slab shall not be less than 7.5 cm, the top
surface of centering shall be given a camber of 7mm p er meter span
subject to maximum of 4.5 cm.
Reinforcements: the minimum reinforcement in slabs in either

direction shall be not less than 0.15 percent of the gross sectional area
of the concrete and which ma y be 0.12 percent where high yield
strength deformed bars .
3.1.16 Maximum Reinforcement Ratio:

One-wa y solid slabs are designed as rectangular sections subjected to shear and
moment. Thus, the maximum reinforcement ratio corresponds to a net stain in the
reinforcement, e of 0.004.
3.2.17 Shrinkage Reinforcement Ratio
According to ACI Code 7.12.2.1 and for steels yielding at f 4200 kg / cm2 y = ,the
Shrinkage reinforcement is taken not less than 0.0018 of the gross concrete area,
or
A=
bh;
shrinkage = 0.0018.
Where, b = width of strip, and h = slab thickness.
31
Design Of Slabs
3.2.18 Loads Assigned to Slabs

(1) Own weight of slab:
The weight of the slab per unit area is estimated by multiplying the thickness
of the slab h by the densit y of the reinforced concrete.
(2) Weight of slab covering materials:
This weight per unit area depends on the t ype of finishing which is usually
made of
- Sand fill with a thickness of about 5 cm,
0.05 1.80 t/m2
- Cement mortar, 2.5 cm thick.
0.025 2.10 t/m2
- Tiling
0.025 2.30 t/m2
- A la yer of plaster about 2 cm in thickness.
0.02 2.10 t/m2
(3) Live Load:
It depends on the purpose for which the floor is constructed. Shows typical
values used by the Uniform Building Code (UBC).
Note: During the analysis of the 3d frame of the building in this project, we
assumed a uniformly distributed planar live load of 5kN per meter square (as the
building falls in the whole sale stores category.
32
Design Of Slabs
3.2.1 Plans showing the assigned slab names and direction for different stories:-
Fig 3.1.1 Elevation plan for slab of ground floor
Fig 3.1.2 Elevation plan for slab on first floor
33
Design Of Slabs
Fig 3.1.3 Elevation plan for slabs on second floor
34
Design Of Slabs
35
Design Of Slabs
36
Design Of Slabs
3.2 Steps for design of two way solid slab:

Find the moment coefficients in each slab:
For continuous edges ( -Ve moments ):
( M - ve )a ( Ca ) neg . Wut . L2a
( M - ve ) b ( Ca ) neg . Wut . L2b
Span moments ( +Ve moments ):

( M ve )a [ (Ca )dL . Wud ( Ca )LL . WuL ] L2a
( M ve ) b [ (Cb )dL . Wud ( Cb ) LL . WuL ] L2b
For discontinuous edges ( -Ve moments ):

( M - ve )a ( M ve )a / 3
( M - ve ) b ( M ve )b / 3
M(-Ve)
-
+
M(+Ve)
Effective Depth (d):
d h c.c d
u
st
Percentage of steel ():
Mu
840 f y d 2
h
min 0.002 s
d
fy
Check : ' 0.113
OK
fc
S Spacing
fy
For

f c'
f
'
c
fy
between
bars
(A s )one
d
bar
2h
s

450 mm
0.113
min
As b d
b 1000 mm
37
Design Of Slabs
3.2 Data for design:Firstly: Defining the sample slab for design illustration
Secondly: structural analysis design of the Unit
3.2.1 The slabs S2 and S8 are taken as design samples which are assumed to be solid slab , as
shown in fig given below:
3.2.1.2 Design Concept:

One-wa y solid slabs are designed as a number of independent 1 m wide strips
which span in the short direction and supported on crossing beams.
Practical rules:
THE overall thickness of a slab shall not be less than 7.5 cm, the top
surface of centering shall be given a camber of 7mm per meter span
subject to maximum of 4.5 cm.
Reinforcements: the minimum reinforcement in slabs in either

direction shall be not less than 0.15 percent of the gross sectional area
of the concrete and which ma y be 0.12 percent where high yield
strength deformed bars .
38
Design Of Slabs
3.3 Firstly, lets consider Slab S2 (Two-Way Slab) :
Fig 3.3 shows Slab S2 which is a two-way slab

3.3.1 Determine the thickness of the solid slab S2 :
lb
hs
100mm
6
( 34
)
M
La
if
m
0.5
)then (one - way slab
Lb
6.50
else if m
) 0.85 0.5 (two - way solid slab
7.50
7.50 1000
hu
183.03mm
6
( 34
)
0.86
USE hs =200mm _________________________eq 3.1

d hu c.c d st
12
d 200 25 169
2
3.3.1.2 Calculation of loads on slabs S2:
hs
c flooring
1000
WD
200
24 2.97 7.77KN/m 2
1000
Wu 1.4 DL 1.7 L L
W 4 KN / m 2 14777 1.7 4
WD
LL
Wu 17.67 KN/m 2
39
Design Of Slabs
3.3.2 Moments at short direction:

For Discontinuous edge
M
1
3 3 ( M ve )a
24.7
M
8.23KN .m
1
3
M
1
For mid-span
M [(Ca) WUD ( Ca ) W ] La 2
2
Dl
ll
ul
2
[ 0.029 10.78 0.040 6.8 ] 6.50 24.7 KN .m
For Continuous Edge

M ( Ca )neg Wut L2a
3
M ( 0.049 ) 17.67 6.50 2 36.58KN .m
3
Slab
Case
S2
0.85
DL
LL
-Ve
Ca=0.029
Ca=0.040
Ca=0.049
Cb=0.017
Cb=0.022
Cb=0.046
Table (3-4) moment coefficients

3.3.3 Moments at Long direction: -
d=200-25-1.5*12=157mm
For continuous edge
M 4 ( Cb )neg Wut L2a

M 4 ( 0.046 )17.67 7.502 45.72 KN .m
For Mid-span
M 5 [(Cb) W ( Cb ) W ] La 2
uD
Dl
ll
ul
M [ 0.017 10.78 0.022 6.8 ] 7.502 18.72KN .m
5
For continuous edge

M M
6
4
40
Design Of Slabs
3.4 Design for flexure:3.4.1 Reinforcement At Short direction:

A . (La-discontinuous): (-ve) M1
8.23106
M u 106
0.0008
840 Fy d 2 840 420 169 2
h
200
min 0.002 s 0.002
0.0023 control
d
169
min req
Use min
check :
0.113
Fc
min
Fy
fy
fc
for
then use
420
0.03 0.113 O.K (NO need) for new value
25
0.0023
Ast b d 0.00231000130 299mm 2

A
sb 2hs
d
450mm
D 2 12 2
113
4
4
A
sb
113
377.9mm 2hs
0.0024 130
Use S 320mm
'Use 12/320mm/m
41
Design Of Slabs
B. At Short direction (La-middle) : (+ve) M2

24.7 10 6
req
0.0024
840 420 1692
h
200
min 0.002 s 0.002
0.0023
d
169
req min , use req
check :
0.113
fy
fc
420
0.04 0.113 O.K
25
A
2hs
S s one bar
d
450mm
0.0024
d2 / 4
113
278.59mm
d 0.0024 169
Use 270mm
Use 12/270mm
S
)C. At short direction (La right-edge continuous): M3 (-ve
0.0036
36.58 10 6
req
840 420 1692

0.0023
, use req
min
min
req
check :
420
0.060 0.113
25
113
S
185.7mm
0.0036 169
0.0036
Use 12/180mm
42
Design Of Slabs
3.4.2 Reinforcement At long direction

A. (Lb-edge) continuous: M6-ve
45.72 106
req
0.005
840 420 157 2
0.002hs 0.002 200
0.0025
min
d
157
check :
420
0.084 0.113 O.K
25
113
S
102.82mm
0.005 157
0.005
Use 12/100mm
B. At long direction (Lb-mid span): M5+ve
0.0021
18.72 106
840 420 157 2
req
0.0025,
min
req
min
use
0.0025
min
113
S
287mm
0.0025 157
Use 12/280mm
C. At long direction (Lb-cont edge): M4-ve
M M
4
6
Hence use
Use 12/100mm
43
Design Of Slabs
)S(req
use
req
320
377
0.0023
0.0008
270
180
100
280
100
278.5
185.7
102.8
287
102.8
0.0024
0.0036
0.005
0.0025
0.005
0.0024
0.0036
0.005
0.0021
0.005
used
min
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
)d (mm
169
157
)M ( KN / m
u
sec
8.23
24.7
36.58
45.72
18.72
45.72
1
2
3
4
5
6
Direction
short
long
Table (3-4) two- way slabs reinforcement
44
Design Of Slabs
3.5 Design of one-way slab :

3.5.1.1 Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
According to ACI Code 10.5.4, the minimum flexural reinforcement is not to
be less than the shrinkage reinforcement, or A b h s 0.0018 min .
3.5.1.2 Spacing of Flexural Reinforcement Bars
Based on ACI 10.5.4, flexural reinforcement is to be spaced not farther than
three times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 45 cm, center-to-center.
3.5.1.3 Spacing of Shrinkage Reinforcement Bars
Based on ACI 7.12.2.2, shrinkage reinforcement is to be spaced not farther
than five times the slab thickness, nor farther ap art than 45 cm, center-tocenter.
3.5.1.4 Now Lets consider Slab S8 (One-Way Slab)
Fig 3.5 shows one way slab named S8
Determine the thickness of the solid slab :

L
b
hs
100mm
6
(34 )
m
La
m
0.5
L
b
1.90m
m
0.301 0.5( one way solid slab)
6.30m
6.30 1000
hs
116.8mm
6
( 34
)
0.301
Use slab thickness from largest span hs= 200mm ( Eq 3.1 )

45
Design Of Slabs
3.5.2 Calculation of loads on slabs S8:

h
WD s c floowing
1000
200
24 2.97 7.77KN/ \ m 2
1000
Wu 1.4 DL 1.7 L L
W 4KN / m 2
WD
LL
Wu 14177 1.7 4
Wu 17.67 KN/m 2
3.5.3 Moments at short direction: For continuous edge
W L2 17.67 1.92
M u n
7.08KN .m
7
9
9
2
For Mid-span
Wu L2n 17.67 1.9 2
4.5 KN .m
8 14
14
For continuous edge

Wu L2n 17.67 1.9 2
2.65KN .m
9
24
24
3.5.4 Minimum Steel Reinforcement:
10
170mm
2
h
) min 0.002( s
d
200
( min 0.002
)
170
min 2.37 10 3
d 200 25
min 0.00235
46
Design Of Slabs
A . Reinforcement For edge-moment M7:

M 7.08KN .m
7
M
u
Ku
'
2
f c d 1000
7.08 106
Ku
0.0108
0.9 25 1000 170 2
) 1 1 2.36( 0.0108
0.0109
1.18
'f c
25
f 0.0108
0.00064 min
fy
420
Use
min 0.00235
A b d
S
2
A 0.00235 170 1000 399.5 mm m
S
A b 1000
S S
A
S
D 2 10 2
A
78.5mm 2
S
4
4
78.5 1000
S req
196.4mm 190mm
4
'Ues 5 / 190/m
B. Reinforcement for Mid-span:
M 4.5 kN.m
8
1.45 10 6
Ku
0.0089
0.9 20 1000 952
) 1 1 2.36( 0.0069

0.0070
1.18
'f c
25

0.0070
0.00041 min
fy
420
Ues
min 0.00235
47
Design Of Slabs
As b d
2
'm
AS 0.00235 170 1000 399.5 mm

AS b 1000
AS
78.5 1000
196.4mm 190mm
399.5
'Use 5 10/190/m
S
C . Reinforcement For edge-moment M9 :
* M 2.65KN .m
9
2.65 10 6
Ku
0.0040
0.9 25 1000 170 2
) 1 1 2.36( 0.0040
0.0041
1.18
'f
25
c 0.0041
0.0002 min
fy
420
Use min 0.00235
2
'A b d 0.00235 170 1000 399.5 mm m
S
S 196.4mm 200mm
'Use 5 10/200/m
48
Design Of Slabs
3.5.5 Secondary reinforcement:
A s t 0.002 bh s
2
'A s t 0.002 1000 200 400 mm m
A b 1000
S s
At
s
D 2 3.14 8 2
As b
50.27mm 2
4
4
50.27 1000
S
125.67mm
400
Use S 120 mm
'Use S10 / 120 mm/m
Section
2.65
4.5
7.08
0.0040
0.0069
0.0108
Mu
Ku
0.0049
0.0070
0.0109
0.00235
0.00235
0.00235
399.5
399.5
399.5
196.4
196.4
196.4
190
190
190
As /m
)S(req
)(used
Table (3-5) reinforcement of one-way solid slab
49
Design Of Slabs
4. Design of Beams
4.1 Introduction
The beams are a basic component of reinforced concrete structures , the beams
carries and transfers the loads from the slabs and walls to the columns and then to the
foundations. The beams should be correctly restrained and appropriate studies and analysis
should be done to overcome and resist the moments and shrinkage and other deformations
resulted upon loading. The explanation of design is shown firstly through formulas and
then a sample (continuous beam) is taken and is designed, the related moments and shears
forces acting upon it is calculated through Autodesk Robot structural analysis
4.2 Structural Theory of beams:

4.2.1 Types of beams:
There are many ways in which the beams may be supported, some of the more
common methods are given below ,
Fig. 4.1
The first beam in Fig is called a simply supported, or simple beam. It has Supports near its
ends, which restrain it only against vertical movement. The ends of the beam are free to
rotate. When the loads have a horizontal component, or when change in length of the beam
due to temperature may be important, the Supports may also have to prevent horizontal
motion. In that case, horizontal restraint at one support is generally sufficient. The distance
between the supports is called the span. The load carried by each support is called a reaction.
50
Design Of Beams
The beam which is a cantilever. It has only one support, which restrains it from rotating or
moving horizontally or vertically at that end. Such a support is called a fixed end.
When a beam extends over several supports, it is called a continuous beam

For flexural design of R/C rectangular section beams, there is a number of steps procedure
and equations provided by ultimate strength design method according to ACI-code. The large
number of equations and fork of solution steps causes a lot of confusion and boredom for
student or designer
4.2.2 Scope of Usage:

Concrete beams are widely used as a primary members to con-struct buildings.
Robot Structural analysis is widely used as a structural analysis and design program.
Sometimes, to give design more confidently, we need to compare the results of program
with the results of manual calculations. Most common beams, which are rectangular
section and T-section, apply vertical loads (dead and live loads).
Beams, like that, will be subjected to the bending moment, shear force and torsional
moment. This study focuses on beams of rectangular section considering bending
moment only. Flexural created by bending moment, makes the beam in case of tension
or com-precision failure.
4.2.3 Relation of Reinforcement place with section properties on loading:
In case of tension failure, provided reinforcement ratio () at tension zone is

less than balanced reinforcement ratio bal . So that, steel will reach to the yield
stress ( ) and strain ( ). While, concrete at compression zone has not yet
reached to the ultimate strain ( =0.003).
In case of compression failure, provided () at tension zone is greater than bal .

