Brigade Concrete Forming Handbook PDF

CONCRETE
FORMING
PRODUCT
HANDBOOK
Definitions
Safe Working Load The maximum working load that should be applied to any forming product.
Ultimate Load The load at which a product fails or will no longer support or carry a load.

Safety Factor The theoretical reserve capability defined by dividing the ultimate load of the product
by its safe working load. This is expressed as a ratio, such as 2:1 or 2 to 1
(ultimate to safe working load).
Concrete Form Pressure The lateral pressure applied per square foot of form contact.
Slab Formwork Dead Load The weight of fresh concrete and reinforcement bars plus the weight of the formwork.
Slab Formwork Live Load Any additional loads imposed during the construction process, such as materials,
workmen, equipment, including lateral forces.
Slab Formwork Design Load Dead load plus live load per square foot of contact.

Formwork Impact Load Loads caused by dumping concrete or the starting/stopping of construction related
equipment.
Safety Notes and Product Application

HD Supply ensures that all products meet or exceed appropriate safety requirements. However, the performance of a
product can be greatly affected by the manner in which it is used. It is imperative that the user properly installs and uses the
products displayed in this publication.
Production runs are constantly tested to assure a high standard of quality. Safe working loads listed in this publication were
determined from independent testing and results of the Company quality assurance/quality control program.
Safety factors may be dependent on the application of a particular product. Job site conditions can often affect the safety
factor of a product. Concentrated loads, such as, unsymmetrical loading, uplift, impact and lateral forces are examples of
job site conditions that may affect the safety factor. The user must adjust safety factors accordingly to accommodate these
various conditions.
HD Supply publishes the minimum safe working loads and the associated safety factors of its products and strongly
advises that the minimum safety factors displayed in the table below not be compromised. When there are unusual job
conditions such as mentioned above, the minimum safety factors must be increased by the user. Refer to the provisions of
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI A 10.9), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Act,
Part 1910 and the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork (ACI 347-94) when
considering product safety factors.
Minimum Safety Factors of Formwork Accessories

Accessory
Form Tie
Safety Factor
2.0 to 1
Type of Construction
All applications.

Form Anchor
3.0 to 1

Formwork supporting form weight and concrete

pressures only.
Formwork supporting form weight, concrete,
construction live loads and impact.
Form Hangers
2.0 to 1
All applications.
(Used as Form Ties)
Anchoring Inserts
2.0 to 1
Precast concrete panels when used as formwork.

Form Anchor
2.0 to 1

General and Technical Information
General and
Technical Information
Usage Affecting a Products Safe Working Load

Forming accessories may be subjected to excessive wear, field modification/bending and straightening. Any product so
noted must be discarded. Do not try to straighten bent forming accessories, discard and replace them. Also discard any
reusable device that has experienced excessive loading, 70% or more, of ultimate load. Such items may have become brittle.
Every user must establish a control program that replaces reusable forming products after a predetermined time period or
number of uses, regardless of product appearance. All reusable forming accessories shown in this publication are subject
to wear, misuse, overloading, corrosion, deformation, intentional alteration and other factors which may affect the products
safe working load. Therefore, it is mandatory that the user inspect all reusable accessories to determine their condition.
The frequency of inspection is dependent on factors such as frequency of use, period of use, environment, etc., and is best
determined by the user consistent with good construction practices.
When in doubt about the proper use or installation of Brigade forming accessories, contact HD Supply
for clarification. Failure to do so may result in exposure of workers to safety hazards, resulting in
possible injury and/or death.
All safe working loads shown in this publication contain an

approximate minimum safety factor. The safe working loads were
established with the following factors in mind:
1. All safe working loads are based on the accessory being in new or in as new condition. The safe working load is
considered to be the maximum load that should be applied to a product.
2. The safe working load of Brigade Snap Ties and related products can only be developed when used in conjunction with
Brigade Wedges.
Double
Head
Nails
Wedge Loosens and Bounces Off
Right
Wrong
3. Care is taken to ensure that internal vibration has not caused snap tie wedges to loosen, bounce around or fall off.
4. It is important that the snap tie head and wedge be positioned properly.
The proper tie head position is at the midpoint,

or higher, of the wedge slot. The tie head must
not be positioned lower than the midpoint of the
wedge.
Snap Tie Head
Right
Wrong
General and
5. Correct spacing between double wales, when using snap ties is 5/8" to 3/4".
Break Back
Correct Spacing is 5/8" to 3/4"
Crushing of
Wales
Right
Spreader Washer
or Cone Embedded
in Concrete
Wrong
Too much space allowed between the wales may cause crushing of the wales and/or the bending of the wedge allowing
the form to bulge outward. This results in incorrect wall thickness and causes the tie spreader washers or cones to
become embedded and trapped in the concrete. Trapped tie washers or cones will cause difficulties during the tie
breakback operation.
6. The plastic tie cones and metal washers are designed to act as form spreaders only.
Midpoint of
Wedge
Midpoint of
Wedge
Metal Washer
Bands
Right
Plastic Cone
Will Shatter
Metal Washer
Bands
Plastic Cone
Will Shatter
Wrong
Do not attempt to draw-up warped wales with the wedge. Do not over tighten the wedge in any manner. Over tightening
will cause metal spreader washers to bend out of shape or will break plastic cones resulting in incorrect wall thickness.
7. Care must be taken to be sure that all form ties are installed and used properly.
Failure to install all of the
required ties or their required
mating hardware will cause
excessive loads to be transferred
to adjacent ties and may result in
form failure.
Right
Care must be taken to ensure

