Tp ch KHCN Xy dng s 2/2013

XC NH THNG NG CA CNG TRNH NH CAO

TNG BNG CNG NGH GPS C TNH N NH HNG
CA S RUNG LC CNG TRNH
TS. NGUYN QUANG MINH
Trng i hc M - a cht
ThS. NGUYN NG HIU
Vin KHCN Xy dng
Tm tt: Bi bo cp n mt s vn v xc nh thng ng cng trnh bng cng ngh GPS.
Trong cng tc xc nh thng ng ca c ng trnh, s nh hng rung lc v dao ng ca cng trnh
trong thi gian o c n kt qu quan trc thng ng cha c quan tm ng mc ti Vit Nam. Vn
ny c tho lun v kim chng cho ta nh Lotte Tower ti H Ni v t rt ra kt lun v vic cn
thit phi s dng cng ngh GPS xc nh thng ng ca cc cng trnh nh cao tng.
1. Gii thiu
Trong nhng nm gn y qu trnh pht trin th din ra vi tc nhanh. Cc d n xy dng nh
siu cao tng lin tc c trin khai mt cch rng ri ti cc thnh ph ln nh ta nh Keangnam (H Ni),
Bitexco (Thnh ph H Ch Minh), i vi cc cng trnh nh v cc cu kin c chiu cao ln, vic m bo
thng ng ca cng trnh l mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng, nhm duy tr tnh n nh cng nh cc
iu kin vn hnh ca cng trnh trong thi gian s dng. Hin nay, theo quy nh v xc nh nghing ca
cng trnh trong Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 4453 : 1995 v thi cng cng trnh b tng ct thp th nghing
c php l 1/1000 hoc khng ln hn 50mm [1]. T theo tiu chun TCXDVN 309:2004 v tiu chun
TCXDVN 357:2005 v quan trc nghing cng trnh th sai s gii hn trong quan trc nghing cng trnh l
0.0001H vi H l chiu cao cng trnh [2], [3].
quan trc c thng ng cc cng trnh, c bit l trong thi gian thi cng c th s dng nhiu
phng php nh phng php s dng my chiu ng chnh xc cao, phng php quan trc bng my
kinh v v my ton c in t [3]. Tuy nhin, cc phng php ny ch c th s dng trong mt s iu kin
nht nh ty thuc vo tnh hnh thi cng ca cng trnh. Ngoi ra, i vi mt s cng trnh quan trng th cn
s dng kt hp nhiu phng php m bo tnh chnh xc trong xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh.
Trong thi gian gn y, cng ngh GPS c s dng xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh v
c ng k bng sng ch ti M [4]. Cng ngh GPS cng c s dng chuyn ta ln cng trnh
v kim tra thng ng ti ta nh cao nht th gii, thp Burj Dubai ti Tiu vng quc rp [5], [6]. GPS
c mt s li th so vi cc phng php truyn thng s dng my kinh v hoc my ton c in t nh hai
im khng ch ln cn khng cn thng hng ngm, chnh xc n nh khi cng trnh ln cao. Phng
php xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh bng GPS c s dng ti mt s cng trnh nh cao tng
tiu biu ti Vit Nam nh ta nh Keangnam v ta nh Lotte Hanoi Tower ti H Ni. Trong bi bo ny trnh
by phng php xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh bng cng ngh GPS v cp mt s vn k
thut lin quan n xc nh thng ng cng trnh ang thi cng bng cng ngh GPS.
2. nh hng ca rung lc cc cng trnh n kt qu o
chnh xc ca vic o GPS trong xc nh ta trn cng trnh c chng minh qua nhiu nghin
cu ca cc tc gi nh Trn Mnh Nht v nnk [7]. Tuy nhin, i vi cc cng trnh cao tng thng xy ra
hin tng rung lc v dao ng ch yu l gi. Hin tng dao ng ca cc cng trnh xy dng Vit Nam
cha c nghin cu nhiu, cc nghin cu ch yu xc nh dao ng mt s cng trnh cu nh Rch Miu,
Bi Chy, Trn Th L [8].

