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Article outline
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Relevant literature
Experimental works
Conclusion
References
1.
Table 1
2.
3.
4.
Table 2
5.
6.
Table 3
7.
Table 4
8.
Table 5
9.
Table 6
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Table 7
HBRC Journal
Volume 9, Issue 3, December 2013, Pages 276282
Open Access
Abstract
Adsorption processes are being widely used by various researchers for the removal
of heavy metals from waste streams and activated carbon has been frequently used
as an adsorbent. Despite its extensive use in water and wastewater treatment
industries, activated carbon remains an expensive material. In recent years, the
need for safe and economical methods for the elimination of heavy metals from
contaminated waters has necessitated research interest toward the production of low
cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon. Therefore, there is an
urgent need that all possible sources of agro-based inexpensive adsorbents should
be explored and their feasibility for the removal of heavy metals should be studied in
detail. The objective of this research is to study the utilization possibilities of less
expensive adsorbents for the elimination of heavy metals from wastewater.
Agricultural and industrial waste by-products such as rice husk and fly ash have be
used for the elimination of heavy metals from wastewater for the treatment of the ELAHLIA Company wastewater for electroplating industries as an actual case study.
Results showed that low cost adsorbents can be fruitfully used for the removal of
heavy metals with a concentration range of 2060 mg/l also, using real wastewater
showed that rice husk was effective in the simultaneous removal of Fe, Pb and Ni,
where fly ash was effective in the removal of Cd and Cu.
Keywords
Adsorption;
Adsorbents;
Agricultural wastes;
Industrial waste;
Heavy metals;
Wastewater
Introduction
Excessive release of heavy metals into the environment due to industrialization and
urbanization has posed a great problem worldwide. Unlike organic pollutants, the
majority of which are susceptible to biological degradation, heavy metal ions do not
degrade into harmless end products [1]. The presence of heavy metal ions is of
major concern due to their toxicity to many life forms. Heavy metal contamination
exists in aqueous wastes of many industries, such as metal plating, mining
operations, tanneries, chloralkali, radiator manufacturing, smelting, alloy industries
and storage batteries industries [2].
Treatment processes for heavy metal removal from wastewater include precipitation,
membrane filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, and co-precipitation/adsorption.
Studies on the treatment of effluent bearing heavy metals have revealed adsorption
to be a highly effective technique for the removal of heavy metals from waste stream
and activated carbon has been widely used as an adsorbent [3]. Despite its
extensive use in water and wastewater treatment industries, activated carbon
remains an expensive material.
In recent years, the need for safe and economical methods for the elimination of
heavy metals from contaminated waters has necessitated research Low cost
agricultural waste by-products such as sugarcane bagasse [4], [5], [6], [7] and [8],
Rice husk [9], [10], [11],[12] and [13], sawdust [14], [15] and [16], coconut husk [17],
oil palm shell [18], neem bark[19] etc., for the elimination of heavy metals from
wastewater have been investigated by various researchers. Cost is an important
parameter for comparing the sorbent materials. However, cost information is seldom
reported, and the expense of individual sorbents varies depending on the degree of
processing required and local availability. In general, an adsorbent can be termed as
a low cost adsorbent if it requires little processing, is abundant in nature, or is a byproduct or waste material from another industry. Of course improved sorption
capacity may compensate the cost of additional processing [20]. Therefore there is
an urgent need that all possible sources of agro-based inexpensive adsorbents
should be explored and their feasibility for the removal of heavy metals should be
studied in detail. The objective of this study is to contribute in the search for less
expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for various agricultural waste
by-products, which are in many cases also pollution sources.
Relevant literature
Reviews of some agricultural and industrial adsorbents for the removal of heavy
metals from wastewater are presented as follows.
Rice husk
Rice husk is an agricultural waste material generated in rice producing countries,
especially in Egypt. The annual world rice production is approximately 500 million
metric tons, of which 1020% is rice husk. Dry rice husk contains 7085% of organic
matter (lignin, cellulose, sugars, etc.) and the remainder consists of silica, which is
present in the cellular membrane [21]. In recent years, attention has been focused
on the utilization of unmodified or modified rice husk as an adsorbent for the removal
of pollutants. Batch studies using tartaric acid modified rice husk as adsorbent have
been carried out for the removal of lead and copper and have reported the effects of
various parameters such as pH, initial concentration of adsorbate, particle size,
temperature etc. It was reported that modified rice husk is a potentially useful
material for the removal of Cu and Pb from aqueous solutions [22].