Concrete at compression zone will reach ultimate stress (
ult)
and strain (
ult),
While steel has not yet reached . For each case, there is a number of design
equations derived. To identify those equations, textbooks can be reviewed for
the principles of the design of reinforced concrete.
51
Design Of Beams
Usually,
longitudinal reinforcement is used for flexural strength in addition to flexural

resist by concrete in compression zone.
Whereas,
Secondary reinforcements (Stirrups ) are used to accompany the concrete ability to

resist shear force , mostly intense at ends of beams and at meeting point of spans or
sometimes at mid span of very long beams
4.2.4 Design of Beams
In the beginning, unification of the dimensions of the sections in the beams and the
parameters such as density of concrete, specified compressive strength of concrete , specified
yield strength of steel is done .we used ultimate strength theory as basic of design. According
to the following information, we must design beam firstly for flexure and then for shear.
4.2.5 Reinforced Concrete Flexure

The theory of flexure for reinforced concrete is based on three basic assumptions. Which are
sufficient to allow a person to calculate the moment resistance of a beam. These are presented
first and used to illustrate the behaviour of a beam cross section under increasing moment.
Following this, four additional simplifying assumptions from the ACI code are presented to
simplify the analysis for practical application (Mehdi & Robert, 2007).
4.2.6 Required Strength and Design Strength

The basic safety equation for flexure is Factored resistance factored load effects
or Mn Mu
Where Mu is the moment due to the factored loads, which the ACI code refer to as the
required ultimate moment. This is a load effect computed by structural analysis from the
governing combination of factored loads given in ACI section9.2. The term Mn refers to the
nominal moment capacity of a cross section computed from the nominal dimensions and
specified material strengths. The factor is a strength reduction factor (ACI section 9.3) to
52
Design Of Beams
account for possible variations in dimensions and material strengths and possible inaccuracies
in the strength equations.
In ACI318 ultimate moment required as flowing:-
= 0.85
. . ( )
4.2.7 Shear in Beams

When loads applied to beams produce not only bending moment but also internal shear
forces. In the reinforced concrete beams, the primary longitudinal bending reinforcement is
usually considered first. This leads to the size of the section and the arrangement of the
reinforcement to provide the necessary moment resistance. Limits are placed on the amount
of bending reinforcement to ensure that if failure were ever to occur, it would gradually,
giving warning to the occupants (Mehdi & Robert, 2007).
Once the primary longitudinal reinforcement has been determined, then the reinforced
concrete beams are designed to resist the shear forces resulting from the various combinations
of ultimate loads. Most of shear failure is frequently sudden and brittle, hence the design for
shear must ensure that the shear strength equals or exceeds the flexural strength at all points in
the beam. The manner in which shear failure can occur varies widely depending on the
dimensions, geometry, loading and properties of the members (Mehdi & Robert, 2007).
4.2.8 Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for Shear

In the ACI code, the basic design equation for the shear capacity of slender concrete beams is:
Vn Vu
Where, Vu is the shear force due the factored loads; is a strength-reduction factor. The
nominal shear resistance is
Vn = Vc + Vs
Where Vc is the shear carried by the concrete and Vs is the shear carried by the stirrups.
53
Design Of Beams
4.3 Design Assumptions :
fc' = 25 MPa
f y = 420 MPa
Cover= 25 mm
d = 16 mm
b
d st = 8 mm
4.4 Loading Data:
The beam carries load from following:
1- Load from wall
W b height of wall thickness of wall1m'

2- Concentrated load from other beams & columns ( kN )
3 - Own weight of beam
W c h b (kN/m)
4 - Loads from one way solid slab
W Wu (kN/m2 )
span of slab
kN/m
2
5 - Load from two way solid slab
Short Beam W
Wu S
3
Wu S 3 m2
2
3
Short Span
m
Long Span
Long Beam W
S Short Span (C.L to C.L)
54
Design Of Beams
4.5 Design procedure:
1- Design of flexure:
db
2
, 0 .9
d h cover d s t
M u 106
f c' b d
1 1 2.36 ku
1.18
'
f
c
fy
ku
if min max
also max 0.7 b

'f c
600

1
f
600 f y
y
0.85
' fc
1.4
also
the max of
or
min
fy
4 fy
) 0.85 - 0.007 (fc ' - 28

where 0.85 0.65 .65
As b d
fc '
the max of 1.4 or

min
4 fy
fy
also
OR
Mu
fc '
/ 0 . 85
1 ( 2 Ru
b d 2
' 0 . 85 fc
1
Fy
Ru
55
Design Of Beams
4.6.1 Flow-chart for design of flexure for singly reinforced beam:
Flow-Chart: 1
56
Design Of Beams
4.6.2 Flow-chart for design of flexure for doubly reinforced beam:
4.7 Sample of design: 57

Design Of Beams
Fig 4.2 . B.M.D for Beam 59 from Robot structural analysis
58
Design Of Beams
Fig 4.3. Spans and sections for beam 59

4.7.1 Design Assumptions
f c' = 25 MPa
f y = 420 MPa
d = 16 mm
b
d st = 8 mm
Cover = 25 mm
b 250 mm
H 400 mm
4.7.2Check deflection:
Ln 6.75 0.25/2- 0.25/2 6.5m

Ln 6.30- 0.25/2- 0.25/2 6.30m
Ln 6.75 0.25 / 2 0.25 / 2 6.50m
4.7.2 Sizing the cross-section:
)Per ACI Table 9.5(a), minimum thickness = L/18.5 (For Fy= 420Mpa
Note: We can use hmin from considering longest span=6.50m
h min 6500 351.35mm

18.5
hmin < h assume

)351.35 < 400 mm _______________(OK
)(1 Use hmin = 400 mm
Also,
b=d/2
b=400/2
b=200mm
59
Design Of Beams
4.8 Design of flexure:
4.8.1 Actual depth :
d h c.c dst b
2
16
d 400 258 359 mm
2
)(2d 359mm
4.8.2 Minimum Ratio of Steel Required for section:
) 0.85 0.007( fc' 28

) 0.85 0.007( 25 28
0.871
0.65 0.85
use 0.85
)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3
25
600
b 0.85
( 0.85
)
420
600 420
0.0252 mm
d
0.75 b 0.75 0.0252 0.0189

max
)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (4
0.0189
max
25
4 420
0r
1.4
420
min
] max of [ 0.0033 or 0.0029

min 0.0033
)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (5
60
Design Of Beams
4.8.3 Design of Reinforcement for every moment at different places in beam :-
1) Section 1-1 from Robot Analysis , (Mu) ve =-33.03 KN.m
(Mu)- ve 33.03 KN .m
33.03 10 6
K
0.0455 Ku 0.0455
u 0.9 25 250 (359) 2
)1 1 2.36 ( 0.0455
0.046
1.18
fc
25
0.046
0.0027
420
fy
) min 0.0033 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(From eq 5

) max 0.0189 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(From eq 4
) 0.0027 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(6
act
min max
Hence use ,
0.003
min
As b d 0.0033 250 359 296.175

As
296.175 296.175
)As(bar
d 2
16 2
4
Number of bars
4
1.47 2bar
Use 2 16
61
Design Of Beams
2 .Check Nominal moment capacity of section
= 31.77
) 10
2
.
=a
=401.9 * 420*(359=57.91 KN.m

=
= 0.9 *57.91= 52.12 KN.m

)
( > 33.03
= 52.12
3. Spacing:
25mm
= 16
25
max
( .
)
)
=S
=S
S= 92 mm c/c
4. Check cracking: = 252

= 2*41*250 = 20500
=0.6
= 41
=2
Number of Bars =2
=
= 10250
=A
5. Check for Exposure:

= 252 41 10250 10
=Z
62
Design Of Beams
Z=18.87 <25KN for exterior exposure

Z=18.87 <30KN for interior exposure
(O.K)
2) From Robot Analysis Section 2-2, (Mu) +ve =75.34 KN.m
75.34 10 6
Ku
0.9 25 250 (359) 2
Ku 0.1039
1 1 2.36 ( 0.1039)
0.1111
1.18
fc'
25

0.1111
0.0066
420
fy
min req max
0.0033 0.0066 0.0189

use req 0.0066
AS bd 0.0066 250 359 592.35 mm 2
NO of bars
Astotal 592.35
2.94 3
Abar
16 2
4
Use 3 16
3 ) From Robot Analysis Section 3-3, (Mu) -ve =-96.61 KN.m
Ku
96.61 106
0.1332
0.9 25 250(359)2
1 1 2.36 ( Ku ) 1 1 ( 2.36 )( 0.1332 )
1.18
1.18
0.1457
fc'
25

0.1457
0.0086
420
fy
min req max
0.0033 0.0086 0.0189

Use req 0.0086
As b d 0.0086 250 359 771.85 mm2
No of bar
Ast 771.85 771.85
3.84 4
Abar
d 2
16 2
4
4
Use 4 16 bars
63
Design Of Beams
4) From Robot Analysis Section 4-4, (Mu) -ve =-40.30 KN.m
40.30 10 6
0.0555
0.9 25 250 (359) 2
Ku
1 1 2.36 0.0555
0.0574
1.18
'fc
25
req
0.0574
0.00341
420
fy
min req max
0.0033 0.00341 0.0189

use req
s b d 0.0034 250 359 305.15 mm 2

AS
305.15
1.518 2
Abar ( 16 ) 2
4
no of bar
Use 2 16
5) From Robot Analysis at Section 5-5, (Mu) -ve =-84.46 KN.m
84.46 106
0.1165
0.9 25 250 (359)2
Ku
1 1 2.36 0.1165
0.1258
1.18
'fc
25
req
0.1258
0.0074
420
fy
min req max
use req 0.0074

s b d 0.0074 250 359 672.312 mm 2
AS
672.31
3.30 4
AS bar
d 2
4
no of bar
Use 4 14
64
Design Of Beams
1. Check Nominal moment capacity:
AsFy
803.84 420
63.55mm
'
0
.
85
25
250
0.85 fc b
Mn Asfy( d a / 2 ) 803.84 420( 359 63.55 / 2 ) 110.4

Mu 0.9Mn 0.9(110.47 ) 99.42 84.46 O.K
2. Check Cracking
f s 0.6 f y 0.6 420 252
db
2
d c C .C d st
16
41mm
2
2dc b 2 41 250 20500
25 8
Aact
N 4
Aact 20500
5125mm 2
N
4
3. Check exposure:
Z f s 3 dcA 252 3 41 5125 14981.65
)(OK
Z 14.98 KN .m 25 for interior exposure

Z 14.98 KN .m 30 for exterior exposure
4. Spacing :
25mm
* Sreq db 16mm
max of Agg 25mm

3
) bw - 2(c.c stirrup) 250 2( 25 8

S
n-1
4 1
S 61.33mm
)( space between bars
65
Design Of Beams
6) From Robot Analysis at Section 6-6, (Mu) +ve =-61.40 KN.m:
6 1 . 40 10 6
0.0846
0.9 25 250 (359) 2
1 1 2.36 0.0846
0.0894
1.18
'fc
25

0.0894
0.0053
420
fy
min req max
mm
use req 0 . 0053

s b d 0.0053 250 359 4 75 . 67
As
475 . 67
2 . 366 3 bar
Abar
( 16 ) 2
4
no of bar
2. Check Nominal moment capacity :
162
) 420
AS f y
4
a
47.66mm
0.85 fc' b
0.85 25 250
a
47.66
Mn AsFy( d ) 602.88 420( 359
) 106
2
2
Mn 84.86 KN .m
Mu Mn 0.9 84.86 76.38KN .m 61.40
(3
3. Spacing
25mm
* Sreq db 16mm
max size of Agg 25mm

3
) bw - 2(c.c stirriup) 250 2( 25 8

S
n-1
4 1
S 92mm
66
Design Of Beams
4. Check Cracking :
fs 0.6 fy 252
dc 41mm
Aact 2dc b 2 41 250 20500mm 2
N 3
A
20500
A act
6833.33
N
3
Z fs 3 dcA 252 3 41 6833.33 10 -3

Z 16.48 25 KN .m for exterior exporsure ok
Z 16.48 30 for interior exposure ok
7) From Robot Analysis at Section 7-7, (Mu) -ve =-24.8 KN.m
1.
24 . 8 10 6
0 . 034
0 . 9 25 250 359 2
) 1 1 2 . 36 ( 0 . 034

1 . 18
0 . 034
ku
' fc
0 . 034 25
0 . 0020
fy
420
req max
req
min
Henu use min 0 . 0033

As b d 0 . 0033 250 359 296 . 175
AS
296 . 175
no of bar
1 . 47 2
A BAR
16 2
4
use 2 16
67
Design Of Beams
2. Check Nominal moment capacity :
162 420
AsFy
4
a
31.63mm
'
0
.
85
25
250
0.8 fc b
a
31.63
Mn AsFy( d ) 200.1 420 ( 359
) 106
2
2
2
Mu 28.75KN .m
Mu Mn
0.9 28.75
25.97 26 Mu
Mu (Mu)max
3. Spacing:
)bw - 2(stirrup c.c

n 1
) 250 2( 8 25
184mm
2 1
S
68
Design Of Beams
4.9 Design for shear:-
Vu= Factored shear force at section considered.

