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The Universe is full of magical things, patiently waiting for our wits to grow sharper.
Eden Phillpots
The Big Picture: Today we are going to outline the standard model of the Universe in the first
few minutes following the hot Big Bang. These earliest epochs in the evolution of the Universe
are still inadequately understood. As we move away from the Big Bang, our understanding of the
physical epochs of the Universe becomes increasingly better understood.
(258)
T (a) a1 ,
(259)
T0 = T (a = 1) 2.7K,
(260)
T (a) 2.7a1 .
(261)
we obtain that
which, combined with the current measurement of the temperature of the CMB radiation
yields
To relate this to the age of the Universe t, one can explicitly solve integrals for a(t) and substitute
in eq. (261).
The mutual relationship between the quantities t, z, a and T is given in Table 5.
It is beneficial to relate directly albeit crudely the temperature T and the age of the
Universe t. This can only be analytically only for matter-dominated or radiation-dominated Universe, as we have done in Lecture 5. (Relating the scale factor a and the age of the Universe t in a
more general case when Universe has matter, radiation and the cosmological constant (as vacuum
energy) requires solving the integral given in Table 5 for t(a) and inverting it. This can only be
done numerically). Therefore, as a rough approximation, let us recall:
2/3 2/3
0
t ,
1. flat, matter-dominated Universe [eq. (115)]: a(t) = 3H
2
2. flat, radiation-dominated Universe [eq. (119)]: a(t) = (2H0 )1/2 t1/2 ,
where
H0 = 100h km sec1 Mpc1 = 100h
1000m
1km
1Mpc
3.0856 1022 m
km sec1 Mpc1
(262)
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1041
1040
1036
1035
1031
1026
matter
radiation
1025
1021
1020
1016
1015
1011
1010
Planck
GUT
-45
-40
105
10
Inflat.
-35
10
10
Electroweak
-30
10
-25
10
-20
10
Quark
-15
10
-10
10
Hadron
-5
10
T [eV]
T [K]
1030
106
Lepton
1
101
t [s]
Figure 23: The temperature (given in both K and eV) of the Universe (T ) versus the age of the Universe (t)
based on matter-dominated (solid line) and radiation-dominated (dashed line) approximations. The epochs
in the earliest history of the Universe are outlined. [We approximated 1 eV 104 K (=11605 K)].
Table 5: Relationship between the scale of the Universe (a), age of the Universe (t), redshift as observed
from here today (z) and the temperature of the CMB radiation T .
Quantity
age
t
redshift
scale
temperature
z
a
T
Dependence on scale a
Ra
a
d
a
t(a) = H1 0
0
z(a)
m0 a
+r0 +de0 a
4
1
= a 1
T (a) = 2.7a1
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Dependence on redshift z
R
d
z
t(z) =
z
5
6
1
H0
m0 (1+
z ) +r0 (1+
z ) +de0 (1+
z )2
1
a(z) = 1+z
T (z) = 2.7(z + 1)
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constant
c
h
G
value
3 1010
6.63 1027
6.67 108
units
cm
s
2
g cms
cm3
gs2
We need to find the way to combine the constants above to obtain the the relevant time scale:
cA hB GD = s,
cm A cm2 B cm3 D
=
g
= s,
s
s
gs2
[cm] :
[g] :
[s] :
Solution
A
A
A = 52
+2B
+B
B
B=
1
2
+3D
D
2D
=0
=0
=1
1
2
D=
tP = c 2 h 2 G 2 ,
The time scale for quantum gravity, the Planck time tP , is therefore
r
hG
,
tP
c5
(263)
1/2
1043 s.
(264)
If the supersymmetry is correct, then during this time the four fundamental forces electromagnetism, weak force, strong force and gravity all have the same strength, so they are possibly
unified into one fundamental force. Our understanding of this early epoch is still quite tenuous,
awaiting a happy marriage of quantum mechanics and relativistic gravity.
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+ + + ,
(265)
2m c2
2(200me )c2
2(2009.1 1028 )(3 1010 )2
=
=
= 2 1012 K.
k
k
1.38 1016
(266)
2me c2
1010 K,
k
(267)
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106 t2
1033
2 .
28
me
9.1 10
t
(268)
The neutrino scattering cross-section is 1044 cm2 , so the time between scatterings is
t
1
.
n e c
(269)
1
1033
t2
= 1033 c = 1033
1044
3 1010 0.3 s.
(270)
Epoch
Big Bang
0s
Planck
0 s < t 1043 s
Grand Unification
1043 s t 1036 s
Inflationary
36
10
s t 1032 s
Electroweak
32
10
s t 1012 s
Temperature
K
eV
> 1040 K
> 1036 eV
1036 1040 K
1026 1032 eV
1033 1036 K
1029 1032 eV
1020 1033 K
1016 1029 eV
Quark
12
10
s t 106 s
Hadron
6
10 s t 1 s
Lepton
1 s t 3 min
1016 1020 K
1012 1016 eV
1012 1016 K
108 1012 eV
1010 1012 K
106 108 eV
1s
100 s
1012 K
108 eV
1010 K, 106 eV
Characteristics
singularity (vacuum fluctuation?)
quantum gravity
gravity freezes out
the grand unified force (GUT)
inflation begins
strong force freezes out
weak force freezes out
4 distinct forces (EM dominates)
baryogenesis: baryons and antibaryons annihilate
Universe contains hot quark-gluon plasma:
quarks, gluons and leptons
quarks and gluons bind into hadrons
Universe contains photons (), muons ( ),
electrons/positrons (e ), and neutrinos (, );
nucleons n and p in equal numbers
+ and annihilate; and decouple;
e , and nucleons remain. Reactions:
e+ + n p + e
e + p n + e
n p + e + e
e+ and e annihilate
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