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Chapter one
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Chapter one
a) In a magnetic field .
b) With magnetic and electric fields balanced (no net
deflection).
c) In an electric field .
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Chapter one
e
m=
e/m
-1.7588 10 coul / g
= 9.1096 10-28 g
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Chapter one
The proton :
e
m=
e/m
= 1.6726 10-24 g
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Chapter one
The neutron :
*Ernest Rutherford : In 1920 postulated the existence of an
uncharged particle . Since this particle is uncharged , it is difficult to
detect and characterize.
Symbol
Composition
Charge of
component
Alpha
2+
Beta
gamma
electrons
Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation
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10
Chapter one
particles
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Chapter one
* Notes :
1. Most of the Volume of an atom is empty space .
2. Most particles pass directly through the target foils .
3. The light electrons do not deflect the heavier past moving
particle .
4. A close approach of an particles (which is positive charge) to a
nucleus (which is also positively charged) results in the repulsion
of the particle and deflection from it straight line path .
5. When
particle scores a direct hit on the nucleus . The particle is
reflected back toward its source .
Chapter one
Chapter one
Electromagnetic radiation :
E. M. R. : Travels through space in a wave motion terms describe
these waves .
1. The wavelength ( lambda) its the distance from crest to crest (or
trough to trough) .
2. The amplitude (a) of wave is its height . The intensity (or brightness)
of the radiation is proportional to the square of the amplitude , a 2 .
and therefore v =
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Chapter one
Atomic spectra :
Chapter one
V=
(3.290 1015/s)(
1
2
1
n
n=3,4,5
Bohr theory :
Bohr proposed a theory for the electronic structure of the hydrogen
atom that explained the line spectrum of this element . The hydrogen
atom contains one electron and a nucleus that consist of a single
proton .
Chapter one
2.180 10-18 j
n=1,2,3
n2
* The relationship between some of the electronic transitions of the
hydrogen atom the spectral lines is :
Chapter one
Wave Mechanics
Bohr regarded the electron as a charged particle in motion and he
assumed that the electron in a hydrogen atom can possess only certain
definite quantities of energy .
Other aspect of the theory however . He derived from the lows of
classical physics that pertain to the behavior of charged particles .
* In order to predict the path of a moving body . We must know both its
position and velocity at the same time .
* When it strikes the electron the impact causes the direction of motion
and speed of the electron changes the momentum of the electron
drastically .
Photons with longer wavelengths are less energetic and would have a
smaller effect on the momentum of the electron . Because of their longer
wavelengths such photons however would indicate the position of the
electron very precisely .
* In 1924 (louis de Broglie) proposed that electron and other particles
have wave properties . He showed that it is possible to assign a
wavelength to moving electron .
* In 1926 Erwin schrodinger used Broglie's relation to develop an
equation that describe the electron in terms of wave character.
* So the schrodiger is the bases of wave mechanics .
The equation is written in terms of a wave function () (psi) for an
electron .
Each wave function correspond to definite energy state for the electron
and pertains to region in which the electron may be found .
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