= shear strength reduction factor = 0.85
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Fc'= 25Mpa, bw= 250mm, d=359mm.
Fyt= yield strength of stirrups (Mpa ) = 350Mpa
S = spacing between stirrups in direction parallel to longitudinal stirrups (mm)
Case1
V
5Vc u 3Vc
Case 2
2
Case 3
3
Case 4
4
V
3Vc u Vc
V
V
Vc u c
2
Vc Vu
300 mm
Smax d/4
3A f /b
v yt w
600 mm
Smax d/2
3A f /b
v yt w
600 mm
Smax d/2
3A f /b
v yt w
S req
S req
A v f yt d
(Vu / Vc )
A v f yt d
(Vu / Vc )
Smax
Smax
S req Smax
No stirrups are required by the code
If S 75 mm increase ( A v ) and recalculate (S)
Table (4-1) Design for shear by using vertical stirrups
69
Design Of Beams
4.9.1 Flow-chart for design of shear for beam :
70
Design Of Beams
4.9.2 Data for design of shear for Beam: -
Fig 4.4 S.F.D for Beam 59 from Robot structural analysis

71
Design Of Beams
4.9.3 Design of Spacing between Stirrups for resisting shear in beam :-
1. Zone = 1
=74.79 KN
1
=
6
= 25 359 = 74791.66
= 74.79 5 = 373.95
= 74.79 3 = 223.47
74.79
= 37.39
2
Vu from RA, use S.F of section 1.1 = 32KN

32
= 37.64
0.85
>
>
Case2 :- 3
74.79 > 37.64 > 37.39
= 180
600
= 179.5 180
= 422

3
S
=S
Use S= 180mm
2. Zone = 2 :`
1
=
6
= 25 250 359 = 74.79 KN

= 74.79 5 = 373.95
= 74.79 3 = 223.47
74.79
= 37.39
2
72
Design Of Beams
section (2) from R.A = 4.91

4.91
5.77
0.85
at
Case 4 :-
= 37.39 > 5.77

Note: NO stirrups are required by code
3. Zone= 3 :section 3.3 = 41.56
41.56
= 48.89
0.85
at
Case 3:
>
>
74.79 > 48.89 > 37.39

=S
)(From zone 3
S = 180 mm
4. Zone = 4:-
section 5.5 = 12.80

= 15.05
.
.
at
Case 4 :

>
Hence, NO need of Stirrups
73
Design Of Beams
5. Zone 5:
41.96 from R.S.A value of Shear resembles to Zone 3,
Hence we can use S = 180 mm

6. Zone 6:

. .
46.08
= 54.21
0.85
Case 4:

>
>
) ( From Zone 2
Use
S= 180 mm
7. Zone 7:

. .
19.30
= 22.7
0.85
Case 4 :
>
37.39 > 22.7

Note: No stirrups are required by code.
8. Zone 8:
. .

= 48.71
48.71
= 58.30
0.85
74
Design Of Beams
Case 3:

>
>
74.8 > 58.3 > 37.39

=
S = 180 mm
4.10 Development Length:
La= development length, fy = yield strength(Mpa)
Fc'= compressive strength of concrete (Mpa)
Db= diameter of bar (mm)
K1= reinforcement location factor= 1.3 for top bar
For bottom bar
k2= reinforcement size factor=
0.8 for db < 19
for db > 20
k3= excess reinforcement factor = [(As) required /As provided]
C K
k4= confining reinforcement factor =
c = spacing or cover (mm)
Atr= Area of transverse reinforcement (ties of stirrup)
S= spacing of transverse reinforcement within Ld
h= number of bar being developed
Fyt= yield strength of transverse reinforcement
K1= 1.3, K2=0.8, K3=
Ld=
tr 2.5
db
A
sreq
Aprovided
0.9 Fy d b (k 1 k 2 k 3 )
300 mm
k 4 Fc'
75
Design Of Beams
296 .17
0 .73
401 .92
AS req
AS prov
k 1 1 .3 , k 2 0 .8 , k 3
C K tr
2 .5
db
)) c 25 mm , k tr ( Atr F y / 10( s )( n
k4
100 .5 350 / 10 180 2

k tr 9 .77
25 9 .77
2 .17 2 .5 O.K
16
use K 4 2 .17
k4
) 0 .9 350 16 ( 1 .3 )( 0 .8 )( 0 .73
2 .17 25
352 .66 mm 300 mm
Thats O.K
76
Design Of Beams
77
Design Of Beams
Fig . 4.10 Shows Beam names assigned by R.S.A and can be used to evaluate
reinforcement table
78
Design Of Beams
Table 1: Sections and reinforcement for plinth level beams (tie beams)
DESIGN
BEAM NO SECTION POSITION MOMENT
1
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
DESIGN
FORCE
N (KN)
1/0.40
1/5.39
1/10.37
1/15.36
1/20.35
-23.43
8.35
43.35
-30.47
-14.73
10.33
5.85
3.46
3.81
7.69
2/0.40
2/4.96
2/9.52
2/14.09
2/18.65
-27.06
-1.14
39.19
1.6
-30.61
3/0.40
3/5.39
3/10.37
3/15.36
3/20.35
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
BOTTOM TOP SUPPORT
(+)
(-)
(-)
414
214
614
414
214
414
414
214
614
15.64
1.86
3.62
4.09
14.92
414
214
614
414
214
414
414
214
614
-26.41
9.41
34.73
-23.36
-16.95
10.11
7.1
2.91
4.63
6.04
414
214
414
414
214
814
414
214
414
4/0.40
4/4.96
4/9.52
4/14.09
4/18.65
-29.71
1.54
33.42
-1
-26.93
15.35
4.32
4.16
1.72
16.13
414
214
614
414
214
414
414
214
614
5/0.40
5/5.39
5/10.38
5/15.36
-13.42
-19.11
29.73
9.39
3.95
2.89
2.84
5.95
414
214
414
414
214
814
DESIGN
FOR Qz
REQUIRED
FOR
STIRRUP
REINFORCEMENT% SHEAR SPACING
TRANSVERSAL REINFORCEMENT TYPE

