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Research

May 2016

A Comparative Study of
Construction Cost and
Commercial Management
Services in the UK and China

rics.org/research

A Comparative Study of
Construction Cost and
Commercial Management
Services in the UK and China

rics.org/research

Report for Royal Institution


of Chartered Surveyors
Report written by:
Prof. Srinath Perera PhD MSc IT BSc (Hons) QS MRICS AAIQS
Chair in Construction Economics
srinath.perera@northumbria.ac.uk
kimtag.com/srinath
Dr. Lei Zhou
Senior Lecturer
Dr. Chika Udeaja
Senior Lecturer
Michele Victoria
Researcher
Northumbria University
northumbria-qs.org
Prof. Qijun Chen
Director of Human Resource Department,
Shandong Jianzhu University

RICS Research team


Dr. Clare Eriksson FRICS
Director of Global Research & Policy
ceriksson@rics.org

Funded by:

Amanprit Johal
Global Research and Policy Manager
ajohal@rics.org
Published by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
RICS, Parliament Square, London SW1P 3AD

www.rics.org
The views expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of RICS nor any body
connected with RICS. Neither the authors, nor RICS accept any liability arising from
the use of this publication.
The RICS Research Trust, a registered
charity established by RICS in 1955
to support research and education
in the field of surveying.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Copyright RICS 2016

RICS Research 2016

...............................................................................................................5

...............................................................................................................7

1.0 ...............................................................................................................17

1.1
.......................................................................................................17
1.2
..........................................................................................17

2.0 .................................................................................... 18

2.1
..................................................................................... 18
2.2
............................................................................................. 22
2.3
.................................................................... 24
2.4
........................................................................ 28
2.5
............................................................................................. 32
2.6
................................................................................ 33

3.0 .................................................................................... 34

3.1
............................................................................................. 34
3.2
........................................................... 35
3.3
................................................................... 36
3.4
................................................................... 36
3.5
................................................................... 38
3.6
........................................................................ 40
3.7
................................................................... 41

4.0 ........................................................................................................ 42
4.1
1-............................................................ 44
4.2
2-RICS .......................................... 44
4.3
3-................................................................................. 44
5.0 ........................................................................................................ 45
5.1
RICS ................................................................................................... 45
5.2
................................................................................................. 52
6.0 ........................................................... 55

6.1
..................................................................................... 56
6.2
............................................................................................. 58
6.3
.................................................................... 65
6.4
............................................................................................. 76

7.0 ........................................................................................................ 79
7.1
................................................................................ 80
7.2
................................................................................ 87
8.0 ..................................................................... 93
8.1
............................................................... 93
8.2
............................................................... 95
8.3
....................................................... 97
9.0 .............................................................................................................. 98
9.1
................................................................................ 98
9.2
CCCMF........................................ 99

RICS Research 2016

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9.3
.......................................................................................101
9.4
...........................................................................................101

10.0 ......................................................................................................102
11.0 ACCMP...................................................104
12.0 B (ECP).............................................................115

AACE
APC
APM
Assoc RICS
BCIS
BEF
BIM
BoQ
BOT
CCCM
CDM Regulations
CE
CECA
CESMM
CIBSE
CIOB
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CPD
CQS
CVR
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ECP
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FIDIC
FIG
FRICS
HR
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ICEC
ICT
IMI
IPMS
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JCT
MoC
MoHURD
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--

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RICS Research 2016

MP
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NDRC
NEC
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RICS Research 2016

RICS

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CCCM

CCCM
1.