 dao ng (mm)

i vi cc cng trnh nh cao tng th tc gi c th khng nh hng nhiu n kt cu cng nh s

bn vng ca cng trnh nn nhu cu nghin cu Vit Nam cha nhiu. Tuy nhin, trn th gii c kh nhiu
nghin cu v vn ny bng cc cng ngh khc nhau nh s dng GPS o ng thi gian thc v s
dng my o gia tc [9], [10]. Cc nghin cu ny cho php xc nh c bin cng nh tn s dao ng
ca cc ta nh cao tng do nh hng ca gi.
Theo nghin cu ca nhm nghin cu Hyo Seon Park [9] s dng GPS o ng thi gian thc v gia
tc k xc nh dao ng ca mt ta nh c chiu cao 233m (66 tng) kt cu b tng vi tc gi cao nht
18 m/s. Kt qu xc nh c gi tr ca dao ng theo trc X l t -11.7 mm n 20.9 mm (hnh 1) v Y t
31.8 mm n 61 mm v i tn s dao ng khong 0.2 Hz (hnh 2).
Trong mt nghin cu khc ca nhm nghin cu Cazzaniga thc hin quan trc bng GPS cho mt
ng khi c cao 120 m trong iu kin tc gi khong 15 m/s cho thy dao ng theo trc X t gi tr
3026.380 m n 3026.480 m v dao ng theo trc Y t gi tr 763.830 m n 763.900 m vi tn s dao ng
t 0.39 Hz n 1.7 Hz.
Qua hai nghin cu trn c th thy, i vi cc kt cu c chiu cao ln, dao ng s c nh hng rt
ln n kt qu xc nh ta ca cc im nm phn nh ca kt cu. Thng thng dao ng ny c
bin dao ng t 5 cm n 15 cm cho cc cng trnh c chiu cao di 300 m ty thuc vo cao, thit k
v vt liu kt cu ca cng trnh cao tng.

Thi gian (s)

dao ng (mm)

Hnh 1. th v gi tr dao ng ca ta nh 66 tng theo trc X (Trch t nghin cu ca nhm Hyo Seon Park [8])

Thi gian (s)

Hnh 2. th v gi tr dao ng ca ta nh 66 tng theo trc Y (Trch t nghin cu ca nhm Hyo Seon Park [8])

Hin nhin l cc dao ng ny s nh hng n kt qu o c cc im ta cho cc tng trn cao

ca cng trnh bng cc phng php nh o bng my kinh v, my ton c in t hoc my chiu ng.
nh hng ny cng gn ging nh vic t cc thit b o c ln gi 3 chn lun b ung a trong vi bin
3-5cm trong khong thi gian t 3 n 5 giy. Nh vy th trong qu trnh o c ta cho cc im trn
tng cao (t 100 tr ln) cn phi tnh n nh hng ca cc dao ng ca ta nh.
c th khc phc cc nh hng do dao ng ni trn khi chuyn ta ln tng cao th cn thc hin
vic o c ta cc im tng trn cao rt nhiu ln cc thi im khc nhau v ly gi tr trung b nh.
Hin cha c nghin cu no xc nh s ln o cn thit kh c nh hng ca qu trnh dao ng ca
ta nh trn cc tng cao. Tuy nhin theo nghin cu thc nghim ca Heyes [5] th c th s dng tr o GPS
o trong vng mt gi vi thi gian thu mi nhp tn hiu l 1 giy. Nh vy c th thy rng s tr o tham gia
thc hin nh v tnh l 1800 tr o. y c th l mt u im na ca vic xc nh thng ng ca ta
nh bng GPS.
i vi phng php s dng my chiu ng th vic phi chiu nhiu ln l khng th thc hin c
i vi cc thit b hin c ti Vit Nam hin nay. C th khc phc vn ny phn no bng chuyn im ta
trong khong cch ngn ng b cc dao ng. Tuy nhin, iu ny s dn n tch ly cc sai s do
chiu chuyn im. Trong trng hp s dng my ton c in t th cn s dng phng php o t ng
xc nh ta nhiu ln m bo trnh c nh hng ca dao ng ca kt cu n kt qu o
thng ng ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin, qua phn tch trn c th khuyn co nn s dng GPS chuyn
im ln cao hoc s dng my GPS kim tra thng ng ca cng trnh v s lng tr o bng phng
php GPS ln, v v tr ta xc nh c s l v tr trung bnh ca cc v tr dao ng.
3. Thc nghim xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh bng GPS
3.1 Khu vc thc nghim
Vi cc phn tch v kh nng ng dng ca GPS trong xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh, cc tc gi
tin thnh mt nghin cu thc nghim xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh nh cao tng ti Vit N am.
Khu vc thc nghim c tin hnh ti ta nh Lotte Landmark Tower, ng Liu Giai o Tn, qun Ba
nh, H Ni (hnh 3). Cng trnh gm mt ta nh 68 tng vi tng chiu cao d kin l 280m trn din tch
2
14000m . Cng trnh c hai li cng b tng ct thp thi cng bng phng php cp pha trt c y dn
ln cao bng vn khun trt. Phn bn ngoi c xy dng bng b tng bm vo cc kt cu li (hnh 4).