DISTRIBUTION
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
48.97
-43.97
4.28
51.82
-42.48
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
2T10 31@22.0+31@22.0+31@22.0
0.27
0.53
0.27
0.53
0.27
43.75
-17.58
0.54
18.22
-45.51
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
2T10 31@22.0+31@22.0+31@22.0
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
46.38
-17.82
2.77
43.59
-39.43
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
2T10 28@22.0+29@22.0+28@22.0
0.27
0.53
0.27
0.53
0.27
44.59
-17.82
0.98
16.75
-42.66
22.5
22.5
22.5
2T10 31@22.0+31@22.0+31@22.0
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
20.48
-20.86
-2.03
15.03
22.5
22.5
-
2T10 28@22.0+29@22.0+28@22.0
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
5/20.35
-22.85
8.49
414
214
414
0.27
-42.41
22.5
6/0.40
6/5.39
6/10.37
6/15.36
6/20.35
-20.83
8.38
34.5
-25.98
-12.74
9.66
6.57
4.35
4.32
7.01
414
214
414
414
214
814
414
214
414
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
45.93
-16.6
1.85
45.65
-39.27
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
2T10 28@22.0+29@22.0+28@22.0
7/0.40
7/4.96
7/9.52
7/14.09
7/18.65
1.11
2.39
50.41
-3.72
-32.91
-0.36
-1.63
10.35
8.35
14.42
414
214
814
414
214
414
214
614
0.27
0.53
0.27
0.27
0.27
7.83
-6.97
1.01
49.65
-53.2
22.5
22.5
2T10 28@22.0+29@22.0+28@22.0
8/0.40
8/4.96
8/9.52
8/14.09
8/18.65
-29.63
-1.81
49.87
2.61
0.58
13.68
1.53
10.09
-1.35
0.01
414
214
814
414
214
414
214
614
0.27
0.53
0.27
0.53
0.27
49.12
-44.85
-0.94
6.8
-7.97
22.5
22.5
-
2T10 28@22.0+29@22.0+28@22.0
9/0.40
9/2.01
9/3.63
9/5.24
9/6.85
-38.71
11.43
25.71
14.16
-33.09
5.18
5.18
4.92
4.92
4.92
414
214
814
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
42.17
8.7
7.87
-7.95
-40.38
22.5
22.5
2T11 28@22.0+29@22.0+28@22.0
Table 2 : Sections and reinforcement for ground level beams
BEAM
NO
SECTION
10
25X40
DESIGN
FORCE
DESIGN
POSITION N (KN) MOMENT
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
BOTTOM TOP(assembly)
(+)
(-)
SUPPORT
(-)
REQUIRED
REINFORCEMENT%
DESIGN
FOR Qz
FOR
STIRRUP
SHEAR SPACING
TRANSVERSAL REINFORCEMENT
TYPE DISTRIBUTION
SPAN 1
SPAN2
11
SPAN 3
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
12
SPAN 3
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
13
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
14
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
15
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
-14.29
9.59
21.71
-14
-9.28
-0.96
-0.22
0.14
-0.15
-0.62
-45.36
18.82
58.63
-39.72
-29.75
414
214
814
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
35.77
-11.51
-2.54
32.24
-30.55
17.5
17.5
17.5
414
214
414
414
214
414
-19.58
3.57
20.32
2.63
-17.28
-1.02
-0.38
-0.75
-0.3
-1.34
-52.58
3.84
55.62
3.46
-50.77
414
214
814
0.29
0.58
0.29
0.92
0.29
34.93
-12.32
5.39
22.89
-33.51
17.5
10.8
17.5
414
214
414
214
814
-6.87
-10.72
17.29
10
-12.9
-0.07
0.13
0.11
-0.24
-1.06
-23.95
-35.1
53.41
18.6
-42.1
414
214
814
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
16.8
-15.97
3.03
9.42
-33.21
17.5
17.5
17.5
414
214
414
414
214
414
-16.54
2.47
23.85
3.37
-21.32
-0.83
-0.22
-0.3
-0.38
-1.21
-50.69
3.05
61.65
3.82
-56.82
414
214
814
0.29
0.92
0.29
0.58
0.29
33.78
-24.13
-4.45
13.06
-36.69
17.5
10.8
17.5
414
214
414
214
814
-22.3
4.27
38.04
2.69
0.6
-1.47
-2.05
2.06
-0.06
-0.05
-61.79
-2.8
94.28
-3.03
8.25
414
214
814
414
0.27
0.27
0.62
0.83
0.53
51.41
-49.24
-8.61
13.53
-8.98
22.5
22.5
13.3
13.3
-
414
214
414
414
214
-0.22
-0.29
2.92
414
214
814
0.53
9.39
2T10
43@16.0+43@16.0+43@16.0
2T10
39@16.0+63@10.0+63@10.0
2T10
43@16.0+43@16.0+43@16.0
2T10
63@10.0+63@10.0+39@16.0
2T10
45@14.0+63@10.0+63@10.0
2T10
52@12.0+53@12.0+28@22.0
SPAN2
16
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
17
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
18
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
2.5
36.06
4.32
-20.8
-0.25
2.14
-1.63
-1.34
2.81
72.76
-2.79
-59.4
-30.2
12.98
20.44
9.14
-37.68
0.03
0.03
0.03
-0.26
-0.26
-11.25
45.18
65.9
30.77
-37.9
-12.3
20.01
32.14
-18.02
-6.62
414
214
414
414
214
414
-68.65
36.95
83.14
27.11
-88.27
414
214
814
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.85
-1.85
-42.56
93.37
169.88
66.24
-91.62
414
214
814
-0.95
-1.21
0.34
-1.2
-0.76
-42.8
34.43
60.22
-50.08
-26.39
414
214
814
0.85
0.27
0.27
0.27
-13.87
-0.91
45.42
-48.63
13.3
22.5
22.5
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.53
0.27
22.53
6.71
-9.1
-7.7
-40.11
22.5
22.5
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.27
0.27
46.07
9.51
-6.31
-12.91
-53.66
22.5
22.5
0.27
0.27
0.6
0.27
49.09
-43.5
19.74
50.64
-42.87
2T10
22.5
49@14.0+58@12.0+49@14.0
22.5
13.3
22.5
22.5
0.27
2T10
11@22.0+22@22.0
2T10
11@22.0+22@22.0
Table 3 : Sections and reinforcement for first floor beams
BEA
M
NO
SECTIO
N
POSITIO
N
DESIGN
MOMEN
T
DESIG
N
FORCE
N (KN)
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
REQUIRE
D
REINFOR
DESIG
N FOR
Qz
STIRRUP
SPACIN
G
TRANSVERSAL
REINFORCEMENT TYPE
DISTRIBUTION
CEMENT
%
19
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
20
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
21
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
22
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
23
25X50
-14.29
9.59
21.71
-14
-9.28
-16.48
10.58
22.06
-13.18
-10.3
0.17
-0.08
-0.25
-0.1
0.06
BOTTO
M (+)
414
TOP(asse
mbly) (-)
214
SUPPOR
T (-)
414
214
414
214
814
814
FOR
SHEAR
2T10
49@14.0+58@12.0+49
@14.0
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
36.44
-11.2
-2.51
31.86
-30.96
17.5
17.5
17.5
2T10
43@16.0+43@16.0+43
@16.0
-19.58
3.57
20.32
2.63
-17.28
-21.66
4.28
20.94
3.24
-19.27
-0.34
-0.22
-0.2
-0.16
-0.45
414
214
414
414
214
414
214
814
0.29
0.58
0.29
0.92
0.29
35.71
-12.12
5.34
22.58
-34.34
17.5
10.8
17.5
2T10
39@16.0+63@10.0+63
@10.0
-6.87
-10.72
17.29
10
-12.9
-7.26
-10.68
17.64
10.1
-13.47
0.18
-0.07
0.09
0.1
0.5
414
214
814
414
214
414
414
214
414
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
16.85
-15.94
3.03
9.41
-33.42
17.5
17.5
17.5
2T10
43@16.0+43@16.0+43
@16.0
-16.54
2.47
23.85
3.37
-21.32
-18.71
3.17
24.37
4.54
-21.81
-0.77
-0.23
-0.36
-0.24
-0.38
414
214
414
414
214
414
414
214
814
0.29
0.93
0.29
0.58
0.29
34.6
-23.64
-4.44
12.26
-36.04
17.5
10.8
17.5
2T10
63@10.0+63@10.0+39
@16.0
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
24
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
25
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
26
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
27
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
-22.3
4.27
38.04
2.69
0.6
-14.07
20.87
32.89
-17.47
-7.48
0.21
0.26
-0.41
0.36
0.18
414
214
414
414
214
814
414
214
414
0.27
0.27
0.6
0.27
0.27
49.2
-42.93
19.66
50.37
-43.22
22.5
22.5
13.3
22.5
22.5
2T10
49@14.0+58@12.0+49
@14.0
-0.22
2.5
36.06
4.32
-20.8
-11.82
45.05
66.22
31.07
-37.53
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.57
0.57
414
214
814
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.27
0.27
46.35
9.57
-6.25
-12.89
-53.61
22.5
22.5
2T10
11@22.0+22@22.0
-30.2
12.98
20.44
9.14
-37.68
-25.52
5.1
39.05
2.24
-1.62
0.23
0.46
-0.76
-0.13
-0.24
414
214
814
414
214
414
414
214
414
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.83
0.27
53.53
-49.85
0.06
14.91
-10.08
22.5
22.5
13.3
2T10
28@22.0+53@12.0+52
@12.0
-11.25
45.18
65.9
30.77
-37.9
-2.54
2.89
37.44
4.69
-22.84
-0.1
-0.12
-1.25
0.51
0.24
414
214
814
414
214
414
214
814
0.27
0.85
0.27
0.27
0.27
9.78
-12.69
-1.38
45.04
-49.36
13.3
22.5
22.5
2T10
52@12.0+53@12.0+28
@22.0
-12.3
20.01
32.14
-18.02
-6.62
-30.05
13.19
20.71
9.72
-36.46
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
0.09
0.09
414
214
814
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
22.54
6.73
-9.09
-7.52
-39.71
22.5
22.5
28
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
SPAN 3
2T10
11@22.0+22@22.0
-12.3
20.01
32.14
-18.02
-6.62
-23.36
26.62
51.1
35.77
-6.31
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.16
0.16
414
214
814
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
46.04
11.15
-2.21
-8.52
-40.24
22.5
22.5
Table 4 : Sections and reinforcement for second floor beams
BEA
M
NO
29
SECTIO
N
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
30
SPAN 3
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
31
SPAN 3
25X40
SPAN 1
SPAN2
32
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
33
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
POSITIO
N
DESIGN
MOMEN
T
DESIG
N
FORCE
N (KN)
LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT
BOTTO
M (+)
414
TOP(assembl
y) (-)
214
SUPPOR
T (-)
414
214
814
414
214
414
-14.29
9.59
21.71
-14
-9.28
-6.4
5.24
19.16
-10.64
-4.46
0.71
0.6
0.13
0.24
0.18
414
-19.58
3.57
20.32
2.63
-17.28
-10.96
1.54
19.67
0.91
-9.94
4.02
1.71
1.38
0.83
3.9
414
214
814
414
214
414
214
-6.87
-10.72
17.29
10
-12.9
-2.87
-7.69
12.7
5.74
-5.6
-0.3
0.14
-0.08
0.47
0.25
414
214
414
414
214
814
414
214
414
-16.54
2.47
23.85
3.37
-21.32
-9.48
0.93
22.97
1.47
-12.25
4.1
0.86
1.37
1.71
4.08
414
214
814
414
214
414
214
814
-22.3
4.27
-1.88
2.8
1.62
1.17
414
214
414
REQUIRED
REINFORCEMENT
%
DESIG
N FOR
Qz
FOR
SHEAR
STIRRU
P
SPACIN
G
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
9.75
-7.91
2.73
9.58
-8.43
0.29
0.58
0.29
0.58
0.29
9.65
-7.49
-1.3
7.1
-9.34
2T10
39@16.0+63@10.0+63@10
.0
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
7.5
-8.15
-1.54
6.43
-9
2T10
69@10.0+69@10.0+69@10
.0
0.29
0.58
0.29
0.58
0.29
9.48
-7.49
2.12
8.24
-10.3
0.27
0.27
8.63
-14.47
22.5
TRANSVERSAL
REINFORCEMENT TYPE
DISTRIBUTION
2T10
43@16.0+43@16.0+69@10
.0
2T10
39@16.0+40@16.0+39@16
.0
SPAN2
34
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
35
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
36
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
37
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
38
SPAN 3
25X50
SPAN 1
SPAN2
38.04
2.69
0.6
41.45
-25.67
-0.6
0.51
0.79
1.23
414
214
814
414
214
414
-0.22
2.5
36.06
4.32
-20.8
-1.4
30.44
62.29
10.47
-40.12
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.18
1.18
414
214
814
-30.2
12.98
20.44
9.14
-37.68
-8.42
-5.24
54.38
-11.1
0.24
3.07
2.09
1.06
0.38
0.24
414
214
414
414
414
414
414
214
-11.25
45.18
65.9
30.77
-37.9
-0.72
-8.53
50.81
-5.25
-7.78
0.66
0.49
1.25
1.9
2.88
414
214
414
414
414
414
414
214
-12.3
20.01
32.14
-18.02
-6.62
-21.36
3.36
28.08
0.14
-27.35
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.11
0.55
414
214
814
-12.3
20.01
32.14
-30.25
8.33
47.75
0.84
0.84
1.14
414
214
0.27
0.27
0.27
12.75
13.81
-7.68
22.5
-
2T10
39@16.0+40@16.0+39@16
.0
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
7.72
7.72
7.72
-12.33
-12.33
2T10
52@12.0+53@12.0+52@12
.0
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.53
9.96
-39.33
-11.34
4.74
-1.85
22.5
-
2T10
11@22.0+11@22.0+11@22
.0
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
1.46
-3.51
10.12
14.13
-9.11
22.5
-
2T10
11@22.0+11@22.0+11@22
.0
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.53
6.1
6.1
6.1
-6.79
-6.79 -
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
11.12
11.12
-6.88
2T10
49@14.0+58@12.0+49@14
.0
2T10
49@14.0+58@12.0+49@14
.0
5. Design Of Stairs:
5.1 Geometrical Design of Stairs:Given:Floor height = 4.2m
Assume:-
)(O.K
)(O.K
Rise . R = 150 mm
R 190 mm
Going G = 300 mm
G 220 mm
N R 4.20 28
- Number of riser's
0.15
- Number of going's NG = NR-1 = 28-1= 27
5.1.2 Check:570 2R G 630

570 [2(150) 300] 630
570 600 630
OK
5.1.3 Check for angle:-
26.5
OK
R 150
0.5
G 300
40
26.5 40
tan
25
25
Figure (5 - 1) Dimensions of stair
78
Design Of Stairs
5.2 - Detailed design of stair:
Assumption and Requirement of design:
Table (5-1) Data of design
WL.L = 4 kN/m 2
Live Load
H = 4.20 m
Height of story
f y = 420 MPa
Yield stress
f c' = 25 MPa
Compressive strength of
concrete
C.C = 25 mm
Concrete Cover
d b = 14 mm
Diameter of main steel
d st = 12 mm
Diameter of secondary steel
2.5 kN/m 2
Flooring
79
Design Of Stairs
Figure (5-3). Plan for stairs
Figure (5- 4) Vertical section for stairs
Note: The stairs were directed at horizontal planar direction to compensate limitation of
other side (5m) with respect to height.
After the distribution of steps (goings) we, now know there are three flights.
80
Design Of Stairs
5.3 No. of Steps for each flight:
1- Flight (No.1):
Height = height of one riser x NO.OF goings
= 0.15* 10= 1.50m
No rise in flight (1) = 1500 10 rise
150
No of going in flight (1) = 10-1= 9 treads
2- Flight (No.2):
H2=1.2m
G=7
R= 7+1=8
3- Flight (No.3):
)H3 = HTotal- (H2+H3
H3= 4.20 (8* 0.15 + 10*0.15) = 4.20 2.70
H3= 1.50m
No of Rise = 1500 10
150
No of goings = 10 -1 = 9 treads
)Check: sum of risers height = HTotal (Floor Height

(Sum of risers in all flights) * 0.15= 4.20
(10+8+10)*0.15= 4.20m
Thats O.K
4.20 => 4.20
81
Design Of Stairs
5.4 Structural Design of Stairs

5.4.1 Steps of Design :1. - Design for flexure:-
2
M
u
, 0.9
dh-cKu
f c' b d 2
1- 1- 2.36 K u
1.18
'
c
fy
h
1.4
0.002 or
min
d
F
min
2. Main Reinforcement:-
As b d
A
s
(As ) one bar
) (A
b 450 mm
s one bar
As
5h s mm
Sreq
3. Secondary Reinforcement:
A s 0.002 1000 h s
450 mm
5h s mm
(As ) one bar b

As
82
Design Of Stairs
5.5 Design for flight No 1 & 3 :
L
6000
hs n
300 mm
20
20
14
d 300 - 25 268 mm
2
WLanding 1.4( 0.324)2.51.73 20.38 KN/m
0.3
(WFlight 1.4
0.5( 0.30 )) 24 2.5 1.7 4
COS
26.5
WFlight 25.6 KN/m
Figure (5-5): shows loading diagram for flight 1 & 3
Figure (5-6): Shows bending moment diagram for flight 1 & 3
83
Design Of Stairs
Figure (5-7) Shows Shear diagram for flight 1 & 3
L
) n (for Fy 420 Mpa
min 20
3000
) (h s
150 mm
min
20
) (h s
)5.5.2 Design for flexure: (For Flight No .1 & No.3

Given :
Mmax(ve) = 29 KN.m
5.5.3 Design for - ve moment (Main Reinforcement) :-
29 10 6
0.011
0.9 25 1500 2682
1 1 2.36 0.011
0.012
1.18
25
0.012
0.0007
420
Ku
1.4
0.003
420
min
min
req
84
Design Of Stairs
0.003 1500 268 692 mm 1206 mm
st
st 1206 7.88 8
A
)( 14 /4
sb
Use 8 14
A
bar b 153.8 1500
S sone
191.29mm
1206
As
Use 14 / 190 mm
5.5.5 Secondary reinforcement (temp + shrinkage):
12mm
st
Use d
A 0.002 1000 268

s
2
max
A 568 mm
s
113 1000
S
199.01 mm S
568
450 mm
Use S max
3h s 3 150 450 mm
Us e 12 / 190 mm
568
s total
5.02 6
2
A
)( 12 /4
s one bar
Us e 6 12
85
Design Of Stairs
5.6 Data for Design of Flight No 2:-
Figure (5.8) Loading diagram for flight No 2
Figure (5.9) Bending Moment diagram for flight No 2
Figure (5.10) Shear diagram for flight No 2
86
Design Of Stairs
5.6.2 Design for flexure: (For Flight No .2) :5.6.3 Design - ve moment (Main Reinforcement) :Given:
Mmax = M(ve) = 22.55 KN.m
22.55 106
0.0089
0.9 24 1500 268
Ku
1 1 2.36 0.089
0.0089
1.18
24
0.0089
0.0005
420
1.4
0.00333
420
min
'Fc
0.003
4 Fy
) min (control
use min
As 0.003 1500 268 1206mm 2

AST
1206
N
7.83 8
2
As
(
14
)/4
one bar
Us e 8 14
Spacing :
A
bar b 154 1500
sone
191.54mm
As
1206
req
Use 14 / 190 mm
87
Design Of Stairs
5.6.4 Secondary Reinforcement:-
As 0.002 1000 268

