Principles

of Scien.c Research
Chapter 2

Variables
What are you trying to measure?
Independent Variable: What you are
manipula.ng

Lecture Length

Dependent Variable: What you are

measuring

Sleepiness

Does lecture length (IV) predict sleepiness (DV)?

Opera.onalizing Variables
We have to opera2onalize our variables
(dene how we are measuring them)

How do we measure
sleepiness?
Is the methodology
prac.cal and
aordable?

Measuring Things

Validity
Reliability
Generalizability

Validity

Validity: the degree that you are actually

measuring what you think you are measuring.
Can you dieren2ate sleepy people from people who are not
sleepy?

Reliability

Reliability: the degree that your test gives

consistent and stable answers, over .me or
popula.ons
If I were to test you guys with my Sleepy Test today and
next week, would you get the same results?

Generalizability
Generalizability: the degree
to which your test can be
applied to other situa.ons,
individuals, or events

If I tested a class of engineering
students with the Sleepy Test, would
they get the same results?

Generalizability
The most generalizable
results oOen come from tests
with large sample sizes of
randomly selected
par.cipants
But in Psychology, we oOen use
convenient samples (the
people who are most readily
available, i.e. you guys!)

Experimental Designs
Descrip6ve Research: what is the phenomena?
Case studies in-depth report about
the details of a specic (usually)
atypical case
Natural Observa2on observing
people or animals in their natural
seUng keep it objec.ve!
Ques2onnaires self-report,
subjec.ve responses from the
par.cipant need to ensure valid and
reliable ques.ons and norms

Experimental Designs
Correla6onal Research: how does
the phenomena relate to other
phenomenon?
Finds associa.ons, not causes!

Professors
Sleepiness

Students
Sleepiness

Correla.onal Research
Third variable problem a third, unmeasured
variable could be responsible for a correla.on

7am
Class
Professors
Sleepiness

Students
Sleepiness

Correla.onal Research

Experimental Designs (Contd)

Experimental Research: what is the cause of the
phenomena?
Independent variable (IV): what you are manipula.ng
Eg. lecture length

Dependent variable (DV): what you are measuring

Eg. sleepiness

Experimental Control allows

you to manipulate the IV and
see how it eects the DV, to
infer causality.

Experimental Designs (Contd)

Within subject design: uses the same par.cipants
are used in all condi.ons (respond to all types of
s.muli being tested)

Between subject design: compares the performance
of par.cipants in dierent groups
experimental group
control group

The strongest ndings..

are supported by a variety of studies using
dierent designs, measures, samples, and
techniques

Ethics in research
Research Ethics Board (REB): a commi]ee responsible for the
protec.on of human research par.cipants
Risks in psychological research:
possible cogni.ve & emo.onal stress
breach of privacy
Before the study: Informed consent
AOer the study: Debrieng
Anonymity & conden6ality

Medita.on

What is Medita.on?
any procedure that involves a shiK in consciousness
to a state in which an individual is highly focused,
aware, and in control of mental processes

There are many dierent ways to meditate

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Medita.on Types
Focused A]en.on (FA) Medita.on:
Reduce inuence of distrac.ng or nega.ve
thoughts and focus on single object/sensa.on

Open Monitoring (OM) Medita.on:

Pay a]en.on to moment-by-moment sensa.ons
without focusing on any par.cular object
A]empts to experience each sensa.on intensely

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Clinical Implica.ons
Used to treat Anxiety & Depression
Does it work?
YES!



Clinical treatment programs: improving well-being and
reducing nega.ve experiences
Reduce everyday levels of stress, depression, anxiety,
and more chronic psychiatric disorders
Reduce pain in chronic pain pa.ents
Kris.n Wilson 2015

Advantages of Medita.on
How does it work?
Improves
Emo.onal control
reduced brain ac.vity in brain regions related to nega.ve
emo.ons (e.g., amygdala)
A]en.onal control
Enhanced ability to inhibit responses (ignore distractors)
improvement to emo.onal well-being

Reduc.on in stress markers

cor.sol

Improved working memory

under stress

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Drugs

Neural Talk: Chemicals and Electricity

Whether a neuron talks to another neuron in a
given moment depend on chemical signals
received by the dendrites at the synap.c cleO

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Electrical Signal Chemical Signals

At the terminal bu]ons the electrical signal causes sacs
lled with neurotransmi]ers called vesicles to release
their contents into the synap.c cleO
Terminal
Bu]on of
Presynap.c
Neuron

Vesicle

Dendrite of
Postsynap.c
Neuron

Synap.c CleO

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Ques.on
If GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmi]er and
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmi]er
what eect would these two neurotransmi]ers
have on a receiving neuron?