Fly ash
Fly Ash is a naturally-cementations coal combustion by-product. It is extracted by the
precipitators in the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants to reduce pollution
Since the fly ash disposal problem emerged with the advent of pollution control
systems in the 1960s and 1970s, extensive research has been done to understand
how it performs in its orthodox capacity as a soil stabilizer and structural concrete
admixture [23].
Experimental works
Materials
The adsorption of heavy metal ions by low cost adsorbents was evaluated under
various conditions such as pH, heavy metal concentration, mixing speed and
adsorbent dose through both kinetic and isotherm studies. The optimum removal
condition was also identified for each metal ion. Table 1 indicates the main
consistent, primary source, physical structure, chemical characterization and the
primary use of low cost adsorbents such as rice husk and fly ash (see Fig. 1 and Fig.
2).
Table 1.
Low cost adsorbents data.
Low cost
Main
adsorbents
consistent
Rice husk
Is collected
from one of
the rice
processing
factories
Primary
source
Physical
structure
Chemical
characterization (%)
Primary use
Rice
Granular
structure
insolubility
in water,
chemical
stability,
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Extractives
Water
Wastewater
treatment
32.2
21.3
21.4
1.82
8.11
Low cost
adsorbents
Main
consistent
Primary
source
Physical
structure
Chemical
characterization (%)
Primary use
Fly ash
A particulate
material
produced
from the
combustion
of coal in
power
plants
Bituminous
coalburning
power plant
Spherical
shape and
pozzolanic
properties
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Building
materials,
soil
amendment
and fillers
57.82
22.10
8.33
Table options
Fig. 1.
Experimental work program for rice husk.
Figure options
Fig. 2.
Experimental work program for fly ash.
Figure options
of 530 mg/L and the bottles were further agitated for 2 or 2.5 h until equilibrium was
obtained. The residual concentration of heavy metals was determined by an atomic
absorption spectrometer. In addition to adsorption tests, a set of blank tests of low
cost were conducted in order to evaluate the removal by metal hydroxide
precipitation at various pHs.
Table 2 indicates the experimental work program i.e. mixing speed, contact time and
adsorbent dose.
Table 2.
Experimental work program (synthetic water).
Low cost
Run Metals
pH
adsorption
Rice husk
1
Cu
3:10
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
Ni
2:7
6
6
7
6
8
6
9
Fe
2.5:4
10
3.75
11
3.75
12
3.75
Fly ash
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Cu
Ni
Fe
3:8
6
6
6
3:10
7
7
7
3:8
6
6
6
Mixing speed
(rpm)
200
50:250
200
200
200
50:250
200
200
200
50:250
200
200
Contact time
(min)
20
20
20:150
120
20
20
20:150
120
20
20
20:150
120
Adsorbent dose
(g/l)
10
10
5:30
20
10
10
5:30
20
10
10
5:30
20
200
50:250
150
150
200
50250
150
150
200
50:250
150
150
20
20
20:150
120
20
20
20:150
120
20
20
20:150
120
10
10
5:40
20
10
10
5:40
20
10
10
5:40
20
Table options
Fig. 3.
Heavy metal concentration in El-AHLIA wastewater.
Figure options
Fe
20
30
40
50
60
11.78
11.78
11.78
11.78
11.78
Outlet-Fe
mg/l
3.7
2.1
1.2
0.09
0.088
Fly ash
Removal
ratio %
68.59
82.17
89.81
99.236
99.253
Outlet-Fe
mg/l
6.34
4.9
4.1
2.97
1.56
Removal
ratio %
46.18
58.4
65.2
74.788
86.757
Table options
Pb
20
30
1.17
1.17
Outlet- Pb
mg/l
0.91
0.66
Fly ash
Removal
ratio %
22.22
43.59
Outlet- Pb
mg/l
0.92
0.7
Removal
ratio %
21.79
40.17
Heavy
metal
Adsorbent
dose
40
50
60
In- Pb
mg/l
1.17
1.17
1.17
Rice husk
Outlet- Pb
mg/l
0.38
0.28
0.15
Fly ash
Removal
ratio %
67.52
76.068
87.179
Outlet- Pb
mg/l
0.46
0.33
0.28
Removal
ratio %
60.68
71.795
76.068
Table options
Cd
20
30
40
50
60
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
Outlet- Cd
mg/l
0.36
0.31
0.24
0.190
0.154
Fly ash
Removal
ratio %
26.04
35.42
50.00
60.417
67.917
Outlet- Cd
mg/l
0.36
0.30
0.23
0.180
0.127
Removal
ratio %
25.21
37.50
52.08
62.500
73.542
Table options
Cu
20
30
40
50
60
5.43
5.43
5.43
5.43
5.43
Outlet- Cu
mg/l
4.10
2.84
1.83
1.210
0.099
Fly ash
Removal
ratio %
24.49
47.70
66.30
77.716
98.177
Outlet- Cu
mg/l
3.40
1.81
1.01
0.089
0.079
Removal
ratio %
37.38
66.67
81.40
98.361
98.545
Table options
Fig. 4.