As 568 mm2
199.01 mm
113 1000
568
Us e 12 / 190 mm
5.7 Reinforcement details:
Figure (5 -7 ) Reinforcement of stair
88
Design Of Stairs
Figure (5 - 8) Connection between stair and beam
89
Design Of Stairs
6. Design of columns
Introduction: This chapter presents an introductory discussion of reinforced concrete
6.1.
columns, with particular emphasis on short, stocky columns subjected to small bending
moments. Such columns are often said to be axially loaded.
6.1.1
Concrete columns can be roughly divided into the following three categories:
Short compression blocks or pedestalsif the height of an upright compression
member is less than three times its least lateral dimensions, it may be considered to be a
pedestal(support). The ACI (2.2 and 10.14) states that a pedestal may be designed with
unreinforced or plain concrete with a maximum design compressive stress equal to
0.85f c, where is 0.65. Should the total load applied to the member be larger than
0.85f c Ag, it will be necessary either to enlarge the cross-sectional area of the
pedestal or to design it as a reinforced concrete column.
Short reinforced concrete columnsshould a reinforced concrete column fail due to

initial material failure, it is classified as a short column. The load that it can support is
controlled by the dimensions of the cross section and the strength of the materials of
which it is constructed. We think of a short column as being a rather stocky member
with little flexibility.
Long or slender reinforced concrete columnsAs columns become more slender,

bending deformations will increase, as will the resulting secondary moments. If these
moments are of such magnitude as to significantly reduce the axial load capacities of
columns, those columns are referred to as being long or slender.
Fig 6 Cropped image from ACI 318-05 ,
Design Of Columns
90
6.1.2 Axial Load Capacity of Columns:

In actual practice, there are no perfect axially loaded columns, but a discussion of such
members provides an excellent starting point for explaining the theory involved in
designing real columns with their eccentric loads. Several basic ideas can be explained for
purely axially loaded columns, and the strengths obtained provide upper theoretical limits
that can be clearly verified with actual tests. It has been known for several decades that
the stresses in the concrete and the reinforcing bars of a column supporting a long-term
load cannot be calculated with any degree of accuracy. You might think that such stresses
could be determined by multiplying the strains by the appropriate moduli of elasticity. But
this idea does not work too well practically because the modulus of elasticity of the
concrete is changing during loading due to creep and shrinkage. Thus, the parts of the
load carried by the concrete and the steel vary with the magnitude and duration of the
loads. For instance, the larger the percentage of dead loads and the longer they are applied,
the greater the creep in the concrete and the larger the percentage of load carried by the
reinforcement. Though stresses cannot be predicted in columns in the elastic range with
any degree of accuracy, several decades of testing have shown that the ultimate strength of
columns can be estimated very well. Furthermore, it has been shown that the proportions
of live and dead loads, the length of loading, and other such factors have little effect on the
ultimate strength. It does not even matter whether the concrete or the steel approaches its
ultimate strength first. If one of the two materials is stressed close to its ultimate strength,
its large deformations will cause the stress to increase quicker in the other material. For
these reasons, only the ultimate strength of columns is considered here. At failure, the
theoretical ultimate strength or nominal strength of a short axially loaded column is quite
accurately determined by the expression that follows, in which Ag is the gross concrete
area and Ast is the total cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, including bars
and shapes:
Pn = 0.85f c(Ag Ast ) + fyAst
Design Of Columns
91
6.1.3 ACI Code Requirements for Cast-in-Place Columns: The ACI Code specifies quite a
few limitations on the dimensions, reinforcing, lateral restraint, and other items pertaining
to concrete columns. Some of the most important limitations are as follows.
1. The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement may not be less than 1% of the gross
cross-sectional area of a column (ACI Code 10.9.1). It is felt that if the amount of steel
is less than 1%, there is a distinct possibility of a sudden non-ductile failure, as might
occur in a plain concrete column. The 1% minimum steel value will also lessen creep
and shrinkage and provide some bending strength for the column. Actually, the code
(10.8.4) does permit the use of less than 1% steel if the column has been made larger
than is necessary to carry the loads because of architectural or other reasons. In other
words, a column can be designed with 1% longitudinal steel to support the factored
load, and then more concrete can be added with no increase in reinforcing and no
increase in calculated load-carrying capacity. In actual practice, the steel percentage
for such members is kept to an absolute minimum of 0.005.
2. The maximum percentage of steel may not be greater than 8% of the gross crosssectional area of the column (ACI Code 10.9.1). This maximum value is given to
prevent too much crowding of the bars. Practically, it is rather difficult to fit more
than 4% or 5% steel into the forms and still get the concrete down into the forms and
around the bars. When the percentage of steel is high, the chances of having
honeycomb in the concrete is decidedly increased. If this happens, there can be a
substantial reduction in the columns load-carrying capacity. Usually the percentage
of reinforcement should not exceed 4% when the bars are to be lap spliced. It is to be
remembered that if the percentage of steel is very high, the bars may be bundled.
3. The minimum numbers of longitudinal bars permissible for compression members
(ACI Code 10.9.2) are as follows: four for bars within rectangular or circular ties,
three for bars within triangular-shaped ties, and six for bars enclosed within spirals.
Should there be fewer than eight bars in a circular arrangement, the orientation of the
bars will affect the moment strength of eccentrically loaded columns.
Design Of Columns
92
4. The code does not directly provide a minimum column cross-sectional area, but it is
obvious that minimum widths or diameters of about 2 cm to 5 cm are necessary to
provide the necessary cover outside of ties or spirals and to provide the necessary
clearance between longitudinal bars from one face of the column to the other. To use
as little rentable floor space as possible, small columns are frequently desirable. In
fact, thin columns may often be enclosed or hidden in walls.
5. When tied columns are used, the ties shall not be less than #3, provided that the
longitudinal bars are #10 or smaller. The minimum size is #4 for longitudinal bars
larger than #10 and for bundled bars. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric with an
equivalent area may also be used (ACI 7.10.5.1).
6. The center-to-center spacing of ties shall not be more than 16 times the diameter of
the longitudinal bars, 48 times the diameter of the ties, or the least lateral dimension
of the column.
6.1.4 General Configurations of moments with in columns:
When a column is subjected to primary moments (those moments caused by applied
loads, joint rotations, etc.), the axis of the member will deflect laterally, with the result that
additional moments equal to the column load times the lateral deflection will be applied to the
column. These latter column that has large secondary moments is said to be a slender column,
and it is necessary to size its cross section for the sum of both the primary and secondary
moments. The ACIs intent is to permit columns to be designed as short columns if the
secondary or P effect does not reduce their strength by more than 5%.moments are called
secondary moments.
Fig 6. Cropped image from ACI Code 318-08 metric
Design Of Columns
93
Fig 6.1 shows interior & exterior columns
The effects of slenderness can be neglected in about 40% of all unbraced columns and
about 90% of those braced against sidesway. These percentages are probably decreasing year by
year, however, due to the increasing use of slenderer columns designed by the strength method,
using stronger materials and with a better understanding of column buckling behavior.
6.1.5 Classification of Columns:

A plain concrete column can support very little load, but its load-carrying capacity will be
greatly increased if longitudinal bars are added. Further substantial strength increases may
be made by providing lateral restraint for these longitudinal bars. Under compressive
loads, columns tend not only to shorten lengthwise but also to expand laterally due to the
Design Of Columns
94
Poisson effect. The capacity of such members can be greatly increased by providing lateral
restraint in the form of closely spaced closed ties or helical spirals wrapped around the
longitudinal reinforcing.
Fig6.2. Shows ACI 315-08 regarding Requirements for distance between supports
Reinforced concrete columns are referred to as tied or spiral columns, depending on the
method used for laterally bracing or holding the bars in place. If the column has a series
of closed ties, as shown in Figure 9.2(a), it is referred to as a tied column. These ties are
effective in increasing the column strength. They prevent the longitudinal bars from
being displaced during construction, and they resist the tendency of the same bars to
buckle outward under load, which would cause the outer concrete cover to break or spall
off. Tied columns are ordinarily square or rectangular, but they can be octagonal, round,
L shaped, and so forth. The square and rectangular shapes are commonly used because
of the simplicity
Design Of Columns
95
6.1.6 Effective Length:

The effective length of a column is defined as the length between the points of contraflexure of the buckled column. The code has given two charts to calculate the effective
length of columns in a framed structure.
6.1.7 DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
1. SHORT COLUMN UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION
The factored axial load,
Where
= area of concrete and,
is given by the equation ,
= area of longitudinal reinforcement of columns.
This equation can be recast as:
Where P = percentage of reinforcement. Design charts are prepared based on this equation.
6.1.8 REINFOCEMENTs:
There are two kinds of reinforcement in a column, longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement. The purpose of transverse reinforcement is to hold the vertical bars in
position, providing lateral support so that individual bars cannot buckle outward and split
the concrete.
6.1.8.1. Longitudinal Reinforcement in columns
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent
nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross-sectional area of the column.
Note: the use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing and compacting of
concrete, hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from the columns below have to be
lapped with those in the column under consideration, the percentage of reinforcement steel shall usually
not exceed 4 percent.
Design Of Columns
96
b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to
resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
d) The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars
of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f) In a helically reinforced columns, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
h) In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into account in
strength calculations, nominal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of the crosssectional area shall be provided.
Note: Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not exceed three
times the least lateral dimension.
6.1.8.2 Transverse Reinforcement in columns:
(a) A reinforced compression member shall have transverse reinforcement or helical
reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has
effective lateral support against buckling subject to provisions. The effective lateral
support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings capable
of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal
angles not exceeding
. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly
anchored.
Design Of Columns
97
(b) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement:

If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75mm on either side, transverse
reinforcement need only to go round corner and alternate bars for the purpose of
providing effective lateral supports. If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not
exceeding 48 times the diameter of the tie are effectively tied in two directions, additional
longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be tied in one direction, by open ties .
Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more
than one row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars at the inner rows may be
assumed to have been provided, if Transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer row
and No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the
diameter of the largest bar in the inner row. Where the longitudinal bars in a compression
member are grouped (not in contact) and each group adequately tied with transverse
reinforcement, the transverse reinforcement for the compression member as a whole may
be provided on the assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bar for purpose of
determining the pitch and diameter of the transverse reinforcement. The diameter of such
transverse reinforcement need not however exceed 20mm .
(c) Pitch and diameter of lateral ties:
Pitch The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the
following distances:
a. The least lateral dimension of the compression member
b. Sixteen time the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
c. Forty-eight times the diameter of the transverse reinforcement.
Diameter The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than onefourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 5mm.
(d) Helical Reinforcement:
Pitch Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix
spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra
Design Of Columns
98
turns of the spiral bar. Where an increased load on the column on the strength of helical
reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of helical turns shall be not more than 77 mm nor
more than one-sixth of the core diameter of the column, nor less than 25mm, nor less than
3 times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix. In other cases, the requirements of
transverse reinforcement shall be complied with.
Diameter The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be in accordance with para (c)
above.
Fig 6.3 showing different kinds of columns reinforcement

6.1.9 Safety Provisions for Columns:
The values of to be used for columns as specified in Section 9.3.2 of the code are well
below those used for flexure and shear (0.90 and 0.75, respectively). A value of 0.65 is
specified for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral columns. A slightly larger is specified for
spiral columns because of their greater toughness.
The failure of a column is generally a more severe matter than is the failure of a beam,
because a column generally supports a larger part of a structure than does a beam. In other
Design Of Columns
99
words, if a column fails in a building, a larger part of the building will fall down than if a
beam fails. This is particularly true for a lower-level column in a multistory building. As a
result, lower values are desirable for columns. There are other reasons for using lower
values in columns. As an example, it is more difficult to do as good a job in placing the
concrete for a column than it is for a beam. The reader can readily see the difficulty of
getting concrete down into narrow column forms and between the longitudinal and lateral
reinforcing. As a result, the quality of the resulting concrete columns is probably not as
good as that of beams and slabs
The failure strength of a beam is normally dependent on the yield stress of the tensile
steela property that is quite accurately controlled in the steel mills. The failure strength
of a column is closely related to the concretes ultimate strength, a value that is quite
variable. The length factors also drastically affect the strength of columns and thus make
the use of lower factors necessary. It seems impossible for a column to be perfectly
axially loaded. Even if loads could be perfectly centered at one time, they would not stay
in place. Furthermore, columns may be initially crooked or have other flaws, with the
result that lateral bending will occur. Wind and other lateral loads cause columns to bend,
and the columns in rigid-frame buildings are subjected to moments when the frame is
supporting gravity loads alone.
Design Of Columns
100
6.1.10 Design Formulas :

