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1 History
Ethernet /irnt/ is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks
(LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs).[1] It
was commercially introduced in 1980 and rst standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3,[2] and has since been rened to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as token ring, FDDI
and ARCNET. It also has replaced the ATM circuitswitched technology rst developed in the early 1990s.
Ethernet enhancements since 2005 to support ber-optic
transmission over longer distances and also to support
much higher data rates (e.g. 40 Gbps, 100 Gbps) also are
beginning to adversely impact sales and new deployments
of SONET technology.
3 EVOLUTION
resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23, ics Engineers (IEEE) started project 802 to standardize
1983.[2]
local area networks (LAN).[14][22] The DIX-group with
Ethernet initially competed with two largely proprietary Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis
systems, Token Ring and Token Bus. Because Ethernet (Xerox) submitted the so-called Blue Book CSMA/CD
[15]
was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpen- specication as a candidate for the LAN specication.
sive and ubiquitous twisted pair wiring, these proprietary In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by
protocols soon found themselves competing in a mar- IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward supket inundated by Ethernet products, and, by the end of ported by General Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and
the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network
[6]
technology. In the process, 3Com became a major broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which technology to standardize. In December
company. 3Com shipped its rst 10 Mbit/s Ethernet
stan3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that year started selling 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and [14]
dardization proceeded separately for each proposal.
adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibusbased Intel and Sun Microsystems computers.[17]:9 This Delays in the standards process put at risk the market
was followed quickly by DECs Unibus to Ethernet introduction of the Xerox Star workstation and 3Coms
adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications
own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes in mind, David Liddle (General Manager, Xerox Oce
by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a proin the world at that time.[18] An Ethernet adapter card posal of Fritz Rscheisen (Siemens Private Networks)
for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, for an alliance in the emerging oce communication
3Com had sold 100,000.[14] By the early 1990s, Ether- market, including Siemens support for the international
net became so prevalent that it was a must-have feature standardization of Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid
for modern computers, and Ethernet ports began to ap- Fromm, Siemens representative to IEEE 802, quickly
pear on some PCs and most workstations. This process achieved broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by
was greatly sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T the establishment of a competing Task Group Local
and its relatively small modular connector, at which point Networks within the European standards body ECMA
Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards. TC24. On March 1982, ECMA TC24 with its corpostandard for
Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet rate members reached an agreement on a[17]:8
CSMA/CD
based
on
the
IEEE
802
draft.
Because
[19]
new bandwidth and market requirements.
In addithe DIX proposal was most technically complete and betion to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect
appliances and other personal devices.[6] It is used in cause of the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions within
industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data
CSMA/CD standard was approved
transmission systems in the worlds telecommunications IEEE, the IEEE 802.3
in December 1982.[14] IEEE published the 802.3 stan[20]
networks. By 2010, the market for Ethernet equipment
dard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.[23]
amounted to over $16 billion per year.[21]
Standardization
3 Evolution
Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved
media access control methods, and dierent physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point
links connected by Ethernet repeaters or switches.[25]
Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other
data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivAn Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card
ered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses
In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electron- are used to specify both the destination and the source of
3.1
Shared media
each data packet. Ethernet establishes link level connections, which can be dened using both the destination and
source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether
the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. Network interfaces normally do not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations. Adapters come
programmed with a globally unique address.[lower-alpha 2]
An EtherType eld in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol version such as IPv4). Ethernet frames are said to be selfidentifying, because of the frame type. Self-identifying
frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on
the same physical network and allow a single computer to
use multiple protocols together.[26] Despite the evolution
of Ethernet technology, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame
formats.[27] Mixed-speed networks can be built using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the desired Eth- Older Ethernet equipment. Clockwise from top-left: An Ethernet
transceiver with an in-line 10BASE2 adapter, a similar model
ernet variants.[28]
Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost
of the hardware needed to support it, and the reduced
panel space needed by twisted pair Ethernet, most manufacturers now build Ethernet interfaces directly into PC
motherboards, eliminating the need for installation of a
separate network card.[29]
3.1
Shared media
transceiver with a 10BASE5 adapter, an AUI cable, a dierent style of transceiver with 10BASE2 BNC T-connector, two
10BASE5 end ttings (N connectors), an orange vampire tap
installation tool (which includes a specialized drill bit at one end
and a socket wrench at the other), and an early model 10BASE5
transceiver (h4000) manufactured by DEC. The short length of
yellow 10BASE5 cable has one end tted with a N connector and
the other end prepared to have a N connector shell installed; the
half-black, half-grey rectangular object through which the cable
passes is an installed vampire tap.