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Drug Ac.ons
Drugs alter post-synap.c neuron ring altering
consciousness/behaviour

Agonist (enhance/mimics the ac.vity of a NT)

Antagonist (blocks/inhibits the ac.vity of a NT)


Dopamine release into Nucleus Accumbens and the Ventral
Tegmental Area (VTA) likely related to the high associated
with many drugs
Pleasure: Reinforce the drug-taking behaviour

Kris.n Wilson 2015

How do alter post-synap.c transmission

1. Changing the amount of NTs released to synapse

Kris.n Wilson 2015

How do alter post-synap.c transmission

2. Preven.ng Re-uptake

Kris.n Wilson 2015

How do alter post-synap.c transmission

3. Blocking the receptor that the NT normally binds to









Kris.n Wilson 2015

How do alter post-synap.c transmission

4. Binding to the receptor in place of the neurotransmi]er









Kris.n Wilson 2015

How to Study for this Sec.on

Table 5.3 page 212
For each drug, what are the eects?
What are the chemical eects? Neurotransmi]ers?
Inuence on receptors?
Understand the pathway: how does the drug cause
the psychological and physical eects agonist or
antagonist?
Make your own table with addi.onal informa.on for
each drug!
Kris.n Wilson 2015

S.mulants
Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy

Cocaine: blocks the reuptake of dopamine
in reward centers of the brain
Agonist or antagonist?

Methamphetamine: s.mulates the release

of dopamine into synap.c cleO
Agonist or antagonist?

Ecstacy (MDMA): s.mulates mass release

of serotonin into synapse & blocks
reuptake
Agonist or antagonist?
Kris.n Wilson 2015

Hallucinogens
LSD, Psilocybin, Ketamine, DMT


LSD (Acid) & Psilocybin (mushrooms):
S.mulates serotonin
Ketamine: blocks receptors for
glutamate (excitatory NT)
Agonist or antagonist?

DMT (Ayahuasca): mechanisms are

unclear

Marijuana
contains high concentra.on of the
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compound
mimics an endogenous brain chemical
both bind to cannabinoid receptors
induce feelings of euphoria, relaxa.on, reduced pain,
heightened and some.mes distorted sensory
experiences
s.mulate ones appe.te
possible eects on cogni.ve abili.es (memory and
cogni.on)
Kris.n Wilson 2015

Alcohol
targets mainly GABA receptors (and also
opiate and dopamine receptors).
GABA: inhibitory NT, reduces central
nervous system ac.vity impairment in
balance and coordina.on

Alcohol increases this inhibitory brain

chemical, inhibits the frontal lobes of the
brain the part that inhibit behaviour and
impulses it inhibits an inhibitor
disinhibi.on (i.e., more outgoing behaviour)

Opiate + dopamine: accounts for the

euphoria associated with lower doses
and rewarding eects

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Tolerance & Withdrawal

- Tolerance: When repeated use of a drug results in a need for a
higher dose to get intended eect
- This happens when receptors are over-s.mulated by NTs, the
neurons re at a higher rate than normal
- The brain/neuron tries to restore homeostasis: the neuron may
down-regulate the receptors, making it more dicult to s.mulate
- Withdrawal: When you take the drug away, the brain is now
missing the ac.on of the drug and the related NT which results in
adverse side-eects. Takes .me to return to normal func.on

- Dependence
- Psychological
- Physical

Kris.n Wilson 2015

Chapter 6: Learning
Modules 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
October 7, 2016
Anuya PaAl

Classical CondiAoning
US
UR

NS

NS

UR

US

CR

CS

Acquisi3on
CS + US

Ex3nc3on
CS alone

Spontaneous
Recovery

Drug Tolerance
Drug InjecAon
(US)