that form ties are properly
aligned. Misalignment may result
in form failure due to increased
loads placed on the form ties.
Misalignment may also cause
damage to the form tie during
installation that may result in
reduced load capacities.
Right
Wrong
Tie Tie
HasHas
Been
Been
LeftLeft
OutOut
Wrong
3
General and
8. Use only correct length form ties. Incorrect length ties, when mixed with correct ones, will cause a transfer of lateral
pressure to adjacent ties and may result in form failure.
9. Do not climb on form ties.
10. Do not use impact wrenches to tighten form-tying devices.
11. Do not over-vibrate the concrete. Excessive vibration will cause concrete at the bottom of the form to remain in a liquid
state longer than expected. This will result in higher than anticipated lateral form pressure and may result in a form
failure. Depth of vibration should be limited to within four (4) feet of the top of the fresh concrete.
Liquid Concrete
Liquid Concrete
Full Height of
the Form
Concrete has
Stiffened Sufficiently
so Lateral Pressure
is Reduced
Right
Wrong
12. Do not exceed the recommended rate of placement and

do not continue to place concrete while the concrete in the
bottom of the form is still in a liquid state. A form failure may
result.
13. Do not use forming accessories with underrated working
parts.
14. All forming accessories and related hardware must be of
proper length, diameter and capacity. If a greater safety factor
is necessary for any reason, the user must reduce the safe
working load accordingly.
15. Extreme caution must be used when welding any forming
system item. Welding may affect material properties resulting
in lower product performance. It is necessary to have a good
working knowledge of materials, heat treating and welding
procedures before welding any forming accessory. Since HD
Supply cannot control field conditions or workmanship, HD
Supply does not guarantee any product altered in any way
after leaving the factory.
Actual Rate
of Placement
Recommended
Rate of
Placement
Wrong
Induced Tension Loads

It is important to remember that tying at an angle causes an increase in the tension that is applied to the angled tie. The
table lists various angles and the corresponding multiplication factor to use in calculating the tension load in an angled tie.

Angle
Multiplication Factor
15
30
45
60
1.04
1.16
1.42
2.00
Angle
Pressure
Te
n
sio
Note: Tension = Pressure x Multiplication Factor
General and
Induced Shear Loads
.71 x Tie Down Load = Shear Load
45
e
Ti
n
ad
Lo
15
ow
30
Both tension and shear loads must be taken into

consideration when deciding which form tie system to be
used for a particular forming application.
n
io
ns
Te
It is important to remember that tie downs placed at an

angle will produce shear loads as shown. The total shear
load may be several times greater than the shear load
produced by the weight of the form alone.
Total Shear Load
Combined Shear and Tension Loads

Form accessories and inserts that are subjected to combined shear and tension loading should satisfy the following
equation:
() ()
ft
Ft
fv
Fv
2 < 1.0 Where

=
f t = induced tension load,
Ft = insert tension safe working load or bolt tension safe working load whichever is less,
f v = induced shear load,
Fv = insert shear safe working load or bolt shear safe working whichever is less.
Forming Accessories Selection

Brigade Concrete Accessories manufactures and supplies a large variety of form tying devices for concrete formwork.
Form tying devices can generally be classified in two ways, by load carrying capacity and by method of use.
Load Carrying Capacity Classifications:

Light Forming Light forming form ties have safe working load values of 3,750 pounds or less. Typical
light duty ties include Snap Ties, Loop Ties and Pencil Rod.
Medium/Heavy Forming Medium/heavy form ties have safe working load values over 3,750 pounds. Typical
medium/heavy form ties include Coil Ties, She-Bolts, Taper Ties, etc.
Method of Use Classifications:

Through Ties This type of tie extends through the wall thickness and through both sides of the
formwork. Four types of through ties satisfies most forming application requirements.
Snap Ties, Loop Ties, Taper Ties and Pencil Rod are all quality through tie systems.
Chart for Determining Required Quantities of Form Ties

Form Tie Calculator Based on 10,000 sq. ft. of Wall Area
or 20,000 sq. ft. of Form Contact Area

Form Tie Spacing

16" x 16" = 1.77 sq. ft.
24" x 24" = 4.0 sq. ft.
24" X 32" = 5.33 sq. ft.
32" x 32" = 7.11 sq. ft.
32" x 48" = 10.67 sq. ft.
48" x 48" = 16 sq. ft.
60" X 60" = 25 sq. ft.
Form Ties Required

5,650
2,500
1,877
1,407
938
625
400
5
General and
Typical Formwork Designs for Wall Forms

The table below list several of the most common form lumber sizes and spacings that are being used in the industry today.
For each formwork design the appropriate form tie is shown.
Typical Formwork Designs