2.
RICS

170

(Kirkham, 2007)

(Ashworth
&Perera, 2015)

(Cartlidge, 2011)

(Kirkham, 2007Potts, 2008 Ashworth


& Perera,2015)NRM (RICS, 2012a
2012b RICS, 2014)RICS

3. :

RICS Research 2016

(Shen and Song, 1998)

(Smith, et al, 2004)1978

(Fan, 1988; Chen and Wills, 1999)

(Smith, et al, 2004) DBB

(Smith, et al, 2004)


200371

GB50500-2003
CVBOQ
(Chen, et al, 2011)

(Chen, et al
2011)

5
2013

GB50500-2013

(Shen and Song, 1998)

RICS

RICS
APC

RICS

RICS
NRMRICS
RICS
RICS
RICS

RICS Research 2016

250
50
30

21

0.5%
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12

20
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80%

90%

100%

10%

20%

50%

RICS Research 2016

BCIS

RICS

CapIT
,JCTNECFIDIC
3
FIDIC
4

10%

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RICS
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3
SMM7

10

RICS Research 2016

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

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Excel

/Excel
BIM Measure, CostX

BIM35%
20%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

FIDIC

()

2013
2008

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

BIM

RICS Research 2016

11

Adair Associates

1994

2007

20

250

3 -

14

Summers-Inman

2002

1995

120

100

8 1

Revit Vico
Summers-InmanCommission
Manager
IT

Summers-Inman

Summers-Inman

continued

12

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

continued

EC Harris

1912

2001

22,000

150

19

BIMP6

Image source: Svilen Georgiev - Shutterstock.com

RICS Research 2016

13

67

NRM

RICS

RICS

RICS

14

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

RIBA
0

RICS Research 2016

15

16

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

1.0
1.1

1.2

19
Cartlidge
(2002)

(Lowe and
Leiringer, 2006) (Perera and Pearson,
2011)

(Ashworth and Hogg, 2007)

(Cao & Keivani, 2007)

(Zou, et al, 2007)90


7%
2014140000
20000
30Zhou & Yin2012
10000
80
Zhou &
Yin2013

1.
2. 

3. RICS

4. 

5.
6. 

1978

1991-

2003

RICS Research 2016

17

2.0

2.1
2.1.1

Ried1999

Hamilton,
1997
Clough and Sears, 1991

Woodward, 1997
Hamilton, 2001; Huges et al., 2006

RIBA Plan of Work(RIBA


)

18

RICS Research 2016

2.1.2 RIBA
RIBA1963
(RIBA, 2013)
Angela Brady

(RIBA, 2013)RIBA2013
RIBA,20132007RIBA

2013RIBA
21

RIBA

2013

RIBA1963

rics.org/research

2.1

2013RIBA

2013RIBA

2
4

RIBA,2013
2013
2013

RICS Research 2016

19

2.1

2013RIBA

RIBA

0-

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

20

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

2.1.3
OGC1999
Peter Gershon

(Gershon, 1999)
Gershon

Gershon

Gershon19992000

2.1.3.1

NAO2004

2.2

OGC2007a

NAO 2004

2007a




2.2

RICS Research 2016

21

2.1.4

2.2.2 -

EPSRC

Kagioglou et al., 2000

1998 Aouad (1998)


Latham (1994) Egan (1998)

1990

Kagioglou et al., 2000

BOTPFIPPP.

2.2

Franks,
1984

PPP
PFIPPP2.2

2.2.1

22

RICS Research 2016

2.2.3

(Cartildge, 2013)

2.2.4
2.2.4.1 PPP/PFI

PFI ()-

PPP

PF2
PFIPF2PF2
PF2
,
2012

2.2.4.2

2.2.4.3

2.2.4.4

rics.org/research

2.2

RICS Research 2016

23

2.3

2.3.1

14:28

1859


170 (Seeley
and Winfield, 1999; Ashworth,Hogg and Higgs, 2013
) 1864RICSRICS
140182
RICS

(Kirkham, 2007)

(Seeley, 1997)

197020001971

(Cartlidge, 2013)

1998

(Cartlidge, 2013)Cartlidge (2011)


19501980

(Potts, 2008)

2.3.2

(Ashworth and
Hogg, 2007; Kirkham, 2007)

(Ashworth and Hogg, 2007)


(Ashworth and Hogg,
2007)

24

RICS Research 2016

(Ashworth and Hogg,


2007)1960

(Ashworth and
Hogg, 2007)
(Ashworth and Hogg, 2007)

2.3.3

(Ashworth and Hogg,


2007)

(Kirkham,
2007)RICS
RICS,2002

rics.org/research

(Duncan, 2011)

(Kirkham, 2007;
Potts, 2008)

(Potts, 2008)

2.3.4

(Potts, 2008) Potts


(2008), RIBA
2.3.