Removal efficiency of various heavy metals using rice husk.
Figure options
Fig. 5.
Removal efficiency of various heavy metals using fly ash.
Figure options
Fig. 6.
Comparison between rice husk and fly ash removal efficiency at 60 mg/l absorbent
concentration.
Figure options
Fig. 7.
Comparison between rice husk and fly ash removal efficiency at 50 mg/l absorbent
concentration.
Figure options
Table 7.
Ni removal efficiency for different absorbent doses.
Heavy
Adsorbent
In- Ni
Rice husk
metal
dose
mg/l
Ni
20
30
40
50
60
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
Outlet- Ni
mg/l
0.089
0.071
0.065
0.058
0.053
Fly ash
Removal
ratio %
94.885
95.920
96.264
96.667
96.954
Outlet- Ni
mg/l
0.095
0.085
0.076
0.070
0.069
Removal
ratio %
94.540
95.115
95.632
95.977
96.034
Table options
Conclusion
1.
Results showed that low cost adsorbents can be fruitfully used for the removal
of heavy metals with a concentration range of 2060 mg/l.
2.
The results of using real wastewater showed that rice husk was effective in
the simultaneous removal of Fe, Pb and Ni, whereas fly ash was effective in
the removal of Cd and Cu.
3.
It was found that the percentage removal of heavy metals was dependent on
the dose of low cost adsorbent and adsorbent concentration.
4.
The contact time necessary for maximum adsorption was found to be two
hours.
5.
The optimum pH range for heavy metal adsorption was 67.0.
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Center.
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+1
3rd R Murenzi
77.2% for the same dosages of ARH. Therefore, it is concluded that as regards to CRH, ARH demonstrated
higher potential to remove relatively all selected heavy metals.
Full-text (PDF)
Available from: Umaru Garba Wali, Nov 19, 2014
Download Full-text PDF
Citations12
References12
"The increase in particle size had a reverse effect of decreasing surface area, reducing
number of binding sites hence decreasing the % adsorption. Similar results were observed by [16] who worked
on rice husks and [17] who worked on treated sawdust of sissoo wood. [18] demonstrated that the adsorption of
Pb (II) ions increased linearly as the amount of adsorbent (mixture of activated charcoal and peanut shell)
increased from 1.0 g to 3.0 g and became constant from 3.0 g to 5.0 g. "
Read
"Conventional metal removal techniques such as reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, lime
coagulation and ion exchange methods [7], [8] are encountered with certain major disadvantages such as high
energy requirements, incomplete removal and generation of large quantity of toxic waste sludge due to various
reagents used in a series of treatments. Adsorption techniques are proved to be an effective and attractive
process for removal of non-biodegradable pollutants [9], [10] Manuscript received October 25, 2014, revised
January 15, 2015. The authors are with the Petrochemical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos
University, Canal El Mahmoudeya St. Semouha, Alexandria, Egypt (e-mail: rania_farouq29@yahoo.com,
nohaysf@gmail.com, "
N. S. Yousef
Read
"At present, a list of technologies have been designed and employed for heavy metal removal
purpose namely precipitation, biological treatment, membrane-filtration process, fenton reagent and adsorption
[6] [7]. Despite of the efficiency in pollutants removal these methods have significant disadvantages, such as high
chemical and energy requirements, hazardous sludge formation, low efficiency at low concentration of pollutants
and high cost at large scale [8]. "
[Show abstract]
Full-text Article Jul 2015
Zalilah Murni Yunus
Norzila Othman
Onn Malaysia
Read full-text
Show more
Kunal Mondal
Kakoli Banerjee
Read full-text
Read
Ibinabo Ogolo
Abam T. K. S
Ngah S.A.
Read
Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence
agreement may be applicable.
This publication is from a journal that may support self archiving.
Learn more
Last Updated: 17 Jul 16
2008-2016 researchgate.net. All rights reserved.About us Contact us Careers Developers News Help
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Article: Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Rice Husks
Full-text Nov 2011 The Open Environmental Eng...