Form Tie
Recommended
Safe
Form Ties
Working

Load

(lbs.)
Snap Ties,

2,250
Standard
Maximum Rate Form Design

of Placement
Maximum
Single
Double
Vertical Feet
Form Tie Spacings
Vertical
Horizontal
per Hour
Studs
Wales
50F 70F
Vertical Horizontal Size Centers Size Centers
2-1/4 3-1/4
24"
24"
2"x4"
12"
2"x4"
24"
5-3/4
10
16"
16"
2"x4"
8"
2"x4"
16"
Note: the above table is based on the following conditions:
Concrete Made with type 1 cement weighing 150 pcf. contains no admixtures, slump of 4" or less and normal internal
vibration to a depth of 4 ft. or less. If conditions vary contact HD Supply for additional recommendations.
Concrete Temperature For practical purposes, 50F. is used by many form designers as the temperature of fresh
concrete during winter, with 70F. being used as the summer temperature. This rule of thumb appears to work
satisfactory unless the concrete has been heated or cooled to a controlled temperature.
Plywood Sheathing 3/4" plyform class 1 or structural 1 used the strong direction. Experience has shown that 3/4"
plywood is more economical in form usage than other thickness even though initial cost may be slightly more. Deflection
has been limited to l/360 or 1/16" whichever is less and plyform is supported by four or more studs.
Studs Fiber Stress in bending = varies psi, modulus of elasticity = 1,400,000 psi horizontal shear = 225 psi, deflection
limited to l/270 or 1/8" whichever is less with studs continuous over four or more wales.
Double Wales Fiber Stress in bending = varies psi, modulus of elasticity = 1,400,000 psi horizontal shear = 225 psi,
deflection limited to l/270 or 1/8" whichever is less with wales continuous over four or more ties.
Short Term Loading Conditions Allowable stresses, except for modulus of elasticity include a 25% increase for short
term loading.
Form Ties Safe working loads are based on a factor of safety of approximately 2 to 1 (ultimate to SWL).
Vertical Formwork Design Loads

The selection of the proper sheathing, studs and/or wales for concrete
formwork requires a knowledge of the maximum lateral pressure which will be
exerted by the concrete. HD Supply is in agreement with the Lateral Pressure
Design Formulas contained in the American Concrete Institutes Guide to
Formwork for Concrete, (ACI 347 latest revision). Designers of formwork for
concrete walls or columns will find the following information useful:
For general purpose conditions and unless the special conditions listed below
are met, all formwork should be designed for the lateral pressure of the newly
placed concrete using the formula of:

P = W x H
Where P = lateral pressure, pounds per square foot;

W = unit weight of fresh concrete, pounds per cubic foot or 150
pcf for normal weight concrete;

H = depth of fluid or plastic concrete in feet. (Normally height of
wall or column form.)

Please note that the maximum and minimum values given for the formulas
under the special conditions do not apply to the above lateral pressure
formula.
Lateral Pressure of Concrete

for
General Purpose Conditions
Depth of
Pounds
Fluid or Plastic
Per
Concrete
Square Foot

in feet

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
600
750
900
1,050
1,200
1,350
1,500
1,800
2,100
2,400
2,700
3,000
General and
Special Condition No. 1 For concrete made with type 1 cement, weighing
150 pounds per cubic foot, containing no pozzolans or admixtures, having
a slump of 4" or less and normal internal vibration to a depth of 4 ft. or less.
Then the formwork may be designed for a lateral pressure as follows:
Lateral Pressure of Concrete

for
Special Condition No. 1 Walls
Rate of
For columns:
with a maximum of 3,000 pounds per square foot, a minimum of 600 pounds
per square foot, but in no case greater than W x H.
9,000 x R

P = 150 +

T
For walls with a rate of placement less than 7 ft. per hour:
9,000 x R

P = 150 +

T

per square foot, but in no case greater than W x H.
For walls with a rate of placement of over 7 ft. per hour but less than 10 ft.
per hour:
43,400
2800 x R

P = 150 +
+

T
T

per square foot, but in no case greater that W x H.
Where P = lateral pressure, pounds per square foot;
Pounds per Square Foot for
Placement
Feet
Per Hour
Indicated Temperature
50F.
70F.
600
690
870
1,050
1,230
1,410
1,466
1,522
1,578
600
600
664
793
921
1,050
1,090
1,130
1,170
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Note: Do not use lateral pressures in excess of

150 x height of fluid or plastic concrete in forms.
R = rate of placement, feet per hour, and

T = temperature of concrete in the form, degree fahrenheit. For practical purposes, 50F. is used by many form
designers as the temperature of fresh concrete during the winter, with 70F. being used as the summer temperature. This
rule of thumb appears to work satisfactorily unless the concrete has been heated or cooled to a controlled temperature.
Special Condition No. 2 If concrete is to be pumped from the base of the form, the form should be designed for a full
hydrostatic head of concrete (W x H) plus a minimum allowance of 25% for pump surge pressure. In certain instances
pressures may be as high as the face pressure of the pump piston.
Special Condition No. 3 Caution must be taken when using external vibration or concrete made with shrinkage
compensating or expansive cements. Pressure in excess of equivalent hydrostatic may occur.
Wall forms should be designed to meet wind load requirements of American National Standards Institute A-58.1 (Reference
to section 2-6) or of the local building code, whichever is more stringent. The minimum wind design load should be 15 pounds
per square foot. Bracing for wall forms should also be designed for a horizontal load of at least 100 pounds per lineal foot of
wall applied at the top of the form.
Points to Remember
6"
12"
150 lbs.
150 lbs.
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
150 lbs.
FT.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
With all concrete

in fluid or
plastic state
24"
150 lbs.
Fluid or plastic concrete

exerts the same side
pressure on forms
regardless of their width.
As you add more fluid or plastic concrete to