In the pages that follow, the letter e is used to represent the eccentricity of the load. The
reader may not understand this term because he or she has analyzed a structure and has computed
an axial load, Pu, and a bending moment, Mu, but no specific eccentricity, e, for a particular
column. The term e represents the distance the axial load, Pu, would have to be off center of the
column to produce Mu. Thus,
Pu e = Mu
Or
e = Mu/ Pu
Nonetheless, there are many situations where there are no calculated moments for the
columns of a structure. For many years, the code specified that such columns had to be designed
for certain minimum moments even though no calculated moments were present. This was
accomplished by requiring designers to assume certain minimum eccentricities for their column
loads. These minimum values were 1 in. or 0.05h, whichever was larger, for spiral columns and
1 in. or 0.10h for tied columns. (The term h represents the outside diameter of round columns or
the total depth of square or rectangular columns.) A moment equal to the axial load times the
minimum eccentricity was used for design.
In todays code, minimum eccentricities are not specified, but the same objective is
accomplished by requiring that theoretical axial load capacities be multiplied by a factor
sometimes called , which is equal to 0.85 for spiral columns and 0.80 for tied columns. Thus,
as shown in Section 10.3.6 of the code, the axial load capacity of columns may not be greater
than the following values:
For tied columns ( = 0.65)
Pn (max) = 0.80[0.85fc(Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ]
(ACI Equation 10-2)
Design Of Columns
101
6.2 Sample for Design :We will design column 28, which is at edge of the building (corner). Also this column
is located at ground floor. The assumed size of the column primarily was 25*40cm which
resulted in excessive reinforcement i.e 1216 ; hence considering the size of the building
and its huge live load due to its commercial nature. The new size assumed is 25*60cm;
while keeping in mind the size will decrease for every new floor. For example the assumed
size of exterior column for first floor will be 25*50cm. Also the beams are connected to the
respected column are of dimension 25*50cm.
Fig 6.4 Elevation plan showing Columns originating from foundations

while exterior columns shortens after first and second floor
Design Of Columns
102
Fig 6.5. Elevation plan showing Columns at first floor
Fig6.6 . Elevation plan showing beams and Columns for second floor
Design Of Columns
103
Table 6.1 : shows initial preliminary assumed sections

of columns for different stories and locations
Fig.6.7 Shows Governing case of column 59 with axial load & moments
Design Of Columns
104
6.3 Design of column in detail:

493.58 KN
pu
18.33 KN.m
Mux top
-15.51 KN.m
Mux bottom
27.70 KN.m
Muy top
-21.64 KN.m
Muy bottom
Table 6.2 Design values obtained from R.S.A

6.3.1Design moments:
6.3.1.1 Inertia At X - Direction:
= 0.0045mm
)(Ig
Ic = 0.7 0.0045 = 0.00315m
= 0.0026
)(Ig
Ic = 0.7 0.0026 = 0.00182m

.
= 0.0026m
= )(Ig
Ib = 0.35 0.0026 = 0.00091m
= 1.02
Design Of Columns
105
= 18.88
, whereas plinth level column height is 0.7m
>= Note
6.3.1.2 Now, take K the smaller of:1
( K = 0.7 +0.05
)= 0.7 +0.05 (1.02 +18.88

= 1.695 > 1
) 1
( K = 0.85 +0.05
K = 0.85 + 0.05(1.02) = 0.901 1

K = 0.9
Using K = 0.9
0.9 4
= 20
0.3 0.6
M1
40
M2
K L
r
K L
r
= 34 12
Whereas:value of smaller factored end moment at X-direction
= value of larger factored end moment at X-direction
6.3.1.3 Check for Short or long column :

)(15.512
= 44.14
18.324
= 34 12
Hence , its a Short Column
K L
r
<
K L
r
K L
r
;Now, the loading on the column can be axial or eccentric

We can check minimum eccentricity
Design Of Columns
106
= 0.015 m
)(1.2
___________
Where :value of larger factor end moment
) Pu___________________ (moment due to eccentricity
Mc = M
And Mmin= e
Then eq. 1.2 becomes
18.324 0.015 493.58

) 18.324 > 7.40 KN.m (Thats O.K.
Hence the design moment, will be critical moment, which is the ultimate moment Mu
= 18.324
6.3.2 At Y - Direction:
= 0.00078
. .
)(Ig
= 0.7 0.00078 = 0.00054
= 0.00065
. .
)(Ig
= 0.7 0.00065 = 0.00045
= 0.00065
. .
= )(Ig
Design Of Columns
107
Ib = 0.35 0.00065 = 0.00022

E I
Lu
=
E I
Ln
0.00054 0.00045
+
0.00024
4
4
=
=
= 8.1
0.00022
0.000030
7.3
0.00054 0.00045
+
4
4
0.00022
=
= 30.07
7.3

E I
Lu
=
E I
Ln
6.3.2.1 Now, take K the smaller of:1
K = 0.7 + 0.05
K = 0.7 + 0.05(8.1 + 30.07) 1

2.6 1
) 1
( K = 0.85 + 0.05
)= 0.85 0.05 (8
=1.25 1
Hence use K=1

6.3.2.2 Check for short or long:14
= 53.33
0.3 0.25
K L
r
M1
M2
= 34 12
K L
r
)(21.64
= 43.37
27.7
= 34 12
K L
r
= 43.37
K L
r
=> Hence, its a Long Column
K L
r
>
K L
r
Design Of Columns
108
Note: The effect if the slenderness ratio
may be ignored if
<40, but if its greater then 40
(as in this case), slenderness effect must be considered
6.4 The design of the long column includes buckling analysis, and which includes moment
magnification factor , according to ACI code section 6.64 :-
1- Compute the curved shape factor Cm
Cm 0.6 0.4

= 0.6 + 0.4
M1ns
0.4
M 2ns
21.64
= 0.912 (
27.70
. )
is positive if column is bent in single curvature and is negative if the
Where the
column is bent in double curvature.
2- Determine if the frame is braced against sideway and find unsupported length Lu
and effective length factor K (may be assumed 1)
3- Calculate the member stiffness , EI using
EI =
Where,
_____________________ (3.1)
`
=4700
_____________________ (3.2)
I = gross moment of inertia of section about the axis , neglecting A

=
=
=

) .
. (
.
. .
<1
<1
1.2 279.6
(1.2 279.6 + 1.6 98.78)
= 0.68 < 1 ( ` )
Design Of Columns
109
)From (eq 3.2

= 4700 25
= 23500 Mpa
)Then, substituting above (eq) in eq.(3.1
)
.
.
= EI
=3.03*10
4. Determine the Euler buckling load,
:-
.
(
= 1862.88 KN
5. Calculate moment magnifying factor: =
1.0
1 0.75
0.912
= 1.24
493.58
)1 (1862.88
= 1.24
6. Design the compression member, using the axial factored load, the design values of
for long column
) ____________________(6
&
Where := (15 + 0.03 )/100

=0.0225 m
( .
Design Of Columns
110
By substituting the calculated values above in eq. (6), We have:

1.24*27.7 1.24 493 0.022
) 34.34 13.75 ____________________ (thats Ok
Hence,
= 34.34 Kn.m
)
( 7. Calculation of reinforcements in column by using Equivalent moment

= 69.65
18.324 10
= 37.16
493
250
= 0.417
600
69.65
; = 1.874
37.16
>
If,
Then,
+ 0.8
= )
=34.34 + 0.80.41718.324
) = 40.45 KN.m
Also, the above calculated moment act along y-axis ,
Design Of Columns
111
6.5 Data required for determining steel reinforcement ratio from graph :
493 10
= 3.28
250 600
= 0.449 Mpa

= 56
= 40 + 8 +
= 0.81
d`= cover+
=
=
When,
)(From Chart
) is present :
= 1.0%
( ) when only eccentricity
= 0.81 ,
( 6.5.1 Compute the axial load capacity

)1- (ex =0
= 1.0%
= 600
37.16
= 0.061
600
=h
From chart
= 11
11 = (250 600 11) 10
= 1650 KN
Design Of Columns
112
( 6.5.2 Compute the axial load capacity

)= 0

= 69.65
=E
= 250
=h
69.65
= 0.2786
250
)250 2(56
= 0.552
250
)
` 2
( .
=5
5 = 5 600 250 10 =750 KN
6.5.3 Check :
> 0.1
493 > 0.1 2830
)
493 > 283 => (

1
= 0.0015
- - - - OK
= 630.5 KN >493 KN
Design Of Columns
113
6.5.4 Number of Main Steel bars:
= 0.01*250*600
=1500mm2
Use 8
Design Of Columns
114
6.6 Spacing for ties :
Least dimension of column 250 mm
S 48 (tie diameter) 48 8 384 mm

16 (mainbars) 16 16 256 mm
use S 250 mm
Fig 6.8 shows Sec A-A of column 59
Design Of Columns
115
6.6.1 Splices for Column :

Compression deformed bars:
For f c' 20 MPa

L 0.073 f d 300 mm
s
y b
Ls 0.073 420 16 490.56 mm 300
6.6.2 Column details:
Interior column (using off set bars):(1) Lap splices length.
(2) Equal (S/2) = 250/2 = 125 mm, where S = tie spacing.
(3) Terminated not more than 75 mm below the main reinforcement.
(4) Extra ties = 150 mm.
Force in ties 1.5/6 A f y (1.5/6) 402 42042.21 k
's
Extra v 42.21 10 3 / 420100.5 mm 2
Fig.6.9 shows minimum requirements for splices for columns under ACI 318-08
Design Of Columns
116
d2
100.5 mm d 11.32 use d 12 mm
4
Development of deformed bars in compression :
fy d
b
L
0.044 d f y
' db 4 f
b
c
420 16
L
336 0.044 16 420 295.68 mm
db 4 25
Av
340 mm
db
Use L
L L K1' K '2 200 mm

d
db
A
s req
1500
K1'
0.933
2
A
1
6
s prov 8
4
K ' 0.75
2
L 340 0.933 0.75 237.92 mm

d
(5) =325 mm
(6) = 75 mm
(7) = 500 db/2 50 8 db
= 500 860816=408mm
(8) = maximum slope = 1: 6
Design Of Columns
117
Interior column
Exterior column
Figure (6.10 ) Reinforcement details for columns