Article: Characterization of Brewery Wastewater for Reuse in Kigali, Rwanda
Full-text Jan 2011 The Open Environmental Eng...
Article: Batch Sorption Experiments: Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Studies for the Adsorption of Textile
M...
Full-text Jan 2013 Journal of Thermodynamics
Article: An assessment of wastewater management practices in Kigali
Full-text
See all
12 Citations
See all
12 References
Share
Download Full-text PDF
+1
3rd R Murenzi
capacity decrease as follow Cu> Zn> Pb> Cd. On the other hand, ARH adsorption capacity performance is
similar to CRH. However, during Rapid Small Scale Column Tests the adsorption capacity decreases in the order
Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. The kinetic removal in batch experiment shows that the net uptake of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn was 54.3%,
8.24%, 51.4% and 56.7%, respectively whereas using CRH, while it varied as 74.04%, 43.4%, 70.08% and
77.2% for the same dosages of ARH. Therefore, it is concluded that as regards to CRH, ARH demonstrated
higher potential to remove relatively all selected heavy metals.
Full-text (PDF)
Available from: Umaru Garba Wali, Nov 19, 2014
Download Full-text PDF
Citations12
References12
"The increase in particle size had a reverse effect of decreasing surface area, reducing
number of binding sites hence decreasing the % adsorption. Similar results were observed by [16] who worked
on rice husks and [17] who worked on treated sawdust of sissoo wood. [18] demonstrated that the adsorption of
Pb (II) ions increased linearly as the amount of adsorbent (mixture of activated charcoal and peanut shell)
increased from 1.0 g to 3.0 g and became constant from 3.0 g to 5.0 g. "
Read
"Conventional metal removal techniques such as reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, lime
coagulation and ion exchange methods [7], [8] are encountered with certain major disadvantages such as high
energy requirements, incomplete removal and generation of large quantity of toxic waste sludge due to various
reagents used in a series of treatments. Adsorption techniques are proved to be an effective and attractive
process for removal of non-biodegradable pollutants [9], [10] Manuscript received October 25, 2014, revised
January 15, 2015. The authors are with the Petrochemical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos
University, Canal El Mahmoudeya St. Semouha, Alexandria, Egypt (e-mail: rania_farouq29@yahoo.com,
nohaysf@gmail.com, "
N. S. Yousef
Read
"At present, a list of technologies have been designed and employed for heavy metal removal
purpose namely precipitation, biological treatment, membrane-filtration process, fenton reagent and adsorption
[6] [7]. Despite of the efficiency in pollutants removal these methods have significant disadvantages, such as high
chemical and energy requirements, hazardous sludge formation, low efficiency at low concentration of pollutants
and high cost at large scale [8]. "
[Show abstract]
Full-text Article Jul 2015
Zalilah Murni Yunus
Norzila Othman
Onn Malaysia
Read full-text
Show more
Kunal Mondal
Kakoli Banerjee
Read full-text
Read
Ibinabo Ogolo
Abam T. K. S
Ngah S.A.
Read
Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence
agreement may be applicable.
This publication is from a journal that may support self archiving.
Learn more
Last Updated: 17 Jul 16
2008-2016 researchgate.net. All rights reserved.About us Contact us Careers Developers News Help
Center Privacy Terms Copyright | Advertising Recruiting
or
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Join in
forwho
freeread this publication also read:
Log
People
Log in
Article: Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Rice Husks
Full-text Nov 2011 The Open Environmental Eng...
Article: Characterization of Brewery Wastewater for Reuse in Kigali, Rwanda
Full-text Jan 2011 The Open Environmental Eng...
Article: Batch Sorption Experiments: Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Studies for the Adsorption of Textile
M...
Full-text Jan 2013 Journal of Thermodynamics
Article: An assessment of wastewater management practices in Kigali
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Application of Adsorption and Ultrafiltration Processes for the Pre-treatment of Several Industrial
Wastewater Streams. Katsou, E.; Malamis, S.; Kosanovic, T.; Souma, K.; Haralambous, K. // Water, Air & Soil
Pollution;Nov2012, Vol. 223 Issue 9, p5519
In this work ultrafiltration (UF) was coupled with suitable minerals and dried activated sludge for the pre -treatment of several
industrial wastewater streams. The aim was to decrease heavy metal concentrations to low levels so that wastewater can be
safely discharged into municipal sewers or...