forms, the pressure will build up toward the
bottom at about the rate of 150 pounds per
foot of depth. This will be true as long as all
concrete remains in a plastic state.
Example: Eight feet of fluid or plastic
concrete bears on the bottom foot of forms
with a pressure of 8 x 150 pounds or 1200
pounds per square foot.
As Bottom As second foot of

foot sets up concrete hardens
150 lbs.
150 lbs.
300
300
450
450
600
600
750
40
13/4
HR.
FT.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
FT.
5
4
3
2
1
150 lbs.
300
450
As concrete
hardens, lateral
pressure on forms
decreases.
Concrete sets up or
hardens faster with an
increase in temperature.
70
1 HR.
Example: At 70F.
concrete sets in
approximately 1 hour. At
40F concrete will set
up in about 1-3/4 hours.
7
General and
Technical DataPlywood
Data is based on information supplied by the American Plywood Association (APA). The recommended spacings listed in
the following table are for Plyform Class 1 or STRUCTURAL 1 Plyform. Plyform is a special exterior type of plywood designed
by APA for use in formwork for concrete construction.
Though not manufactured specifically for concrete forming, grades other than Plyform have been used in formwork. The
spacings shown in the table give a good estimate of performance for sanded grades such as APA A-C Exterior, APAB-C
Exterior and unsanded grades such as APARATEDSHEATHING Exterior and Exposure 1 (CDX) (marked PSI), provided the
plywood is used in the same direction only.
For additional information on APAPlyform,
please contact the American Plywood Association,
P.O. Box 11700, Tacoma, WA 98411.
Joists or Studs
Joist or
Stud
Spacing
Plywood
Joist or
Stud
Spacing
Joist or Stud Spacing
Joist or
Stud
Spacing
Supports
Plywood Used Strong Way

Face Grain Across Supports
Joist or Stud Spacing
Supports
Plywood Used Weak Way

Face Grain Along Supports
Curved Forms: Plyform can be used for building
curved forms. However, the following radii have
been found to be appropriate minimums for mill
run panels of the thicknesses shown, when bent
dry. An occasional panel may develop localized
failure at these radii.
Safe Spacing in inches of Support for Plyform Sheathing

Continuous Over Four or More Supports
Design
Fb = 1,930 psi; Rolling Shear = 72 psi
Load of E = 1,500,000 psi
Concrete
Plyform
Plyform
Pounds
Used Weak Way
Used Strong Way
Per
Sq. Ft. 19/32" 5/8" 23/32" 3/4" 19/32" 5/8" 23/32" 3/4"

100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
13"
12"
11"
10"
10"
10"
9"
9"
9"
8"
8"
7"
7"
6"
6"
6"
5"
5"
4"
4"
4"
3"
14"
13"
12"
11"
11"
10"
10"
10"
9"
9"
9"
8"
7"
7"
7"
6"
6"
5"
4"
4"
4"
3"
17"
16"
15"
14"
14"
13"
13"
12"
12"
11"
11"
10"
9"
9"
8"
7"
7"
6"
5"
5"
4"
4"
19" 20"
17" 19"
16" 17"
15" 17"
15" 16"
14" 15"
14" 15"
13" 14"
13" 14"
12" 13"
12" 13"
11" 12"
10" 11"
10" 10"
9" 10"
8"
9"
7"
9"
6"
8"
5"
7"
5"
6"
5"
6"
4"
5"
21"
19"
18"
17"
17"
16"
15"
15"
14"
14"
13"
12"
11"
11"
10"
9"
9"
8"
7"
6"
6"
5"
23"
22"
20"
19"
18"
18"
17"
17"
16"
15"
15"
14"
13"
12"
11"
10"
10"
9"
8"
8"
7"
6"
24"
22"
21"
20"
19"
18"
18"
17"
17"
16"
15"
14"
13"
12"
11"
11"
10"
9"
8"
8"
7"
6"
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection.

Maximum deflection l/360 of spacing, but not more than 1/16".
Contact HD Supply for safe spacing of supports when plyform is
used over two or three supports.
Plywood Data

Plywood

Thick

ness

1/4"

5/16"
11/32" or 3/8"
15/32" or 1/2"
19/32" or 5/8"
23/32" or 3/4"
Approximate
Weight, lbs.
4x8
Sq.
Sheet
Ft.
26
.8
32
1.0
35
1.1
48
1.5
58
1.8
70
2.2
Minimum
Bending Radii, Ft.
Across Parallel
Grain to Grain
2
5
2
6
3
8
6
12
8
16
12
20
8
General and
Technical DataLumber
or t
Supp ing
Spac
Joist or Stud Centers
or t
Supp ing
Spac
or t
Supp ing
c
a
p
S
Safe Spacing of Supports for Joists or Studs

Based on use of No. 2 Grade Southern Pine or Douglas Fir-Larch
Uniform Load, Pounds per
Linear Foot (Equals Design
Load, Pounds per Sq. Ft.

Times Joist or Stud

Centers in Feet.)

