ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS

ATOMIC THEORY
Democritus (460 B.C. 370 B.C.)

A Greek philosopher
was among the first to suggest the existence
of atoms (from the Greek word atomos)
He believed that atoms were indivisible and
indestructible
His ideas did agree with later scientific theory,
but did not explain chemical behavior, and
was not based on the scientific method but
just philosophy

carbon forms two stable compounds with

oxygen, namely:
carbon monoxideCO
carbon dioxideCO2

2. All atoms of a given element are identical,

having the same size, mass, and chemical
properties.

The atoms of one element are

different from the atoms of all other
elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of
more than one element.

In any compound, the ratio of

the numbers of atoms of any two of
the elements present is either an
integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the
separation, combination, or
rearrangement of atoms; it does not result
in their creation or destruction.
Law of Definite Proportions

States that matter can be

neither created nor destroyed
In a chemical reaction, the mass
of the substances produced must
be the same as the mass of the
substances consumed.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Atom

The basic unit of an element

that can enter into chemical
combination.
Dalton imagined an atom that
was both extremely small and
indivisible.
1850s extending to the
twentieth century
a series of investigations had
began and clearly demonstrated
that atoms actually possess
internal structure
Subatomic particles:

Electrons
Protons
Neutrons

Conclusions from the Study of the

Electron:

1799
Joseph Proust, a French chemist
states that different samples of the
same compound always contain its
constituent elements in the same
proportion by mass

Eugene Goldstein

Example:

James Chadwick

Thus, if we were to analyze samples of carbon

dioxide gas obtained from different sources,
we would find in each sample the same ratio
by mass of carbon to oxygen.

1932

Law Of Multiple Proportions

1:2

Law Of Conservation Of Mass

Summary of Daltons Atomic Theory

1. Elements are composed of extremely small
particles, called atoms.

1:1

States that if two elements can combine

to form more than one compound, the
masses of one element that combine with
a fixed mass of the other element are in
ratios of small whole numbers.
Daltons theory explains the law of
multiple proportions quite simply:
The compounds differ in the number of
atoms of each kind that combine.

Example:

1886
observed what is now called the
proton - particles with a positive
charge, and a relative mass of 1 (or
1840 times that of an electron)

confirmed the existence of the

neutron a particle with no charge,
but a mass nearly equal to a proton

ATOMIC MODELS
Plum Pudding

J.J. Thomson
proposed the plum pudding
model of the atom.
Electron raisins
Pudding of positive charge
Rutherford Model

 described the atom as a tiny,

dense, positively charged core
called a nucleus surrounded by
lighter, negatively charged
electrons.
Another way of thinking about
this model was that the atom was
seen to be like a mini solar system
where the electrons orbit the
nucleus like planets orbiting around
the sun.
This model is sometimes known
as the planetary model of the
atom.
Bohr Atom Orbital Model

- The core of the atom was the nucleus,

containing neutral particles called
neutrons and positive particles called
protons.
Electrons had different defined amounts
of energy, therefore had to exist at
specified distances from the nucleus, in
orbits.
This meant that the electron was
quantized or had only a certain quantity
of energy when found at different energy
levels.

Quantum Mechanical Model Cloud Model

- The electrons move so quickly in their

orbital that they create a cloud-like
behavior.
- Each cloud has its own
characteristic shape, depending how
far away from the nucleus the energy
level is found.
Atomic Number
Is the number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
Mass number
is the total number of protons and
neutrons in a nucleus.
Ex.
The nucleus of the naturally occurring
sodium atom has an atomic number of 11
and a mass number of 23 (11 12).

Charge

Atomic Mass

The atomic mass is the

weighted average mass of an
element which accounts for all
isotopes and their percent natural
abundances.
Percent Natural Abundance

Isotopes

are atoms whose nuclei have the

same atomic number but different
mass numbers;

The different types and amounts of each

isotope is determined by nature.
Note that in an isotope, the # of neutrons
varies which makes the mass number (A)
vary as well.
Calculating Atomic Mass

The equation below enables calculation of

atomic mass.
An Atoms Identity

The number of protons in an atom

determines its elemental identity.
Periodic Table

Charge is a fundamental property.

To designate charge, the sign GOES
AFTER the magnitude, e.g. 2+.
Matter is charge neutral.

that is: the nuclei have the same

number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.

A tabular arrangement of elements in

rows and columns, highlighting the
regular repetition of properties of the
elements
1869
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1834
1907)
German chemist J. Lothar Meyer (1830
1895)
working independently, made similar
discoveries.
They found that when they arranged the
elements in order of atomic mass, they
could place them in horizontal rows, one
row under the other, so that the elements
in each vertical column have similar
properties.
Mendeleevs Breakthrough
Mendeleev placed elements with similar
properties in vertical columns.
He left blank spaces where he thought
elements should exist.

Periods and Groups

The basic structure of the periodic table is
its division into rows and columns, or
periods and groups.
A period consists of the elements in any
one horizontal row of the periodic table.
A group consists of the elements in any
one column of the periodic table.