2.3.4.1

(Kirkham, 2007)

BCIS
1950

RICS BCIS)

(Potts, 2008)

(Duncan, 2011)

2.3

2.3.4.2

(Ashworth and Perera, 2015)


(Potts, 2008)

(Potts, 2008)

2.3.4.3

(Potts,
2008)

(Potts, 2008)

2.3.4.4

1998SMM7RICS
BEC2012RICS
NRM2SMM7

2.3.5

(Potts, 2008)
(Potts, 2008)

(Ashworth
and Hogg, 2007)).

RICS Research 2016

25

2.3.5.1

JCT2005
4.11

2.3.5.2

(Potts, 2008)

2.3.5.3

2.3.5.4

2.3.5.5

Lowe and Leiringer (2006)

(Cottrell, 1978, Walkers and Wilkie, 2002, Lowe


and Leiringer, 2006, Towey, 2012)
RICS

(RICS, 2010)

2.3.6.1

(Towey, 2012)

(Pearson, 1996, Lowe and Leiringer, 2006) Walker


and Wilkie (2002):

Towey (2012)







Lowe and Leiringer (2005)
/

28

(Ashworth and
Hogg, 2007)

Ramus (2006)

26

2.3.6

RICS Research 2016

CVR
(Walker and Wilkie,
2002)

rics.org/research

2.3.7

PQS
(Kirkham, 2007)

2.3.8
2%7%

(Potts, 2008)

1.
2.
3.

(Ashworth and Hogg, 2007)

(CIOB, 1997)

(Potts, 2008)

3 -




4-8%;

(Potts, 2008)

//

RICS Research 2016

27

2.4
2.4

, , (BCIS)

2.4.1
2.4.1.1 (NRM)

2.3

2.3

28

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

2.4

2.4

BCIS

(RICS, 2014)
BCIS
http://www.rics.org/Global/BCIS_Elemental_
Standard_Form_of_Cost_Analysis_4th__NRM__
Edition_2012.pdfNRM1
(RICS,
2014)

2.4.1.2

2.5

(NRM2):

(NRM2):

2.5

(Cartlidge, 2013; RICS, 2012)

(NRM1):

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RICS Research 2016

29

2.4.2
2.4.2.1






SMM
CESMM
NRM

2.4.2.2 (SMM)

1922
100
1988
RICSRICS
RICSNRM2SMM7
NRM2 (Cartlidge, 2011; Cartlidge,
2013)

30

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NRM2201220131
20137SMM7

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2.4.2.3 (NRM 2)

3
41

2.6NRM2

SMM7NRM2

NRM2,

SMM7NRM2

SMM7

NRM2

RICS Research 2016

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2.4.3

2.4.3.3

(Sharma, 2009):

2.4.3.1

(RICS, 2000)

2.4.3.4

(Cartildge, 2013)

2.4.3.2

2.7

2.7

A
B
C

X
Y
Z

&%

Y
Z

RICS Research 2016

31

2.5

JCT

2.5.1

IC

(Towey,2013)1996

(Towey,2013)

DB

2.5.2 JCT

JCT1931JCT
JCT2011

MP

SBCSBC/
AQ

SBC/XQ

32

RICS Research 2016

MW

CM/A
MC
MTC
PCC
RM
CE
HO

2.5.3 NEC
NEC
1993NEC3
2005Latham (1994) NEC
NEC

(Towey, 2013)

2.5.4 FIDIC

1913

1999
(Towey, 2013)

2.5.5
GC/Works/1 (1998):

-ICE 71999

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2.6
2.6.1

(Cartlidge, 2011)

2.6.2

(Ashworth and Hogg 2000)


Value For Money

(OGC,
2008)

(DETR2001)