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
Fb = varies psi
E = 1,400,000 psi
Fv = 225 psi
Nominal Size Lumber, bxh (S4S) at 19% Maximum Moisture
2x4
2x6
2x8
3x6
4x2
Fb psi
1625
1438
1313
1438
1438
64"
53"
45"
39"
35"
32"
29"
27"
25"
23"
21"
20"
19"
18"
18"
17"
16"
16"
15"
15"
14"
14"
13"
13"
12"
89"
75"
66"
57"
51"
47"
43"
40"
38"
36"
34"
32"
30"
29"
28"
26"
26"
25"
24"
23"
22"
21"
21"
20"
19"
110"
92"
83"
72"
64"
59"
54"
51"
48"
45"
43"
42"
40"
38"
36"
35"
34"
33"
32"
31"
29"
28"
27"
26"
25"
101"
85"
77"
72"
66"
60"
56"
52"
49"
47"
44"
43"
41"
39"
38"
37"
35"
34"
33"
32"
30"
28"
27"
26"
25"
42"
34"
27"
24"
21"
19"
18"
17"
16"
15"
14"
14"
13"
13"
12"
12"
12"
11"
11"
11"
10"
10"
9"
9"
8"
4 x 4
1625
79"
66"
60"
56"
53"
48"
45"
42"
39"
37"
36"
34"
33"
32"
30"
29"
29"
27"
26"
25"
24"
22"
21"
20"
19"
Note: Fb and Fv shown above includes a 25% increase because of short term loading conditions.
Horizontal shear stress adjustment assumes members have no splits, checks or shakes.
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/270 of spacing, but not more than 1/8".
Contact HD Supply for safe spacings of supports for joists or studs used over two or three supports.
9
General and
or t
Supp ing
c
a
p
S
or t
Supp ing
Spac
Joist or Stud Centers
or t
Supp ing
Spac
Safe Spacing of Supports for Joists or Studs

Based on use of No. 2 Grade Spruce-Pine-Fir or Hem-Fir

Times Joist or Stud

Centers in Feet.)

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
Fb = varies psi
E = 1,300,000 psi
Fv = 175 psi
2x4
2x6
2x8
3x6
4x2
Fb psi
1594
1381
1275
1381
1275
62"
52"
44"
38"
32"
27"
25"
22"
21"
19"
18"
17"
16"
16"
15"
15"
14"
14"
13"
13"
13"
12"
12"
11"
11"
88"
74"
65"
56"
50"
43"
39"
35"
32"
30"
29"
27"
26"
25"
24"
23"
22"
22"
21"
21"
20"
19"
18"
18"
17"
108"
91"
82"
71"
63"
57"
51"
46"
43"
40"
38"
36"
34"
33"
31"
30"
29"
29"
28"
27"
26"
25"
24"
24"
23"
99"
84"
76"
70"
65"
59"
55"
51"
47"
43"
40"
38"
36"
34"
32"
31"
30"
29"
28"
27"
26"
24"
23"
22"
22"
41"
32"
26"
22"
20"
18"
17"
16"
15"
14"
14"
13"
12"
12"
11"
11"
10"
10"
9"
9"
9"
8"
8"
7"
7"
4 x 4
1594
77"
65"
59"
55"
52"
48"
44"
41"
39"
36"
33"
31"
29"
27"
26"
25"
24"
23"
22"
21"
20"
19"
18"
17"
17"
10
General and
or t
Supp ing
Spac
or t
Supp ing
c
a
p
S
Wale or Ledger Centers
or t
Supp ing
Spac
Safe Spacing of Supports for Double Ledgers or Wales Continuous

Over Four or More Supports
Based on use of No. 2 Grade Southern Pine or Douglas Fir-Larch

Times Ledger
or Wale Centers in Feet.)

1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,000
Fb = varies psi
E = 1,400,000 psi
Fv = 225 psi
Double
Double
Double
Double
Double
2x4
2x6
2x8
3x6
3x8
Fb psi
1625
1438
1313
1438
1313
35"
33"
32"
30"
29"
28"
27"
26"
25"
24"
23"
21"
20"
19"
18"
18"
17"
16"
16"
15"
15"
51"
49"
47"
45"
43"
42"
40"
39"
38"
37"
36"
34"
32"
30"
29"
28"
26"
26"
25"
24"
23"
64"
61"
59"
56"
54"
53"
51"
49"
48"
47"
45"
43"
42"
40"
38"
36"
35"
34"
33"
32"
31"
66"
63"
60"
58"
56"
54"
52"
51"
49"
48"
47"
44"
43"
41"
39"
38"
37"
35"
34"
33"
32"
83"
79"
76"
73"
70"
68"
66"
64"
62"
60"
59"
56"
54"
51"
50"
48"
46"
45"
44"
43"
42"
11
General and
or t
Supp ing
Spac
or t
Supp ing
c
a
p
S
Wale or Ledger Centers
or t
Supp ing
Spac
Safe Spacing of Supports for Double Ledgers or Wales Continuous

Over Four or More Supports
Based on use of No. 2 Grade Spruce-Pine-Fir or Hem-Fir

Times Ledger
or Wale Centers in Feet.)