Hnh 3. Hnh nh trn thit k ca cng trnh ta thp Lotte d kin

Hnh 4. Hai phn kt cu li (Core) ca ta nh Lotte ang thi cng

chuyn trc cng trnh ln tng cao, n v thi cng da vo cc trc chnh ca mi kt cu li. Giao
im ca cc trc ny s c t tn l 1, 2, 3, 4 v c chiu ln cc tng cao bng my chiu ng v to
thnh cc trc ng ca kt cu li. Cc trc ng ny cn c kim tra thng ng 3 tng mt ln bng
GPS vi lch trc ng cho php ti a l 50mm. Nh vy, i vi hai li s c 8 im cn xc nh
thng ng ca trc cng trnh. Ti 8 im ny trn mt sn tng 1 c chn mc lm c s chuyn im ln
trn cng trnh.
T cc im gc trn mt sn tng 1 v li khng ch c b tr xung quanh cng trnh, mt li khng
ch o bng my ton c in t c xy dng xc nh ta ca cc im gc quan trc bn ngoi
cng trng vi sai s trung phng v tr im yu nht l 4mm. Li khng ch ny sau c kim tra
li bng my GPS cho thy cc im khng ch c tin cy cao. T ta GPS WGS84 UTM mi 48 v ta
cc im gc trong h ta a phng ti cng trng c th xc nh cc tham s tnh chuyn gia hai
h ta theo phng php Helmert.
3.2 Xc nh thng ng cng trnh bng GPS

Ti mi kt cu li ca cng trnh c xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh bng cch xy dng mt li

khng ch nh trn hnh 5 vi hai im gc khng ch l GPS-1 v GPS-2 nm gn cng trng. 1, 2, 3, 4 l
cc im chiu ng ca kt cu li. Kt qu o c s so snh vi ta do pha thi cng xc nh c v
cho lch ca trc ng cng trnh theo cc phng X, Y ca h trc ta cng trng.
Ta cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 c xc nh bng ch o tnh vi mi ca o ko di t 25-40 pht/1 ca o
nhm mc ch trnh nh hng ca dao ng kt cu cng trnh n kt qu o. Qu trnh x l kt qu o
GPS c ta cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 trong h ta UTM mi 48 vi hai im khng ch l GPS-1 v GPS-2.
Cc ta im ny sau c tnh chuyn v h ta cng trng bng cch s dng phng php tnh
chuyn Helmert vi cc tham s tnh chuyn gc xoay = 341 08' 25.516, tham
s t l = 1.000054498, tnh
tin trc hng Bc = -2038035.9188m v tnh tin trc hng ng = -1231199.3409m.
Ti chu k u tin sau khi o bng my GPS, tc gi s dng my ton c in t kim tra li ton b
cc cnh trn kt cu li (core) trong li v em so snh vi chiu di cnh o bng GPS nhm kim tra kt
qu o GPS.

3
4

GPS-1

GPS-2

Hnh 5. Li khng ch xc nh thng ng ca cng trnh ti cc im thng tng 1, 2, 3, 4 trn kt cu li B

i vi cng trnh nh 66 tng Lotte th c 3 tng li yu cu kim tra thng ng ca cc trc cng
trnh mt ln cho mi kt cu li. Sau khi bnh sai li GPS cho mi kt cu li, v d kt cu li A tng 28 c
th c kt qu nh bng 1.
Bng 1. Ta sau bnh sai cc im quan trc trc ng cng trnh ca kt cu li A,
tng 28 cho 4 im 1, 2, 3, 4 trong h ta WGS-84

C1-1

N (X)
(m)
2326522.3888

SS
(mm)
0.4

E (Y)
(m)
506321.4963

SS
(mm)
0.6

C1-2

2326528.5183

3.4

506339.4746

4.0

C1-3

2326520.1020

1.0

506342.3652

1.4

C1-4

2326513.9574

0.6

506324.3791

0.8

GPS2

2326417.4339

N/A

506378.9318

N/A

im

T kt qu bnh sai ca li GPS, tnh chuyn v h ta cng trng theo bng 2 v xc nh c

chnh ta bng 3.