6.7 Exterior column (using dowels):(1) Where face of column above is off-set 75mm or more from the column below.
(2) Cut-off column verticals stop 75mm below finished floor, i.e. length (2)=h= 75.
(3) Length of dowels equals (two lap length + 75mm).
(4) This length must equal lap length.
(5)
must be Ld
(6) First tie must be located no more than S/2 above floor.
(7) Where beams frame from four sides (direction) into a column, tie may be terminated
not more than 75 mm below the main reinforcement of such beams.
Design Of Columns
118
Figure (6.11 ) Reinforcement details for columns
Design Of Columns
119
Fig1. Naming of columns from R.A
Section
DESIGN
CASE
Column
DESING
MOMENT
DESIGN
MOMENT
Design
force N
(KN.M)
Mz(KN)
(KN)
Required
Reinforcement
Ratio %
(cm)
1 R 25x60
2 R 25x60
3
3
-45.5
11.22
-55.64
-6.93
764.87
1000.96
1.9
1
3 R 25x60
4 R 25x60
3
3
-0.51
31.04
-6.14
-49.76
921.3
665.98
1
1
5 R 25x60
6 R 25x60
3
3
44.44
51.19
8.19
-8.83
1323.49
1361.61
1.83
2.33
7 R 25x60
8 R 25x60
3
3
37.96
0.93
53.7
88.7
699.44
1497.77
1.2
2.34
9 R 25x60
10 R 25x60
3
3
10.93
-51.86
99.9
59.38
1643.74
798.17
3.55
2.61
11 R 25x60
12 R 25x60
3
3
-70.65
-63.88
-7.48
10.62
1538.06
1497.37
3.9
3.5
13
14
15
16
17
18
3
3
3
3
3
3
1.28
8.53
19.57
-2.13
0.65
16.79
1.51
0.74
-84.43
-78.25
-11.39
-13.89
1409.86
1304.92
2203.57
1983.62
2726.58
2976.53
1.33
1
1.56
1
2.89
3.53
R 25x60
R 25x60
R 25x80
R 25x80
R 25x80
R 25x80
Reinforcments
stirrup
spacing
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
1416
1416
1416
1416
Design force
Qz for
Shear(KN)
Transver-sal
Reinforc Ement
Distribution
& Spacing
10
10
-13
7.23
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
10
10
1.64
8.8
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
10
10
33.71
17.77
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
10
10
10.83
1.55
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
10
10
18.21
-14.78
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
10
10
-24.96
-22.95
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
-2.83
10.24
8.09
-1.9
0.31
13.07
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
2T10 6@10.0
Table 1 : Columns under plinth level originating directly from foundations (bold font columns have their initial sections changed to resist
loads appropriately with excess reinforcements on demand by Robot analysis)
Required
Section
DESIGN
CASE
Column
Transver-sal Reinforc
DESIGN
MOMENT
DESING
MOMENT
Design
force N
Reinforment
Mz
(KN.M)
(KN)
Raitio
(cm)
19 R 25x40
20 R 25x40
3
3
34.78
49.92
-21.2
60.93
585.93
1206.36
1
3.53
21 R 25x40
22 R 25x40
3
3
45.6
31.86
58.5
13.56
1098.5
512.67
2.97
1
23 R 25x60
24 R 25x60
3
3
-1.08
-3.18
69.63
67.91
1001.98
976.16
2.28
2.17
25 R 25x60
26 R 25x60
3
3
-28.15
-7
10.14
-15.84
486.41
681.32
1
1
27 R 25x60
28 R 25x60
3
3
-7.39
-31.39
20.03
-16.62
742.24
559.38
1
1
29 R 25x60
30 R 25x60
3
3
-4.2
-0.08
-74.13
-77.82
1102.5
1131.71
2.84
3.02
31
32
33
34
35
36
3
3
3
3
3
3
-1.46
-1.25
21.58
-35.09
-32.1
20.22
70.15
-54.32
101.33
122.26
-116.4
-60.09
1016.83
942.92
1512.02
2099.59
1917.21
1339.12
2.35
1.2
2.34
4.23
3.66
1
R 25x60
R 25x60
R 25x80
R 25x80
R 25x80
R 25x80
Reinforcments
stirrup
spacing
616
616
616
616
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
816
1016
1016
1016
1016
Design
force
Qz for
Shear(KN)
ement Distribution
Spacing
10
10
-5.75
0.89
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
0.26
4.2
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
4.78
4.18
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
3.34
0.09
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
0.97
-4.85
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
-5.86
-6.51
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
-0.05
0.89
4.49
2.94
-1.27
-2.74
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
Table 2 : Columns above plinth level (Ground floor columns ) (bold font columns have their initial sections changed to resist loads
appropriately with excess reinforcements on demand by Robot analysis)
Required
Section
DESIGN
CASE
Column
DESIGN
MOMENT
DESING
MOMENT
Design force
N
Mz
(KN.M)
(KN)
Reinforment Reinforcments
Raitio
(cm)
37 R 25x40
38 R 25x40
3
3
20.22
42.72
17.97
-21.72
372.58
762.3
1
1
39 R 25x40
40 R 25x40
3
3
59.76
-54.08
16.49
12.32
692.15
325.22
1
1
41 R 25x40
42 R 25x40
3
3
-38.26
1.28
23.62
20.09
629.31
614.16
1
1
43 R 25x40
44 R 25x40
3
3
-2.76
-32.6
8.86
6.33
307.53
429.24
1
1
45 R 25x40
46 R 25x40
3
3
-10.58
-11.25
-7.42
-14.44
471.96
355.07
1
1
47 R 25x40
48 R 25x40
3
3
35.73
-4.51
33.88
39.46
694.65
713.63
1
1
49
50
51
52
53
54
3
3
3
3
3
3
3.19
-2.72
-4.37
-16.11
47.73
42.85
-12.98
11.51
33.61
-74.27
48.76
41.69
627.47
594.03
1033.12
1393.03
1278.86
899.9
1
1
1
1.19
1
1
R 25x40
R 25x40
R 25x60
R 25x60
R 25x40
R 25x40
stirrup
spacing
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
816
816
816
814
Design
force
Qz for
Shear(KN)
ement Distribution
Spacing
10
10
-7.44
0.89
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
0.39
5.39
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
5.81
5.1
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
4.07
-0.12
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
1.11
-6.23
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
-7.28
-8.07
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
0
0.67
7.7
4.52
-2.71
-3.81
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
Table 3 : First story column (bold font columns have their initial sections changed to resist loads appropriately with excess reinforcements
on demand by Robot analysis)
Section
DESIGN
MOMENT
Mz
DESIGN
CASE
Column
DESING
MOMENT
Design force
N
Required
Reinforment
My (KN.M)
(KN)
Raitio
stirrup
Reinforcments spacing
(cm)
55 R 25x40
56 R 25x40
3
3
46.31
-57.52
13.68
-4.02
155.12
316.71
1
1
57 R 25x40
58 R 25x40
3
3
-52
41.53
3.5
-10.08
286.25
133.92
1
1
59 R 25x40
60 R 25x40
3
3
-0.94
1.22
-12.91
-11.3
258.13
251.64
1
1
61 R 25x40
62 R 25x40
3
3
-36.47
-14.36
-7.41
-1.86
126.76
173.11
1
1
63 R 25x40
64 R 25x40
3
3
-15.6
-41.06
3.2
10.79
192.57
147.77
1
1
65 R 25x40
66 R 25x40
3
3
2.03
-1.68
15.82
18.11
288.84
297.72
1
1
67 R 25x40
68 R 25x40
3
3
-5.88
-8.29
3.02
-2.81
255.9
242.44
1
1
69 R 25x40
70 R 25x40
3
3
-18.01
36.22
-13.64
-10.85
542.32
693.26
1
1
71 R 25x40
72 R 25x40
3
3
28.41
-18.15
10.68
7.5
639.47
473.66
1
1
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
814
Design
force
Qz for
Shear(KN)
ement Distribution
Spacing
10
10
-6.83
0.73
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
0.6
5.13
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
5.03
4.38
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
3.86
-0.13
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
1.32
-5.47
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
-5.9
-6.77
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
0.44
0.45
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
3.52
2.86
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
10
10
-1.07
-2.15
2T10 40@10.0
2T10 40@10.0
Table 4 : Second story column (bold font columns have their initial sections changed to resist loads appropriately with excess
reinforcements on demand by Robot analysis)
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTI STORY BUILDING
7. Design OF Foundations
7.1.1 Foundation Design Parameters
Determining the settlement of the structure is one of the primary obligations of the geotechnical
engineer. In general, three parameters are required: maximum total settlement ( max),
maximum differential settlement ( ), and rate of settlement. Another parameter that may be
useful in the design of the foundation is the maximum angular distortion ( /L), defined as the
differential settlement between two points divided by the distance between them. Figure given
below illustrates the maximum total settlement (( max), maximum differential settlement ( ),
and maximum angular distortion ( /L), of a foundation. Note in Fig. that the maximum angular
distortion ( /L),does not necessarily occur at the location of maximum differential settlement( )
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 120
Design Of Foundations
7.1.2 Allowable Settlement

The allowable settlement is defined as the acceptable amount of settlement of the structure and it
usually includes a factor of safety. The allowable settlement depends on many factors,
The Use of the Structure: Even small cracks in a house might be considered
unacceptable, whereas much larger cracks in an industrial building might not even be noticed.
The Presence of Sensitive Finishes: Tile or other sensitive finishes are much less
tolerant of movements.
The Rigidity of the Structure: If a footing beneath part of a very rigid structure
settles more than the others, the structure will transfer some of the load away from the footing.
However, footings beneath flexible structures must settle much more before any significant
load transfer occurs. Therefore, a rigid structure will have less differential settlement than a
flexible one.
Aesthetic and Serviceability Requirements: The allowable settlement for most
structures, especially buildings, will be governed by aesthetic and serviceability

requirements, not structural requirements. Unsightly cracks, jamming doors and windows,
and other similar problems will develop long before the integrity of the structure is in danger.
Another example of allowable settlements for buildings is Table ,where the allowable
foundation displacement has been divided into three categories: total settlement, tilting, and
differential movement
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 121
7.2.1 General:
The load from an isolated column may be distributed on the bearing strata, by providing square,
rectangular, and circular footings. The footing may be in form of a flat slab, it may be stepped or
sloped at the edges. the stepping or slopping of foundations is done to save the concrete and thus the
effect of economy in the cost of the footing .
7.2.2 Area of the footing: To determine the area of the footing, total load on the base of the footing
plus the self-weight of the footing is divided by the safe bearing capacity of the soil. Thus if W is the
load from the column and
the is the bearing capacity of the soil, then the area of the footing
of the footing is given by :
7.2.3 Depth of the footing : The depth of the footing is fixed from consideration of punching shear
and max. Bending moment in the footing. The shear and bending moments are caused on account of
net upward pressure of the soil below. Since the weight of the footing acts downward, while the net
upward pressure acts upward, the self-weight of the footing is excluded while computing the net
upward pressure due to the soil.
7.2.4 Depth from punching and shear considerations: the depth of the footing slab must be
sufficient to resist the tendency of the column to penetrate or punch through it.
7.3 - Design of a footing typically consists of the following steps:
1. Determine the requirements for the footing, including the loading and the nature of the
supported structure.
2. Select options for the footing and determine the necessary soils parameters. This step is often
completed by consulting with a Geotechnical Engineer.
3. The geometry of the foundation is selected so that any minimum requirements based on soils
parameters are met. Following are typical requirements:
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 122
a. The calculated bearing pressures need to be less than the allowable bearing pressures.
Bearing pressures are the pressures that the footing exerts on the supporting soil.
Bearing pressures are measured in units of force per unit area, such as Kilo Newton
per meter Area.
b. The calculated settlement of the footing, due to applied loads, needs to be less than
the allowable settlement.
c. The footing needs to have sufficient capacity to resist sliding caused by any horizontal
loads.
d. The footing needs to be sufficiently stable to resist overturning loads. Overturning
loads are commonly caused by horizontal loads applied above the base of the footing.
e. Local conditions.
f. Building code requirements.
4. Structural design of the footing is completed, including selection and spacing of reinforcing steel
in accordance to the structural design requirements specific to foundations, as defined in ACI
318-05 Chapter 15.
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 123
7.4 - Structural Design

The following steps are typically followed for completing the structural design of footings ,
based on ACI 318-05:
1. Determine footing plan dimensions by comparing the gross soil bearing pressure and the
allowable soil bearing pressure.
2. Apply load factors in accordance with Chapter 9 of ACI 318-05.
3. Determine whether the footing will be considered as spanning one-way or two-ways.
4. Confirm the thickness of the footing by comparing the shear capacity of the concrete
section to the factored shear load. ACI 318-05 Chapter 15 provides guidance on
selecting the location for the critical cross-section for one-way shear. ACI 318-05
Chapter 11 provides guidance on selecting the location for the critical cross-section for
two-way shear.
6. Structural design of the footing is completed, including selection and spacing of

reinforcing steel in accordance with ACI 318 and any applicable building code. During
this step, the previously selected geometry may need to be revised to accommodate the
strength requirements of the reinforced concrete sections. Integral to the structural design
are the requirements specific to foundations, as defined in ACI 318-05 Chapter 15.
5. Determine reinforcing bar requirements for the concrete section based on the flexural
capacity along with the following requirements in ACI 318-05.
Requirements specific to footings
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcing requirements
Bar spacing requirements
Development and splicing requirements
Seismic Design provisions
Other standards of design and construction, as required
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 124
7.5 Data for Design:
Fig 7.2: showing Foundation Plan for the building while displaying symbols
depicting initially assumed sections
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 125
Fig 7.3: Showing Loads on Foundations by 3d Structural Model built on R.S.A
Fig 7.4: Showing dead & Live Loads on Foundation 33 under column 59
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 126
7.6 Detailed Steps Of Design:

1. Find service dead and live column loads:
PD = Service dead load from column
PL = Service live load from column
P = Pd + PL (typically - see ACI 9.2)
2. Find design (factored) column load, Pu:

PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
3. Find an approximate footing depth, hf

h f = d + 10cm and is usually in multiples of 5, 10 or 15 cm.
For Rectangular Column:
4. Find net allowable soil pressure, qnet:

By neglecting the weight of any additional top soil added, the net allowable soil
pressure takes into account the change in weight when soil is removed
where y c is the unit weight of concrete and y s is the unit weight of the displaced
soil and replaced by concrete:
5. Find required area of footing base and establish length and width:
For square footings choose B > S q r t ( A r e q )
For rectangular footings choose B
L > A
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 127
6. Check transfer of load from column to footing: ACI 15.8

a. Find load transferred by bearing on concrete in column: ACI 10.17 basic:
()P n = ( 0.85f' c A x where ( = 0.65 and A1 is the area of the column
(Where
With confinement: P n = 0.85 f' c A 1
A2
A1
cannot exceed 2)
A2
A1
Note: IF the column concrete strength is lower than the footing, calculate Pn for the column too.
b. Find the load transferred by dowels
Do we ls =
If Pn >Pu
P u - P n
only nominal dowels are required
c. Find required area of dowels and choose bars

Choose dowels to satisfy the required area and nominal requirements
1. Minimum of 4 bars
2. Minimum As = 0.005Ag ACI 15.8.2.1
( where Ag is the gross column area)
3. 4 16mm bar
d. Find length of lapped splices of dowels with column bars: ACI 12.16 Ls is the largest
of:
1. larger of ldc or 0.0005 f yd b ( Fy of grade 60 or less)
2. l dc of larger bar
3. not less than 30cm
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 128
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 129
____________________________________________________________________________________________ 130
7.7 Design of Foundation

Type Reaction
footing
D.L
Ps
Ms
Vs
868.67
6.45
-5.11
412.39
3.10
-2.61
F
L.L
Table (7.7-1): serviceability load (SLS) of column 59 on Foundation 33
7.7.1 Area of footing:

Case : (D+L)
Assume L 2.6 m
P PD.L PL.L 868.67 412 1280.67______________ (1)
M M D.L M L.L (Vd VL ) h
M 6.45 3.10 (6.45 3.10) 0.5 14.325
M
14.325
L 2.6
0.0111
0.43 _________(2)
P
1280.67
6 6
(qnet )all qall s ( D f - h f )c h f
(q ) 250 16 (1.6 -0.5)- 240.5 222 kN/m2
e
net all
(qnet )all 222 kN/m2 ________________________________( 3 )
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 131
qnet
Ps e 6
1
B L
L
1280.67 0.0111 6
1
222 2.6
2.6
B 2.27m
B
useB 2.40m
qnet
L 2.6m
( 3b )
1280.67 0.0111 6
210.49 22 _________( 4 ) (O.K)
1
2.6 2.40
2.6
7.7.2 Footing Stability:
Pu 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L 1.4 868.67 1.7 412.39

Pu 1917.201KN ______________________________________( 5)
M u = 1.4 Mu 1.7MuL.L 1.4 6.45 1.7 3.10
d.L
1.4 6.45 1.7 3.10 14.3KN.m

Vu = 1.4 D.L 1.7 L.L 1.4 5.11 1.7 2.61 11.591KN
M V h 14.3 ( 11.59 0.5 )
e u u
Pu
1917.201
e 0.0104 _____________________________________________( 6 )
L
e
(The eccentricity should be lesser than sixth part of long direction)
6
2.6
0.0104
0.43,0.0104 0.43
( O. K )
6
Stability Moment
F .O.S
Over turning moment
2.6
2 1 (Thats OK) ..Stable..
( 6.45 3.10 ) 0.5
(868.67 412.39)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 132
7.7.3 Strength Design:
P
e6
qmax
u 1
,min B L
L
1917.201
0.0104 6
1
qmax
314.6kN/m 2 _______________(7)
2.6 2.4
2.6
1917.201
1
qmin
2.6 2.4
0.0104 6
299.86 kN/m 2 ______________( 8 )
2.6
7.7.4 Check one way shear:
d h c.c d /2
b
d 500 75 16/2 417 mm
(L X )
d (q
(q ) q
q
)
u d
max
min
min
L
L C1
2.6 0.6
X d
- 0.417 0.583
d 2 2
2
2
7.7.5 Actual Shear Stress
( 2.6 0.583)
(314.6 - 299.86) 311.29kN/m2