1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,000
Fb = varies psi
E = 1,300,000 psi
Fv = 175 psi
Double
Double
Double
Double
Double
2x4
2x6
2x8
3x6
3x8
Fb psi
1594
1381
1275
1381
1275
32"
29"
27"
26"
25"
23"
22"
21"
21"
20"
19"
18"
17"
16"
16"
15"
15"
14"
14"
13"
13"
50"
46"
43"
41"
39"
37"
35"
34"
32"
31"
30"
29"
27"
26"
25"
24"
23"
22"
22"
21"
21"
63"
60"
57"
54"
51"
48"
46"
44"
43"
41"
40"
38"
36"
34"
33"
31"
30"
29"
29"
28"
27"
65"
62"
59"
57"
55"
53"
51"
49"
47"
45"
43"
40"
38"
36"
34"
32"
31"
30"
29"
28"
27"
82"
78"
75"
72"
69"
67"
65"
63"
61"
59"
57"
53"
50"
47"
45"
43"
41"
39"
38"
37"
36"
Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection. Maximum deflection l/270 of spacing, but not more than
1/8". Contact HD Supply for safe spacings of supports for joists or studs used over two or three supports.
12
General and
To Check
Formulas for Calculating Safe Support Spacings

of Lumber Formwork Members
for Single Span Beam
for Two-Span Beam
for Three of More Span Beam
max = l/360

l = 1.37
El
w
l = 1.83
El
w
l = 1.69
El
w
max = l/270

l = 1.51
El
w
l = 2.02
El
w
l = 1.86
El
w
max = 1/16 in.

l = 2.75
El
w
l = 3.43
El
w
l = 3.23
El
w
max = 1/8 in.

l = 3.27
El
w
l = 4.08
El
w
l = 3.84
El
w
max = 1/4 in.

l = 3.90
El
w
l = 4.85
El
w
l = 4.57
El
w
Bending

l = 9.80
FbS
w
l = 9.80
FbS
w
l = 10.95
Horizontal
Shear
l = 16Fvbh + 2h
w
l = 192Fvbh + 2h
15w
FbS
w
l = 40Fvbh + 2h
3w
Notation:
A = area of cross section, sq. in.
b = width of section, in.
E = modulus of elasticity, psi
Fb = design value for extreme fiber in bending, psi
Fv = design value in horizontal shear, psi
Fc = design value in compression parallel to grain, psi
FcT = design value in compression perpendicular to grain, psi
h = depth of section, in.

l = moment of inertia, in.4
l = safe spacing of supports, in.
S = section modulus, in.3
w = load, lbs. per lineal ft.
= deflection, in.
13
General and
XX Neutral Axis
Properties of Structural Lumber

Area of section
Moment of
Section
Approx.
Board
American Standard
4
3
Modulus, in.
Weight
Nominal
A = bh, sq. in.
Inertia, in.
Feet
Sizes in Inches,
bh2
per Lineal
Size in

bh3
S=
l=
bxh S4S*
per Lineal
Inches,

12
6
Foot (lbs.)
19% Maximum
Foot of

bxh

of S4S
Moisture
Piece

Rough
S4S Rough S4S Rough
S4S
Lumber

4x1
6x1
8x1
10x1
12x1
4x2
6x2
8x2
10x2
12x2
2x4
2x6
2x8
2x10
2x12
3x4
3x6
3x8
3x10
3x12
4x4
4x6
4x8
4x10
6x3
6x4
6x6
6x8
8x8
3-1/2 x 3/4
5-1/2 x 3/4
7-1/4 x 3/4
9-1/4 x 3/4
11-1/4 x 3/4
3-1/2 x 1-1/2
5-1/2 x 1-1/2
7-1/4 x 1-1/2
9-1/4 x 1-1/2
11-1/4 x 1-1/2
1-1/2 x 3-1/2
1-1/2 x 5-1/2
1-1/2 x 7-1/4
1-1/2 x 9-1/4
1-1/2 x 11-1/4
2-1/2 x 3-1/2
2-1/2 x 5-1/2
2-1/2 x 7-1/4
2-1/2 x 9-1/4
2-1/2 x 11-1/4
3-1/2 x 3-1/2
3-1/2 x 5-1/2
3-1/2 x 7-1/4
3-1/2 x 9-1/4
5-1/2 x 2-1/2
5-1/2 x 3-1/2
5-1/2 x 5-1/2
5-1/2 x 7-1/2
7-1/2 x 7-1/2
3.17
4.92
6.45
8.20
9.95
5.89
9.14
11.98
15.23
18.48
5.89
9.14
11.98
15.23
18.48
9.52
14.77
19.36
24.61
29.86
13.14
20.39
26.73
33.98
14.77
20.39
31.64
42.89
58.14
2.62
4.12
5.44
6.94
8.44
5.25
8.25
10.87
13.87
16.87
5.25
8.25
10.87
13.87
16.87
8.75
13.75
18.12
23.12
28.12
12.25
19.26
25.38
32.38
13.75
19.25
30.25
41.25
56.25
0.20
0.31
0.41
0.52
0.63
1.30
2.01
2.64
3.35
4.07
6.45
24.10
54.32
111.58
199.31
10.42
38.93
87.74
180.24
321.96
14.39
53.76
121.17
248.91
8.48
22.33
83.43
207.81
281.69
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.32
0.39
0.98
1.55
2.04
2.60
3.16
5.36
20.80
47.63
98.93
177.97
8.93
34.66
79.39
164.89
296.63
12.50
48.53
111.15
230.84
7.16
19.65
76.26
193.36
263.67
0.46
0.72
0.94
1.20
1.45
1.60
2.48
3.25
4.13
5.01
3.56
8.57
14.73
23.80
35.04
5.75
13.84
23.80
38.45
56.61
7.94
19.12
32.86
53.10
6.46
12.32
29.66
54.51
73.89
0.33
0.52
0.68
0.87
1.05
1.31
2.06
2.72
3.47
4.21
3.06
7.56
13.14
21.39
31.64
5.10
12.60
21.90
35.65
52.73
7.15
17.65
30.66
49.91
5.73
11.23
27.73
51.56
70.31
1/3
1/2
2/3
5/6
1
2/3
1
1-1/3
1-2/3
2
2/3
1
1-1/3
1-2/3
2
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
1-1/3
2
2-2/3
3-1/3
1-1/2
2
3
4
5-1/3
.7
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.1
1.3
2.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
1.3
2.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
2.2
3.4
4.4
5.7
6.9
3.0
4.7
6.2
7.9
3.4
4.7
7.4
10.0
13.7
*Rough dry sizes are 1/8 in. larger, both dimensions.

