Professional Documents
Culture Documents
682)
Engineering Design and Rapid Prototyping
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Course Concept
today
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Problem statement
Deliverables
Design Intro
Hand sketching
Design Sketch v1
CAD/CAM/CAE Intro
CAD design
Drawing v1
FEM/Solid Mechanics
Overview
FEM analysis
Manufacturing
Training
Structural Test
Training
Design Optimization
Produce Part 1
Part v1
Test
Experiment data v1
Optimization
Design/Analysis
output v2
Produce Part 2
Part v2
Test
Experiment data v2
today
due today
Analysis output v1
Wednesday
Final Review
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Numerical Method
Finite Element Method
Boundary Element Method
Finite Difference Method
Finite Volume Method
Meshless Method
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Governing Equation
(Differential equation)
L( ) + f = 0
Fluid flow
Electrostatics
etc.
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Boundary Conditions
B ( ) + g = 0
Elastic deformation
Thermal behavior
etc.
Governing
Equation:
L( ) + f = 0
Boundary
Conditions:
B( ) + g = 0
FEM
Approximate!
A set of simultaneous
algebraic equations
[K ]{u} = {F}
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{u} = [K ]1{F}
Action
Behavior
Unknown
Property
[K ]
Behavior
{u}
Action
{F}
Elastic
stiffness
displacement
Thermal
conductivity
temperature
heat source
Fluid
viscosity
velocity
body force
Electrostatic
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dialectri permittivity
electric potential
force
charge
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[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K E ]{u E } = {F E }
[K ]{u} = {F}
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[K ]{u} = {F}
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{u} = [K ]1{F}
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Concepts - Summary
- FEM uses the concept of piecewise polynomial interpolation.
- By connecting elements together, the field quantity becomes interpolated
over the entire structure in piecewise fashion.
- A set of simultaneous algebraic equations at nodes.
[K ]{u} = {F}
Kx = F
K: Stiffness matrix
x: Displacement
Property
Action
F: Load
Behavior
x
F
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Brief History
- The term finite element was first coined by clough in 1960. In the early
1960s, engineers used the method for approximate solutions of problems
in stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer, and other areas.
- The first book on the FEM by Zienkiewicz and Chung was published in
1967.
- In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FEM was applied to a wide variety
of engineering problems.
- Most commercial FEM software packages originated in the 1970s.
(Abaqus, Adina, Ansys, etc.)
- Klaus-Jurgen Bathe in ME at MIT
Reference [2]
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- Dynamics
- Heat problems
- Electrostatic problems
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Computer
User
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Preprocess
Process
Postprocess
Build a FE model
See results
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Preprocess (1)
[1] Select analysis type
2-D
Linear
Truss
3-D
Quadratic
Beam
Shell
Plate
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E, , , , "
Solid
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Preprocess (2)
[4] Make nodes
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[8] Postprocess
- See the results
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Displacement
Stress
Strain
Natural frequency
Temperature
Time history
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200 mm
Displacement (mm)
1 ms pressure pulse
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Domain
- Geometry is simplified.
FEM
Linear element
Quadratic element
Cubic element
FEM
Area:
-1
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1
1
f
(
x
)
dx
f
f
1
3
3
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2 = 1.41421356,
e.g.)
= 3.14159265
- Numerical Difficulties
e.g.) Very large stiffness difference
k1 k2 , k2 0
[(k1 + k2 ) k2 ]u2 = P u2 =
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P P
k2 0
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Mistakes by Users
- Elements are of the wrong type
e.g) Shell elements are used where solid elements are needed
- Distorted elements
- Supports are insufficient to prevent all rigid-body motions
- Inconsistent units (e.g. E=200 GPa, Force = 100 lbs)
- Too large stiffness differences Numerical difficulties
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References
Glaucio H. Paulino, Introduction to FEM (History, Advantages and
Disadvantages), http://cee.ce.uiuc.edu/paulino
Robert Cook et al., Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis, John
Wiley & Sons, 1989
Robert Cook, Finite Element Modeling For Stress Analysis, John Wiley & Sons,
1995
Introduction to Finite Element Method, http://210.17.155.47 (in Korean)
J. Tinsley Oden et al., Finite Elements An Introduction, Prentice Hall, 1981
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