Bng 2. Kt qu tnh chuyn ta 4 im sang h ta X, Y trn cng trng

N

STT

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

2326522.3888

506321.4963

26.6507

54.8015

2326528.5183

506339.4746

26.6396

73.7970

2326520.1020

506342.3652

17.7403

73.8119

2326513.9574

506324.3791

17.7396

54.8041

Bng 3. Kt qu chnh gia ta im trc ng do n v thi cng xc nh

v ta xc nh bng GPS ti Core A tng 28
Ta GPS

Ta thi cng

Chnh ta

STT

X
(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

26.6507

54.8015

26.650

54.800

0.7

1.5

26.6396

73.797

26.650

73.800

-10.4

-3.0

17.7403

73.8119

17.750

73.800

-9.7

11.9

17.7396

54.8041

17.750

54.800

-10.4

4.10

eY

eX

(mm)

(mm)

Bng 4. nghing ca trc ng ti cc im 1, 2, 3, v 4 ca Core A, tng 28

e

Gc nghing (giy)

Hng lch

Pht

Giy

6.47

64

58

59.2

10.82

42.32

196

26.9

15.35

60.03

129

11

3.7

11.18

43.71

158

29

2.8

STT

(mm)

1.66

Sau khi c ta ca cc im trc ng cng trnh xc nh bng GPS, c th xc nh c lch trc

ng, gc lch v hng lch [3] ca kt cu li ti cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 cho tng 28 nh bng 4.
4. Kt lun v xut
T qu trnh nghin cu v yu cu, gii php v thc nghim xc nh thng ng ca cc trc ng
cng trnh bng cng ngh GPS, nhm tc gi c mt s kt lun v xut nh sau:
Sau khi xem xt v nghin cu hin tng rung lc v dao ng ca cc kt cu cng trnh c chiu
cao l n, c th thy rng cc yu t ny nh hng khng nh n vic chuyn ta ln cc tng cao
ca cng trnh. Sai s do s rung lc v dao ng ca cng trnh cn c loi b bng cch chuyn ta
rt nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh ca cc v tr ta ny. Vic s dng GPS s cho php kh c
cc nh hng do rung lc v dao ng ca cc kt cu cng trnh khi ln cao v cc tr o GPS l trung
bnh ca nhiu tr o nhiu thi im khc nhau. Vn ny cn c nghin cu thm t a ra
cc quy nh v o c, chuyn ta ln cc tng cao ca cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1.

B Xy dng, "Tiu chun TCVN 4453 : 1995 quy nh v thi cng nghim thu v thi cng cng trnh b tng ct thp",
H Ni, 1995.

2.

B Xy dng, "Tiu chun TCXDVN 309 : 2004. Quy nh v cng tc trc a nh cao tng", H Ni, 2004.

3.

B Xy dng, "Tiu chun Xy dng Vit Nam: TCXDVN 357: 2005, Quy trnh o nghing cng trnh bng phng
php trc a", H Ni, 2005.

4.

Gary Sedman Chisholm, Jason Scott Daly, and Michael Anthony Hansby, "Relating to the determination of verticality in
tall building and other structures", 5841353, Nov. 28, 1998.

5.

DOUGLAS MCL HAYES, IAN R SPARKS, and JOL VAN CRANENBROECK, "Core Wall Survey Control System for
High Rise Buildings", in XXIII FIG Congress: Shaping the Change, Munich, Germany, 2006.

6.

Jol van CRANENBROECK, Doug HAYES, Soang Hun OH, and Mohammed HAIDER, "Core Wall Control Survey - The
State of Art," in 7th FIG Regional Conference: , Hanoi, Vietnam, 2009.

7.

H TH LAN HNG, H TH HOI, "nh gi tnh hnh ng dng h thng quan trc cu dy vng v cu dy vng
Vit Nam", Hi tho Khoa hc "Cng ngh a tin hc trong qun l c s h tng, i hc Giao thng Vn ti, H
Ni, 2012.

8.

HYO SEON PARK, HONG GYOO SOHN, ILL SOO KIM, and JAE HWAN PARK, "Application of GPS to monitoring of
wind-induced response of high rise buildings," Structrure Design of Tall Spec Building, pp. 117-132, June 2008.

9.

Noemi Emanuela Cazzaniga, Livio Pinto, Franco Bettinal, and Antonella Frigerio, "Structure monitoring with GPS and
accelerometers: the chimney of the power plant in Piacenza, Italy", in 12th FIG Symposium, Baden, 2006.

10. TRN MNH NHT v nnk, "Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh GPS trong trc a cng trnh cng nghip v nh cao
tng", H Ni, 2002.