Properties and weights of American Standard Board, Dimension and Timber sizes commonly used for formwork construction
are based on data supplied by the National Forest ProductsAssociation.
Approximate weights listed are based on lumber weighing 35 lbs. per cubic foot.
14
General and
Light Forming
Products
Brigade Hex Head Snap Tie
Brigade Hex Head Snap
Ties are manufactured with
hot forged integral 1/2" hex
shaped heads. The hex head
allows short-end snap ties
to be broken back with the
formwork still in place.
Brigade Hex Head Snap Tie
Lumber
and
Wedge
Wall
Thickness
Anti-Turn Feature
(Flat or Crimp)
Light Forming Products
Break Back
Lumber
and
Wedge
Hot Forged 1/2" Hex

Head on Stock Sizes
A-2 1" x 1" Plastic Cone

with Break Back Inside Cone
The Brigade Snap Tie uses 1" x 1" Plastic Cones to provide
a nominal 1" breakback. Other size cones are available
on special order.
Example:
2000 pcs. Brigade Hex Head Snap Tie, 12" wall,
4-3/4" L&W, 1" break back with 1"x1" Plastic Cones.
2,250 lbs.
Safe Working Load
How to Break Back

Brigade Snap Ties
To Order:
Specify: (1) quantity, (2) name, (3) wall thickness,
(4) lumber and wedge dimension (allow 1/2" for
wedge take up), (5) break back, (6) type of washer
or cone.
1. Place a 1/2" six-point socket and ratchet over

the head of the tie.
2. Push the bracket eccentric away from the tie
head.
3. Standing in front of the tie, hold the socket on
the hex head with one hand and turn the ratchet
with the other. A 1/4 to 1/2 turn of the ratchet will
normally break the tie end
Brigade Snap Tie Wedge

Brigade Snap Tie Wedge is a high strength snap tie wedge designed to slip over the head of standard or heavy duty snap
ties to provide ample bearing area for proper load distribution into the wales.
.
To Order:
Specify: (1) quantity, (2) name.
Example:
5,000 pcs. Brigade Snap Tie Wedge.
6-1/8"
Brigade Snap Tie Wedge
15
Light Forming
Products
1. Preparation
Gang drilling the plywood is the only preparation required. Holes need
to be drilled 1/8" larger than the snap tie head. Normally a 5/8" diameter
drill bit will be required.
Gang Drilling
of Plywood
The 5/8" take-up of the eccentric on the Jahn A Bracket allows a snap
tie with a L&W dimension of 4-3/4" to be used with 5/8" or 3/4" plywood.
The 5/8" take-up on the C bracket allows it and 8-1/4" snap ties to be
used on 5/8" and 3/4" plywood.
2. Snap Tie Spacing and Rate of Placement

The most common snap tie spacings being used with the Jahn Forming System are shown below.

6"
8"
12"
12"
16"
12"
12"
12"
16"
12"
12"
12"
16"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
12"
12"
16"
12"
12"
12"
6"
12"
24"
12"
4'-0"
vertical x 24" horizontal

Snap Tie Spacing.

Recommended rate of
placement 4.5 ft./hr. at 70.
12"
24"
16"
12"
8"
12"
12"
12"
4'-0"
16" vertical x 24" horizontal

Snap Tie spacing.
Recommended rate of
12"
12"
12"
4'-0"
12"
12" vertical x 12" horizontal

Snap Tie spacing.
Recommended rate of
Plywood Used Strong Way (Face Grain Parallel to Spacing)

Notes: The above recommendations are based on the use of 3/4" Plyform Class I, and 2x4 S4S studs
(Douglas Fir-Larch, Southern Pine or equal having a minimum allowable fibre stress of 1,200 psi).
Design is based on all formwork members being continuous over four or more supports.
16
Light Forming
Products
3. Footing Plates
Good forming practices require that a level footing be used as a starting point for
all forming applications.
Nail Plywood
To Plate
Snap a chalk in back of the plywood thickness and nail down a 2 x 4 plate.
2x4 Plate
Chalk Lines
4. Plywood Panel Erection

Erect, plumb, nail to plate and temporarily brace the first
sheet of plywood.
Erect additional sheets of plywood by nailing them to the
2x4 plate and temporary wood cleats at the top corners.
Make sure the joints are tight. If panels are to be stacked,
ensure that the panel tops are level.
5. Installation of Snap Ties and A Brackets

Place the ends of the Snap Ties through the holes in the plywood.
The 4-3/4" L&W Brigade Snap Tie, Standard is recommended for
use with the Jahn A Brackets, 5/8" or 3/4" plywood and 2x4 wales.
Two workmen can install the snap ties with speed and economy.
One inserts the tie through the tie hole and the other attaches the
A bracket.
17
Light Forming
Products
6. Joint Cover Details
Alternate A - Drill 5/8" diameter hole 1-1/8" down from
top edge of the lower sheet of plywood. Install snap
tie, A Brackets and wale and then the upper sheet of
plywood. Nail the upper sheet of plywood to the wale.
1-1/8"
Alternate A
Single Wale and