2.6
(q )
(q u )
d
(Vu ) B ( X ) u max
d
d
2
(q u ) 299.86
d
314.6 311.29
(Vu ) 2.4 0.583
437.87 kN
d
2
Allowable Shear Stress
f c'
Vc 0.85
B d
6
0.85 25 2400 417
Vc
708.9 kN
6 103
Vc 708.9 (Vu ) 437.87 OK
d
Hence , Allowable Shear > Actual Shear (Thats Ok.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 133
7.7.6 Check two way shear:

d=h-C.C-db-500-75-16=409 mm
=C1+d=600+409=1009mm b1
b 2=C2+d=250+409=659mm
b 0=2(b1+b 2)=2(1009+659) =3336 mm
A c b 0 d 3336 409 1 364424 mm 2

J
(b 13 ) d
6
b1 ( d 3 )
6
b
2b 2 d 1
2
(1009 ) 3 (409) 1009 ( 409) 3

1009
2 (659) ( 409 )
2 . 187 10 11 mm 4
6
6
2
b
C a 1 5 04 .5 mm
2
P
1917.201
q av u
307 .24 kN/m 2
B L 2 .6 2 . 4
(V u )
bo
Pu q av (b 1 b 2 )
1 917 307 .24 (1.009 0.659) 1 712 .90 kN/m 2

1
1
1
1
0.491
2 500
2 C1
1
1
3 250
3 C
2
Vu
(Vu )b 0 M u Ca
Ac
J
0.49 14.3 106 504.5

1364424
2.187 1011
1.255 0.0161 1.271 MPa
1712.90 103
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 134
2
2
1 ( ) 1 ( 600 /250 ) 1.833control
(40 409)
K 1 ( s d)/2b 0 1
3.45
2 3336
useK 1.83
0.85 K f c' 0.85 1.83 25
Vc
1.3 MPa
6
6
Vc Vu OK
IF Vc Vu
Increase H
Increase column size
Increase
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 135
7.8 Design of Flexure in Long direction :
L / 2 C1 / 2
(q max q
)
uf
min
min
L
From eq 3b, 7,8
2.6 0.60
(
)
2 (314.6 299.86)
299 2
2.60
299 9.07 308 kN/m 2
B (X ) 2
f [q 2(q )
M
u max ]
uf
uf
6
2.4 .(1) 2
[308 2(314.6)] 374.88 kN.m

6
16
d 500 75 417 mm
2
(M u )
374.88 106
f
Ku
0.0399
2
0.9 f c' B d 2 0.9 25 2400 417
1 1 2.36 K u
1.18
1 1 2.36 (0.0399)
0.0408
1.18
f c'

fy
0.0408
25
0.0024
420
use req 0.0024
req min
o.oo24 0.002
As bd 0.0024 2400 417 2401.4 mm2
number of bars ( N )
(As )total
2401.4
11.86 12
(As )one bar 16 2 /4
use 1216in long direction
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 136
L 2 C.C 2400 2 75
204.5 204 mm
N 1
12 1
Use 12 16 / 204 mm (secondry reinforcem ent)
N 12
m'
516 / m'
L 2 .4
Spacing between bars ( S )
7.9 Design of flexure in Short direction:
d h c.c 1.5d
b
500 75 1.5 16 401 mm
P
1280.67
qav u
205.23 kN/m 2
B L 2.4 2.6
( (B C2 ) / 2 )2
M qav
uf
2
(2.4 0.25) / 2 2
M 205.23
118.85 kN.m
uf
2
M u f 106
Ku
0.9 f c' L d 2
118.85 106
Ku
0.0126
0.9 25 2600 4012
1 1 2.36 (0.0126)
0.0126
1.18
f c'
fy
0.0126
25
0.0008 min
420
use min 0.002
As b d 0.002 2600 401 2085 mm 2
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 137
number of bars ( N )
(As )
total 2085.2 10.37 11
2
(As )
one bar 16 /4
use 1116
Spacing between bars ( S ) 2600 275 250 mm
101
11 16 / 245mm (main reinforcement)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 138
Fig 7.5 Detailed Reinforced for foundation

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 139
7.10 Development length in footing :
L C
L provided - - C.C
d
2 2
0.9 f y d K1 K 2 K 3
b
L required
d
K f c'
4
where :
d = 16 mm
f y = 420 MPa
b
K1 = 1.0 for bottom bars
K1 1.3 for top bars
(A s ) req
2401
K 2 = 0.8 for d < 19 mm
K3 =
= 0.995
b
(A s ) prov 2411.52
C
K4
2.5
d
b
L C1
2600 600
L
C.C
75 925 mm
d provided in long
2
2
B C2
2400 250
L
C.C
75 1000 mm
d provided in short
2
2
0.9 420 16 1 0.8 0.995
L required
385.13 mm
d
2.5 25
L provided L required
OK
d
d
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 140
7.11 Bearing strength
Bearing strength of column:
Puo ( 0.85 f c'

C1 C2 )
column
Puo 0.7( 0.85 25 250 600 ) 10 -3 2231.25 kN Pu ( 1280.67 )
A1 C1 C2 0.6 0.25 0.15 m2
A2 L B 2.6 2.4 6.24 m 2
where
A2
6.24
6.44 2
A1
0.15
(code clause)
Bearing strength of Footing:
Puo ( 0.85 f c'
column
C1 C 2 )
A2
A1
Puo 0.7( 0.85 25 250 600 2 ) 4462.5
use
A2
A1
(ACI 318 - 02 Clause)
We can use min (As) dowels:
( A ) dowel 0.005 ( A ) col

s
s
0.005 ( 250 600 ) 750 mm 2
4 14
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 141
7.12 Development of dowels :
(L
)
d com
L 1
L1
f y .d
b
. K 1. K
'
4 fc
296.94 mm
h - c.c - 2 d
b
500 - 75 - 2 16
393 mm 296.14
1.3 (L ) com
d
1.3 296 . 94 386 . 022
available
420 16
1 0.8
4 25
mm
O.K
use 450mm
Footing
Long direction
Short direction
Symbol
Length(m)
Width(m)
As
Spacing
As
Spacing
F1
2.5
2.3
1016
250
916
250
F2
3.1
3.1
1216
250
1216
250
F3
2.6
2.4
1216
225
1116
250
Table7.10 shows dimension and reinforcement of foundation
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 142
8. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE WORK
8.1 Conclusion & Recommendations
Accurate Loads & analysis are the key to correct design also during the design phase it
plays important role to minimize the construction cost. Excellent designers must have
the capacity for organization and management to conduct the process of design so that
it includes cost consideration during the design process.
This research presented a model for design of reinforced concrete elements
since they represent the high value of the total cost of the constructed facility.
In the study, it was found out that, in beams, the ACI 318 allows designer to
use sections more than required. Hence, care should be taken while making
preliminary assumptions for sections as the minimum reinforcement is directly
connected to the gross area (area of section),therefore if too large section is supposed
it may be safe but may have more than enough required reinforcement and hence may
increase in overall cost.
For columns, ACI 318 gives very few limitations for columns , it is stated that
percentage of steel should be in between 1% - 8 %, where as it is felt that amount of
steel less than 1% has a distinct possibility of non-ductile failure as may occur in plain
concrete column. It should be interesting to know that actually , the code (10.8.4)
does permit the use of less than 1% steel if the column is larger than necessary to
carry the loads required . Practically it is rather difficult to fit more than 4% - 5% steel
into formworks and still get concrete down into forms .
The code used was ACI318. The calculations were done on the design of three story
structures elements, which are beams, columns, slabs and foundation. A specific load
was applied and designs were carried by Robot analysis software using ACI code to
find the minimum cost and maximum safety of design according to the code.
143
Conclusions & Recommendations
From the study, it was concluded that all design done on software require sound
knowledge about design methods and philosophies,
The Recommendation I would like to make is that all Civil Engineers should
understand the theory of structures before diving in to lengthy calculations and
mathematics of design and analysis.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that an engineer should not entirely rely on
computerized results as many errors and mistakes are usually resulted from fresh
Computer output results. Hence, it is recommended to design a sample with known
results to compare it with the newly generated ones.
8.2 Suggestion for Further Works

After designing the building with ACI code and explaining the optimum design ,
which is the economical option, the design engineer must improve this method in
order to obtain the optimum design more accurately and easily.
In future, I suggest to any designer to use more than one software of design
especially when to design a large building in which the difference in quantities of
materials is high and that makes the building successful and economic.
By using software programs for design any construction quickly and accurate,
designer engineer can choose and compare more than code to get the minimum cost.
An addition, for more accuracy in design, designer must evaluate the labour costs,
time of construction and finishing costs for the building to obtain the optimum design
of building.
Scope for future works:
1. The above Study can be repeated with different types of steels with
different yield strength and different kinds of concrete with different
compressive strengths
2. The Work can be extended for different kinds of supports other than
fixed
3. The work can be extended and compared by designing by another code
4. The design could be extended by using different load case

144
APPENDICES
Fig 8.1 Column interaction diagram

145
Table (8-2) Coefficients for live- load positive moments in slabs

146
Table (8-3) Coefficients for dead- load positive moments in slabs
147
Table (8-4) Coefficients for negative moments in slabs
148
4.0 REFERENCES.
1- ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (Aci318-08) and
Commentary (ACI318R-08), American Concrete Institute.
2- Design of RC ACI-14-Dr. Nadim , 6th ed
3- Structural Concrete, Theory and Design,4th ed by M.Nadim hassoun
4- IBC Code 2007 Edition
5- Civil-Handbook-by-p-n-Khanna
6- Hibbeler structural analysis 8th Edition
7- Structural Design Guide to the ACI Building Code, 4th ed, 1998_2
8- ACI, Practitioners Guide for Slabs on Ground, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 1998..
9- Reinforced concrete Design theory and examples by T,J MACGinley and BS
CHOO
10- Other final year projects
11- Autodesk Robot Analysis, 2014. structural analysis, design and detailing
software. user manual window version 7.
12- And many other random informative website and resources
149

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DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING ACI-318

MUHAMMAD ABDUL AZEEM BAIG

Faculty of Civil Engineering

: MUHAMMAD ABDUL AZEEM BAIG

: Prof Dr Ibrahim Mohamed Elhaj

For my beloved mother and Father

It has been a good fortune for me to have Dr Ibrahim Mohamed Elhaj as my

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTI-STORY

3.1.16 Maximum Reinforcement Ratio

7.11 Bearing Stregth of column and footing

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Table 2.1: Design input detail of building

Table 2.2: Initial Sizes and Specification of building

Table 2.3: Areas of groups of bars

Table 2.4:Detail Dead load

Table 2.5: Detail of Self weight of slab

Table 2.6: partial Safety factors according to ACI 318-02

Table 2.7: Live Loads from ASCE

Table 3.1 : Minimum thickness of beam & slabs

Table 3.2: Reinforcement of one-way slab

Table 4.1: Design for Shear by stirrups under ACI 318-08

Table 4.2: Beam Reinforcement tables

Table 5.1: Data for design of stairs

Table 6.1 : Preliminary assumed sections of columns

Table 6.2: Design Value Obtained from Robot -Analysis

Table 6.3: Columns Reinforcements

Table 7.1: Servicbilty load for foundations

Table 7.2: Reinforcement table for foundations

Figure 1.1: Front view of building

Figure 1.2: Side view A of Buiding

Figure 1.3: Side view B

Figure 1.4: perespective view

Figure 2.1:Design /Cost Relation Ship

Figure 2.2: Model of R.A for design

Figure 2 .3: Axis Plan

Figure 2.4: First and Second floor plan

Figure 2.5: Ground Floor plan

Flow-chart1 : Desing Procedure

Figure 3.1 : Typical types of slabs

Figure 3.3: Slab S2 , two way slab as design sample

Figure 3.4: One way slab S8 for design

Figure 4.1: Types of beams

Flow-chart4.1 : Design procedure for singly reinforced rectangular section

Flow-chart4.2 : Design procedure for Doubly reinforced rectangular section

Figure 4.2: B.M.D for beam 59 from robot structural analysis

Figure 4.3: Spans and sections of beam 59 for design

Flow-chart4.3 : Design procedure for Shear of beams

Figure 4.4: S.F.D for beam 59 from robot structural analysis

Figure 4.5 : Reinforced concrete beams reinforcement model

Figure 5.1 : Dimensions of stairs

Figure 5.3 :plan for stairs

Figure 5.4 :vertical cut section of stairs

Figure 5.5 :Loading diagram for flight 1 & 3

Figure 5.6 :B.M.D for flight 1 & 3

Figure 5.8-5.10 :Loading -B.M.D and S.F.D or flight 2

Figure 5.7: Reinforcment for stairs

Figure 6.3: Different kinds of column reinforcements

Figure 6.4: Elevation plans showing assigned names to coloumns of different

Figure 6.9: shows minimum requirements for splices

Figure 6.10: Reinforcment detail of columns

Figure 6.11: Naming of columns from R.S.A

Figure 7.2: Foundation plans showing assined names to foundations

Figure 7.3: Shows load on foundation by 3d structural model on R.S.A