Environmental
cue
(NS)

Environmental
cue
(CS)

Physiological
changes in the
body
(UR)

Physiological
changes in the
body
(preparatory
response)
(CR)

Operant CondiAoning
Reinforcement is a process in which an event or reward that follows
a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
Law of eect
Reinforcer

Punishment is a process that decreases the future probability of a

response
punisher

NegaAve Reinforcement
Avoidance Learning: removes the possibility that a sAmulus will occur
Avoiding a yard where there is a barking dog
Avoiding taking a math course in college because of a bad grade in high
school math

Escape Learning: occurs if response removes a sAmulus that is

already present
Opening an umbrella to stop geUng drenched in the rain

Reinforcers
Discrimina3ve s3mulus is a cue or event that indicates that a
response, if made, will be reinforced
Discrimina3on occurs when an operant response is made to one
sAmulus but not to another (no maVer how similar they are)
Generaliza3on occurs when an operant response takes place to a
sAmulus similar to the original one
Ex3nc3on is the weakening of an operant response when
reinforcement is disconAnued.

ApplicaAons of Operant CondiAoning

Shaping: creaAng a specic operant response by reinforcing
successive approximaAons of that response
Training a child to eat with a spoon (picking up spoon, puUng spoon in the
food bowl, scooping food into spoon, liYing spoonful of food, puUng food in
mouth)

Chaining: linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a

more complex acAon
You can learn to run aYer learning to walk

Schedules of Reinforcement
ConAnuous: every response results in reinforcement
IntermiVent: only a few responses result in reinforcement
Ra3o

Interval

Fixed

Reinforcement
provided aYer a
xed amount of
responses

Reinforcement
provided aYer a
xed amount of
3me has elapsed

Variable

Reinforcement
provided following a
variable amount of
responses

Reinforcement
provided aYer a
variable amount of
3me has elapsed

IdenAfy the Schedules of Reinforcement

Alex collects aluminum cans and drops them o at the local grocery
store for cash. He works hard gathering cans because he earns
twenty-four cents for each pound of cans he collects.
Lynn goes door-to-door selling cookies. SomeAmes people buy a box,
other Ames they do not. Lynn knows that the more doors she knocks
on, the higher her total sales will be.
Because Elaines psychology teacher tends to given unannounced pop
quizzes, she studies more frequently and consistently for her
psychology class than she does for any other class.
Jacks job allows a lot of freedom. He can work hard or not so hard &
either way he gets his usual paycheck at the end of the week.

CogniAve PerspecAves on Learning

Latent learning is that which is not immediately expressed by a
response unAl the organism is reinforced for doing so
Acquiring informaAon in the absence of immediate reinforcement

S-O-R (SAmulus-Organism-Response) Theory

Individual dierences in responses based on dierent cogniAve interpretaAon
of situaAon

ObservaAonal Learning: changes in behaviour as a result of watching

others

ObservaAonal Learning Processes

AFen3on: cannot learn unless you pay aVenAon to the act/behaviour
Memory: remember the behaviour so that it can be reproduced at a
later Ame
Ability: must possess intellectual or physical capabiliAes to reproduce
watched behaviour
Mo3va3on: must be moAvated to reproduce behaviour

ObservaAonal Learning
ImitaAon: recreaAng someone elses motor behaviour or expression,
oYen to accomplish a certain goal
Bobo Doll experiment (Bandura, 1963)
Viewing aggression makes children temporarily more likely to be aggressive
Children who watched adults aVacthe doll replicated the behaviour
Children who watched adults

PracAce QuesAons!