A Brackets
Alternate B - Install snap tie in the joint between the

panels. Add double wales and a C Bracket.
Alternate B
Alternate C - Nail 4x4 wale to lower sheet of plywood,

hold the wale in place with strongbacks and add upper
sheet of plywood.
Alternate C
Double Wales and

C Brackets
4x4
7. Installation of Second Lift of Plywood

Lift the plywood sheet and
place it into position. Hold the
sheet in place with a short
2x4 spacing block, snap tie
and C Bracket placed toward
the top of the panel and nail
the bottom of the sheet to the
joint cover wale.
Set additional panels by
nailing them to the joint cover
wale and securing them to
the previous panel with a
small wood cleat.
Install the snap ties,
brackets and wales - working
bottom to top.
Note: Snap ties are not
designed to carry scaffold
bracket loads..
18
Light Forming
Products
8. Haunch or Corbel Forming

A low wall with a light corbel or

haunch can be formed using
the method illustrated below.
For heavy corbels or haunches

forming use vertical strongbacks,
T shores and A and C Brackets.
C Brackets
Strongbacks
Filler
Filler
Banding
Optional
Filler as
Required
A Brackets
1" x 4" Scab
A Brackets
T Shore
9. Step Forming
Use of Jahn C Brackets and Jahn Tie Extenders
to attach strongbacks allows 2x4 wales to run free
and holes do not have to line up at stepdowns.
When tie alignment is fairly close, C Brackets
can be used as shown in the sketch.
C Brackets
Strongback
A Brackets
Stepdown Footer
19
Light Forming
Products
10. Brick Ledge Forming
Brick ledges can be quickly formed with 2x4s placed
either vertically or horizontally. By adding shims, of required
thickness, to a 2x4, ledges of varying thickness can be formed.
Brick
Ledge
Variable
All A Brackets
All A Brackets
11. 3-Way Wall Forming

3-way walls can be formed
using A and C Brackets with
single and double wales, as
shown in the sketches.
A Brackets
C Brackets
Strongbacks at 8'-0" craters
C Brackets
A Brackets
Double Wales
20
Light Forming
Products
Using Single Vertical Wales for
Curved Walls
Curved Template
A Brackets are always positioned on the

left side of the 2x4 so that the eccentric is set in
a vibration-proof posture. A Brackets can be
installed after the studs are in place.
Filler strips may be required on the outside face.
To eliminate the filler strip requirement, the two
sides of the interior panels may be trimmed to take
care of the difference in circumference of the inner
and outer forms.
1"x4"
Banding
Optional
Depending
on Amount
of Bracing
Used.
Curved Template
Column and Pilaster Forming Suggestions
Cornerlocks
Vertical
Studs
Single Wales
Spaced per
Design
Detail of Small Pilaster Forming

A Brackets
Sketch of
Column Form
A Brackets
Studs per Design
3/4"
Detail of
Column Form
W
+
3/4"
C Brackets
Detail of Large Pilaster Forming

3/4"
L + 3/4"
3/4"
21

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CONCRETE

Safety Notes and Product Application

Minimum Safety Factors of Formwork Accessories

Formwork supporting form weight and concrete

(Used as Form Ties)

Precast concrete panels when used as formwork.

General and Technical Information

Usage Affecting a Products Safe Working Load

All safe working loads shown in this publication contain an

The proper tie head position is at the midpoint,

Snap Tie Head

General and Technical Information

Correct Spacing is 5/8" to 3/4"

Care must be taken to ensure

General and Technical Information

12. Do not exceed the recommended rate of placement and

Induced Tension Loads

Note: Tension = Pressure x Multiplication Factor

General and Technical Information

Induced Shear Loads

.71 x Tie Down Load = Shear Load

Both tension and shear loads must be taken into

.50 x Tie Down Load = Shear Load

It is important to remember that tie downs placed at an

Total Shear Load

Combined Shear and Tension Loads

2 < 1.0 Where

Forming Accessories Selection

Load Carrying Capacity Classifications:

Method of Use Classifications:

Chart for Determining Required Quantities of Form Ties

Form Tie Spacing

Form Ties Required

General and Technical Information

Typical Formwork Designs for Wall Forms

Maximum Rate Form Design

Note: the above table is based on the following conditions:

Vertical Formwork Design Loads

Where P = lateral pressure, pounds per square foot;

Lateral Pressure of Concrete

General and Technical Information

Lateral Pressure of Concrete

Where P = lateral pressure, pounds per square foot;

Pounds per Square Foot for

Note: Do not use lateral pressures in excess of

R = rate of placement, feet per hour, and

With all concrete

Fluid or plastic concrete

As you add more fluid or plastic concrete to

As Bottom As second foot of

General and Technical Information

Joist or Stud Spacing

Plywood Used Strong Way

Joist or Stud Spacing

Plywood Used Weak Way

Safe Spacing in inches of Support for Plyform Sheathing

Support spacings are governed by bending, shear or deflection.

General and Technical Information

Joist or Stud Centers

Safe Spacing of Supports for Joists or Studs

General and Technical Information

Joist or Stud Centers

Safe Spacing of Supports for Joists or Studs