/
1940

(Ashworth and Perera, 2015)

(Kelly and Male, 2000)

WLC

2003

(OGC, 2003)WLC
PPP/PFI (Ashworth and
Perera, 2015 , Cartlidge, 2013)

2.6.3

NAO
2001NAO

PFIPFI
PFI

RICS Research 2016

33

3.0

3.1
1996(Wu, 2014)
20

1985
(Shen and Song, 1998;
Ding & Smith, 2012)
(Wu, 2014)

2003
(GB50500-2003)
(Zhou &
Yin, 2013)

(Zhou & Yin, 2013; Wu, 2014)

34

RICS Research 2016

30

; (Zhou & Yin,


2013)

rics.org/research

3.2

(Wu, 2014;
Zhou and Yin, 2013)

3.1

3.1

RICS Research 2016

35

3.3

3.4

3.2(Zhou and Yin, 2013)

(Wu, 2014; Zhou


and Yin, 2013)3.3

3.2

3.3

36

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

3.4.1

3.4.3

(Chen, et al, 2011)

(Zhou andYin, 2013)

3.4.2

(Wu, 2014)

RICS Research 2016

37

3.5

3.4.

3.4

38

RICS Research 2016

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3.5.1

3.5.3

3.5.1.1

3.5.3.1

(GB/T50875)

2009

3.5.1.2

(GB/T50531

2009

3.5.1.3

3.5.3.2

2007

3.5.3.3

2010

3.5.3.4

2007
20102014

3.5.2

3.5.3.6

3.5.2.1

(GB50500)

3.5.2.2

2014

3.5.2.3

3.5.3.5

2013

2013

3.5.3.7

2013

3.5.4
3.5.4.1

,
2013

(GBT50353)
2015
1982

3.5.5

3.5.2.4

3.5.2.5

3.5.2.4

3.5.5.1

3.5.5.2

3.5.5.3

3.5.2.6

RICS Research 2016

39

3.6

3.5.

3.6.1

3.6.3

3.5

40

3.6.2

RICS Research 2016

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3.7

3.6

3.7.1

3.7.2

3.7.3

(Zhou and Yin, 2013;Wu,


2014)

3.5

RICS Research 2016

41

4.0
4.1

4.2

4.1

A Comparative Study of Construction Cost and Commercial Management Services in the UK and China

Phase One

China Engineering Cost System

UK Quantity Surveying System

Phase Two

China Engineering Cost Association


(CECA)

Royal Institution of Chartered


Surveyors (RICS)

Phase Three

Engineering Cost Consultancies

Quantity Surveying Firms

UK-China Comparative Cost and Commercial Management Framework (CCCF)

42

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

4.2

25%

100%

RICS

EC Harris
Summers
Inman
Adair Associates

RICS Research 2016

43

4.1 1

3

RICS

4.2 2RICS

4.3 3

4.3.1
2014611

2525%
10199%

4.3.2

44

RICS Research 2016

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5.0
5.1 Royal Institution of
Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
5.1.1
5.1.1.1 RICS

140
1792

John Clutton20

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RICS Research 2016

45

5.1

RICS


1792

1834

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1881

1888

1891

1899

12 Alfred Waterhouse

1921

1922

1930

1946

1953

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Richard Lay

1998

(Harris )

2000

2001

167

2003

400

2004

Sir Bryan Carsberg

2005

120,000

2006

125

2007

46

110,000

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140,000

RICS Research 2016

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5.1

RICS

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2%

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7%

5.1.1.2 RICS

RICS

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2014
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5.1.1.3

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1868
2000-2002

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1.
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3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

RICS Research 2016

47

5.1.1.4

5.2

RICS

48

RICS Research 2016

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5.1.2
QS

(5.3)

5.1.2.1

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120000

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5.4

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40000

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RICS Research 2016

49

5.5

1.

1.

2. RICS

3.

2.

4.