Which part of the ear performs

transducAon?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Cochlea
Ear canal
Malleus
Pinna

Which part of the ear performs

transducAon?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Cochlea
Ear canal
Malleus
Pinna

A between-subject design diers from a

within-subject design because:
a) a between-subject design compares performance of parAcipants in
dierent groups, a within-subject design uses the same parAcipants
for all condiAons
b) a between-subject design compares a parAcipants performance in
more than one condiAons, a within-subject design compares the
performances of dierent parAcipants in only one condiAon
c) a between-subject design compares performance of parAcipants at
dierent Ame points, a within-subject design compares parAcipants
at only one Ame point

A between-subject design diers from a

within-subject design because:
a) a between-subject design compares performance of par3cipants in
dierent groups, a within-subject design uses the same
par3cipants for all condi3ons
b) a between-subject design compares a parAcipants performance in
more than one condiAons, a within-subject design compares the
performances of dierent parAcipants in only one condiAon
c) a between-subject design compares performance of parAcipants at
dierent Ame points, a within-subject design compares parAcipants
at only one Ame point

Jenny is having trouble hearing and making sense of

sounds, but her ears are ne. She may have damage in
her __________ lobe.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Jenny is having trouble hearing and making sense of

sounds, but her ears are ne. She may have damage in
her __________ lobe.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Which neurotransmiVer is thought to be related to the

high associated with many drugs?

a)
b)
c)
d)

GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate

Which neurotransmiVer is thought to be related to the

high associated with many drugs?

a)
b)
c)
d)

GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate

Hallucinogens include:
a)
b)
c)
d)

LSD, psilocybin, ecstasy, ketamine

alcohol, marijuana, cocaine
ketamine, DMT, LSD, psilocybin
ketamine, methamphetamine, LSD, psilocybin

Hallucinogens include:
a)
b)
c)
d)

LSD, psilocybin, ecstasy, ketamine

alcohol, marijuana, cocaine
ketamine, DMT, LSD, psilocybin
ketamine, methamphetamine, LSD, psilocybin

Taste Aversion can be explained by:

a)
b)
c)
d)

Classical CondiAoning
Operant CondiAoning
ObservaAonal Learning
Preparedness

Taste Aversion can be explained by:

a)
b)
c)
d)

Classical Condi3oning
Operant CondiAoning
ObservaAonal Learning
Preparedness

How does open monitoring meditaAon

dierent from focused aVenAon meditaAon?
a) open monitoring meditaAon involves focusing on a specic object
or physical sensaAon
b) open monitoring meditaAon involves accepAng physical sensaAons
in a non-judgmental way and re-focusing your aVenAon
c) open monitoring meditaAon involves disengaging your aVenAon
d) open monitoring meditaAon involves focusing on negaAve and
distracAng thoughts

How does open monitoring meditaAon

dierent from focused aVenAon meditaAon?
a) open monitoring meditaAon involves focusing on a specic object
or physical sensaAon
b) open monitoring meditaAon involves accepAng physical sensaAons
in a non-judgmental way and re-focusing your aVenAon
c) open monitoring medita3on involves disengaging your aFen3on
d) open monitoring meditaAon involves focusing on negaAve and
distracAng thoughts

An independent variable is:

a) the variable you are measuring
b) the variable that you didnt consider
c) the variable you are manipulaAng

An independent variable is:

a) the variable you are measuring
b) the variable that you didnt consider
c) the variable you are manipula3ng

What type of sample is best when

conducAng research?
a)
b)
c)
d)

convenience sample
proper sample
choice sample
random sample

What type of sample is best when

conducAng research?
a)
b)
c)
d)

convenience sample
proper sample
choice sample
random sample

When the buzzer goes o on the microwave

oven, Mary opens the door and eats her
mun. What is the discriminaAve sAmulus?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Mary
Buzzer of the microwave oven
Warm mun
Microwave door

When the buzzer goes o on the microwave

oven, Mary opens the door and eats her
mun. What is the discriminaAve sAmulus?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Mary
Buzzer of the microwave oven
Warm mun
Microwave door

PercepAon involves:
a)
b)
c)
d)

DetecAng external sAmuli

AVenAon, organizaAon, categorizaAon and interpretaAon of sAmuli
Perceiving and understanding the world as it actually is
Transducing informaAon in the world into neural signals

PercepAon involves:
a) DetecAng external sAmuli
b) AFen3on, organiza3on, categoriza3on and interpreta3on of
s3muli
c) Perceiving and understanding the world as it actually is
d) Transducing informaAon in the world into neural signals

When a neuron res, it:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Becomes hyper-polarized
Becomes depolarized
Goes from a posiAve to a negaAve charge
Goes from a negaAve to a posiAve charge
B & D
A & D