4
trast with token passing LANs (token ring, token bus), all
of which suer throughput degradation as each new node
comes into the LAN, due to token waits. This report was
controversial, as modeling showed that collision-based
networks theoretically became unstable under loads as
low as 37% of nominal capacity. Many early researchers
failed to understand these results. Performance on real
networks is signicantly better.[34]
3 EVOLUTION
wiring already installed in commercial buildings provided
another opportunity to lower costs, expand the installed
base, and leverage building design, and, thus, twisted-pair
Ethernet was the next logical development in the mid1980s.
Ethernet on unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) began
with StarLAN at 1 Mbit/s in the mid-1980s. In 1987
SynOptics introduced the rst twisted-pair Ethernet at
10 Mbit/s in a star-wired cabling topology with a central hub, later called LattisNet.[14][36][37] These evolved
into 10BASE-T, which was designed for point-to-point
links only, and all termination was built into the device.
This changed repeaters from a specialist device used at
the center of large networks to a device that every twisted
pair-based network with more than two machines had
to use. The tree structure that resulted from this made
Ethernet networks easier to maintain by preventing most
faults with one peer or its associated cable from aecting
other devices on the network.
A 1990s network interface card supporting both coaxial cablebased 10BASE2 (BNC connector, left) and twisted pair-based
10BASE-T (8P8C connector, right)
3.4
Advanced networking
7 SEE ALSO
Frame structure
Chaosnet
Ethernet crossover cable
Fiber media converter
Industrial Ethernet
List of device bit rates
LocalTalk
Metro Ethernet
PHY (chip)
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded Ethernet chip.
Notes
References
[3] Xerox (August 1976). Alto: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual (PDF). Xerox. p. 37. Retrieved
25 August 2015.
[4] Charles M. Kozierok (2005-09-20). Data Link Layer
(Layer 2)". tcpipguide.com. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
[5] Joe Jensen (2007-10-26). 802.11 g: Pros & Cons of a
Wireless Network in a Business Environment. networkbits.net. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
[6] The History of Ethernet. NetEvents.tv. 2006. Retrieved
September 10, 2011.
[7] Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. 1973. Retrieved
September 2, 2007.
[8] Gerald W. Brock (September 25, 2003). The Second Information Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 151.
ISBN 0-674-01178-3.
[9] Cade Metz (March 13, 2009). Ethernet a networking protocol name for the ages: Michelson, Morley, and
Metcalfe. The Register: 2. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
[10] Mary Bellis. Inventors of the Modern Computer.
About.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
[11] U.S. Patent 4,063,220 Multipoint data communication
system (with collision detection)"
[12] Robert Metcalfe; David Boggs (July 1976). Ethernet:
Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 19 (7): 395
405. doi:10.1145/360248.360253.
[13] John F. Shoch; Yogen K. Dalal; David D. Redell; Ronald
C. Crane (August 1982). Evolution of the Ethernet Local
Computer Network (PDF). IEEE Computer. 15 (8): 14
26. doi:10.1109/MC.1982.1654107.
[14] von Burg, Urs; Kenney, Martin (December 2003).
Sponsors, Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs.
Token Ring in the Local Area Networking Business
(PDF). Industry & Innovation. 10 (4): 351375.
doi:10.1080/1366271032000163621. Archived from the
original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
[15] Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox
Corporation (30 September 1980). The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer
Specications, Version 1.0 (PDF). Xerox Corporation.
Retrieved 2011-12-10.
[16] Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox
Corporation (November 1982). The Ethernet, A Local
Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specications, Version 2.0 (PDF). Xerox Corporation. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
[17] Robert Breyer; Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast, and
Gigabit Ethernet. Macmillan. ISBN 1-57870-073-6.
[18] Jamie Parker Pearson (1992). Digital at Work. Digital
Press. p. 163. ISBN 1-55558-092-0.
11
EXTERNAL LINKS
[20] My oh My Ethernet Growth Continues to Soar; Surpasses Legacy. Telecom News Now. July 29, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
[37] Urs von Burg (2001). The Triumph of Ethernet: technological communities and the battle for the LAN standard.
Stanford University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-8047-4094-1.
10 Further reading
Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation;
Xerox Corporation (September 1980). The Ethernet: A Local Area Network. ACM SIGCOMM
Computer Communication Review. 11 (3): 20.
doi:10.1145/1015591.1015594. Version 1.0 of the
DIX specication.
Ethernet Technologies. Internetworking Technology Handbook. Cisco Systems. Retrieved April 11,
2011.
Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: The Denitive Guide. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1565-926608.
11 External links
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet working group
IEEE 802.3-2015 standard
12
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