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5.1.2.2 (APC)

5.6 APCRICS

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50

RICS Research 2016




,
:

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5.2
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5.2

()

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5.1.2.3

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(
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5.1.2.4

2015
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(ICEC)

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5.1.3.1

RICS Research 2016

51

5.2

5.2.1.2

5.2.1
5.2.1.1

19907

1.

2.
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3.
4.
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10

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3 50
4 50
5 10
6
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52

RICS Research 2016

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5.2.1.3

2007

5.2.1.4

5.840

167
7
3
20

5.8

305.4

5.2.1.5

5.2.1.6

40

5.4

RICS Research 2016

53

5.2.2
143000126000

5.2.2.1

100000
8-10%
:
5
6
4
5
3

2
151970
20
25

5.2.2.2

3030

54

RICS Research 2016

5.2.2.3

5.2.3

20042007
PAQS
ICEC20052010

20137
AACEI

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6.0

2014611
100

RICS25

201479
101250

21

RICS Research 2016

55

6.1

6.1.2

25

10016%
50%
80%
47%

6.1.1

6.16.2

6.2

6.1

6.3
92%250

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6
250250

6.1.3

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25%

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56

RICS Research 2016

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6.2

40%

35%

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25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

6.3

6.4

80%

60%

70%
50%
60%
40%

50%

30%

40%

30%
20%
20%
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10%

09

1049

50249 250499 500

10

1030

3050

50100

100

RICS Research 2016

57

6.2

6.5

6.5

96%LLC
21
28%

100%
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Percentage
(%)

6.2.1

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6.2.2

6.66.7

6.6

6.2.3

80%

6.2.3.1

6.8

60%

40%

20%

6.7

100%

75%

50%

25%

58

RICS Research 2016

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6.2.3.2

6.8

100%
90%
80%
70%
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(The Fees Bureau,


2013)

0.1%5.0%6.9
0.5%2%
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50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0

6.9

60%

50%

Percentage
(%)

40%

30%

20%

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00.5%

0.51.0%

1.02.0%

2.05.0%

5.0%

RICS Research 2016

59

6.2.4

6.10

100%

6.2.4.1

90%

6.1092%92%

75%50%
38%

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70%
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6.11

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

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60

RICS Research 2016

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6.12

100%
90%
80%

6.2.5.1

126.1412
40%

6.15

60%

6.126.13
96%84%

QQ

6.2.5

70%

50%
40%
30%
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10%
0

6.2.4.2

6.13

6.15

6.2.5.2

6.1616

6.17

100%
90%
80%
70%

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0

RICS Research 2016

61

6.14

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

6.15

10%

62

RICS Research 2016

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

rics.org/research

6.16

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

RICS Research 2016

63

6.17

10%

64

RICS Research 2016

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

rics.org/research

6.3

6.18

80%

70%

60%

6.18

50%

6.3.1

40%

30%

20%

10%

6.19

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RICS Research 2016

65

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RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

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RICS Research 2016

67

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RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

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RICS Research 2016

69

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RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

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RICS Research 2016

71

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73

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RICS Research 2016

75

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RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

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77

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78

RICS Research 2016

rics.org/research

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RICS Research 2016

79

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85

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RICS Research 2016

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87

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rics.org/research

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93

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99

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RICS Research 2016

101

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106

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(CCMP):

RICS Research 2016

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(CCMP):

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(CCMP):

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(ECP):

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(ECP):

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RICS

Acknowledgement
The research team would like to acknowledge the immense support and contributions made by number
of people in the completion of the project including Mr Alan Muse, Mr Stewart Earl, Mr Roland Finch
and other members of staff of RICS and RICS Research Trust, Mr Michael Henning (Henning Project
Management), Mr Chris Winks and other members of staff from Northumbria University and to all case
study interviewees from EC Harris, Summers-Inman and Adair Associates.
Further, we extend our thanks to Mr Wu Zuoming, Mr James Y. Sue and other officials of China
Engineering Cost Association (CECA), RICS China, members of Shandong Jianzhu University,
Beijing Jinmawei Consultation of Engineering, Shanghai Shenyuan Property Consultants and
Wanlong Construction Engineering for supporting data collection in China.

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