When a neuron res, it:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Becomes hyper-polarized
Becomes depolarized
Goes from a posiAve to a negaAve charge
Goes from a negaAve to a posiAve charge
B & D
A & D

In the brain, neural cell bodies make up:

a)
b)
c)
d)

White maVer
The cerebral cortex
Grey maVer
The diencephalon

In the brain, neural cell bodies make up:

a)
b)
c)
d)

White maVer
The cerebral cortex
Grey maFer
The diencephalon

John feeds his cat canned food. He noAces that

every Ame he uses the electric can opener, his cat
rushes to the kitchen. What is the condiAoned
sAmulus?
a)
b)
c)
d)

John
Cat coming to the kitchen
Electric can opener
Cat food

John feeds his cat canned food. He noAces that

every Ame he uses the electric can opener, his cat
rushes to the kitchen. What is the condiAoned
sAmulus?
a)
b)
c)
d)

John
Cat coming to the kitchen
Electric can opener
Cat food

When consuming alcohol, which region of

the brain is inhibited by GABA?
a)
b)
c)
d)

the frontal lobes

the nucleus accumbens
the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
the parietal lobes

When consuming alcohol, which region of

the brain is inhibited by GABA?
a)
b)
c)
d)

the frontal lobes

the nucleus accumbens
the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
the parietal lobes

Robert developed a condiAoned response of fear

and anxiety to hearing music by Mozart. If he
were to have the same response to any classical
music, it would be called:
a)
b)
c)
d)

AcquisiAon
Spontaneous recovery
GeneralizaAon
DiscriminaAon

Robert developed a condiAoned response of fear

and anxiety to hearing music by Mozart. If he
were to have the same response to any classical
music, it would be called:
a)
b)
c)
d)

AcquisiAon
Spontaneous recovery
Generaliza3on
DiscriminaAon

John is a split-brain paAent. His brain is otherwise

typical. You quickly ash a picture of a dog in his
leY visual eld, and a chicken in his right visual
eld. You ask him what he saw. What will he say?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Chicken
Dog
A combined chicken-dog
Trick quesAon; he wont consciously see anything

John is a split-brain paAent. His brain is otherwise

typical. You quickly ash a picture of a dog in his
leY visual eld, and a chicken in his right visual
eld. You ask him what he saw. What will he say?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Chicken
Dog
A combined chicken-dog
Trick quesAon; he wont consciously see anything

John is a split-brain paAent. His brain is otherwise

typical. You quickly ash a picture of a dog in his
leY visual eld, and a chicken in his right visual
eld. You put a pencil in his leY hand and ask him
to draw what he saw. What will he draw?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Chicken
Dog
A combined chicken-dog
Trick quesAon; he wont consciously see anything

John is a split-brain paAent. His brain is otherwise

typical. You quickly ash a picture of a dog in his
leY visual eld, and a chicken in his right visual
eld. You put a pencil in his leY hand and ask him
to draw what he saw. What will he draw?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Chicken
Dog
A combined chicken-dog
Trick quesAon; he wont consciously see anything

Which of the following statements about

operant condiAoning is true?
a) Good grades are an example of primary, posiAve reinforcers.
b) If a rat was rewarded for pressing a lever every ve Ames on
average, we would call this a variable interval schedule of
reinforcement.
c) Gives a dollar to a child for every A they get is posiAve
reinforcement.
d) Taking away a childs favourite toy when the child misbehaves is
negaAve reinforcement.

Which of the following statements about

operant condiAoning is true?
a) Good grades are an example of primary, posiAve reinforcers.
b) If a rat was rewarded for pressing a lever every ve Ames on
average, we would call this a variable interval schedule of
reinforcement.
c) Giving a dollar to a child for every A they get is posi3ve
reinforcement.
d) Taking away a childs favourite toy when the child misbehaves is
negaAve reinforcement.

Red lights are oYen used in special circumstances - for

instance, in the control rooms of submarines, in
research laboratories, aircraY, or during naked-eye
astronomy. Why do you think this is?
a) Red lights are romanAc
b) Cones are not sensiAve to red light, leaving them available for processing
in the dark. Rods are sensiAve to red light, so they provide precise and
detailed vision.
c) Cones and rods interact beVer in long wavelength (e.g. red) light beVer
than in short wavelength light.
d) Cones receive enough light to provide precise and detailed vision. Rods
are not saturated by red light, therefore leaving people dark adapted.
e) Opponent-process theory teaches us that red lights will suppress the
percepAon of green.

Red lights are oYen used in special circumstances - for

instance, in the control rooms of submarines, in
research laboratories, aircraY, or during naked-eye
astronomy. Why do you think this is?
a) Red lights are romanAc
b) Cones are not sensiAve to red light, leaving them available for processing
in the dark. Rods are sensiAve to red light, so they provide precise and
detailed vision.
c) Cones and rods interact beVer in long wavelength (e.g. red) light beVer
than in short wavelength light.
d) Cones receive enough light to provide precise and detailed vision. Rods
are not saturated by red light, therefore leaving people dark adapted.
e) Opponent-process theory teaches us that red lights will suppress the
percepAon of green.

In signal detecAon theory, a miss is when:

a)
b)
c)
d)

You report detecAng a sAmulus when there was one

You report not detecAng a sAmulus when there was one
You report detecAng a sAmulus when there was not one
You report not detecAng a sAmulus when there was not one

In signal detecAon theory, a miss is when:

a)
b)
c)
d)

You report detecAng a sAmulus when there was one

You report not detec3ng a s3mulus when there was one
You report detecAng a sAmulus when there was not one
You report not detecAng a sAmulus when there was not one

Which of the following is/are clinical

implicaAon(s) of meditaAon?
a)
b)
c)
d)

It reduces levels of stress

It reduces chronic psychiatric disorders
It reduces chronic pain
all of the above

Which of the following is/are clinical

implicaAon(s) of meditaAon?
a)
b)
c)
d)

It reduces levels of stress

It reduces chronic psychiatric disorders
It reduces chronic pain
all of the above

Debrieng must be done _______ an

experiment and informed consent must be
done _______ an experiment.
a) before, aYer
b) aYer, before
c) party way through, before

Debrieng must be done _______ an

experiment and informed consent must be
done _______ an experiment.
a) before, aYer
b) aWer, before
c) party way through, before

We have run an experiment to examine if when the Blue Jays

drink blue Gatorade, they are also more likely to win their
game. We nd that the Jays do win more games when they
drink blue Gatorade. We also nd that the Jays only drink blue
Gatorade during games their best pitcher is playing. What
type of research design have we used, and how many
variables are involved?
a)
b)
c)
d)

CorrelaAonal, 3 variables
Experimental, 3 variables
ObservaAonal, 2 variables
CorrelaAonal, 2 variables

We have run an experiment to examine if when the Blue Jays

drink blue Gatorade, they are also more likely to win their
game. We nd that the Jays do win more games when they
drink blue Gatorade. We also nd that the Jays only drink blue
Gatorade during games their best pitcher is playing. What
type of research design have we used, and how many
variables are involved?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Correla3onal, 3 variables
Experimental, 3 variables
ObservaAonal, 2 variables
CorrelaAonal, 2 variables

The phrase, the whole is more than the sum

of its parts applies most to which theory?
a)
b)
c)
d)

AVenAonal blindness
Signal detecAon theory
Gestalt principles
Open monitoring meditaAon

The phrase, the whole is more than the sum

of its parts applies most to which theory?
a)
b)
c)
d)

AVenAonal blindness
Signal detecAon theory
Gestalt principles
Open monitoring meditaAon

Cocaine is a antagonist that blocks the

reuptake of dopamine in reward centers of
the brain.
a) True
b) False

Cocaine is a antagonist that blocks the

reuptake of dopamine in reward centers of
the brain.
a) True
b) False

The __________ of the neuron receives signals

from other neurons, and the _________ sends
signals to other neurons.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Dendrites ; Terminal buVons

Dendrites ; Cell body
Axon ; Dendrites
Cell body ; Terminal buVons

The __________ of the neuron receives signals

from other neurons, and the _________ sends
signals to other neurons.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Dendrites ; Terminal buFons

Dendrites ; Cell body
Axon ; Dendrites
Cell body ; Terminal buVons