Heavy Metals Removal from Swine Wastewater Using Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal SubSurface Flow. Cortes-Esquivel, Jorge A.; Gicoman-Vallejos, Germn; Barcel-Quintal, Icela D.; Mndez-Novelo,
Roger; Ponce-Caballero, Mara C. // Journal of Environmental Protection;Aug2012 Supplement, Vol. 3 Issue s1,
p871
The removal efficiency of Cu and Zn from swine wastewater was evaluated as effected by three variables: the hydraulic
retention time (HRT) (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours), two different plant species (Typha domingensis Pers. and Eleocharis cellulosa)
and two different sizes of filter media (5 and 15...
The effects of wastewater reuse on potato growth properties under greenhouse lysimeteric
condition. Marofi, S.; Parsafar, N.; Rahim, G.; Dashti, F.; Marofi, H. // International Journal of Environmental
Science & Technology (IJE;Jan2013, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p133
In this study, raw and treated wastewaters were reused for potato cultivation in order to verify the effect of wastewater on crop
yield, crop's heavy metals' concentration as well as some major traits of potato. To this regard, a completely randomized test
was designed with five water treatments...
Study of dark tea residue's high efficiency absorption in treatment of Cr-bearing waste water. Juanjuan
Song // Journal of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Research;2013, Vol. 5 Issue 11, p802
As an absorbent dark tea residue can get rid of heavy metal ion effectually and do no harm to the environment. From the
dynamic experiment on dark tea residue's absorption of Cr(VI), the absorption dynamic curve and absorption isothermal curve
are obtained. The effects of pH value, initial...
More
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design to treat a strongly coloured textile wastewater. Secondly an accidental AO7 overloaded discharge (700mgl-1) was
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Application of Adsorption and Ultrafiltration Processes for the Pre-treatment of Several Industrial
Wastewater Streams. Katsou, E.; Malamis, S.; Kosanovic, T.; Souma, K.; Haralambous, K. // Water, Air & Soil
Pollution;Nov2012, Vol. 223 Issue 9, p5519
In this work ultrafiltration (UF) was coupled with suitable minerals and dried activated sludge for the pre -treatment of several
industrial wastewater streams. The aim was to decrease heavy metal concentrations to low levels so that wastewater can be
safely discharged into municipal sewers or...
Heavy Metals Removal from Swine Wastewater Using Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal SubSurface Flow. Cortes-Esquivel, Jorge A.; Gicoman-Vallejos, Germn; Barcel-Quintal, Icela D.; Mndez-Novelo,
Roger; Ponce-Caballero, Mara C. // Journal of Environmental Protection;Aug2012 Supplement, Vol. 3 Issue s1,
p871
The removal efficiency of Cu and Zn from swine wastewater was evaluated as effected by three variables: the hydraulic
retention time (HRT) (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours), two different plant species (Typha domingensis Pers. and Eleocharis cellulosa)
and two different sizes of filter media (5 and 15...
The effects of wastewater reuse on potato growth properties under greenhouse lysimeteric
condition. Marofi, S.; Parsafar, N.; Rahim, G.; Dashti, F.; Marofi, H. // International Journal of Environmental
Science & Technology (IJE;Jan2013, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p133
In this study, raw and treated wastewaters were reused for potato cultivation in order to verify the effect of wastewater on crop
yield, crop's heavy metals' concentration as well as some major traits of potato. To this regard, a completely randomized test
was designed with five water treatments...
Study of dark tea residue's high efficiency absorption in treatment of Cr-bearing waste water. Juanjuan
Song // Journal of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Research;2013, Vol. 5 Issue 11, p802
As an absorbent dark tea residue can get rid of heavy metal ion effectually and do no harm to the environment. From the
dynamic experiment on dark tea residue's absorption of Cr(VI), the absorption dynamic curve and absorption isothermal curve
are obtained. The effects of pH value, initial...
More
Other Topics
Afghanistan
AIDS / HIV
Alternative Energy Exploration
Arctic Drilling
Bank Bailout
Blogging
Border Walls
Bullying in Schools
Campaign Finance Reform
Carbon Offsetting
Economic Stimulus Package
Endangered Species
Executive Pay
Global Warming
Globalization
Gun Control
Immigration Restrictions
Intelligent Design
Iraq War
Israel & the Palestinians
Literacy
Medicare
North Korea
Nuclear Power
Obesity
Pirates
Sex Education in Schools
Social Networking Sites
Stem Cell Research
Universal Health Care
Vegetarianism
War on Terror
How it works
FAQ
Contact EBSCO
AIDS / HIV
Afghanistan
Immigration Restrictions
Arctic Drilling
Border Walls
War on Terror
Bank Bailout
History of Globalization
Development of New Cardiac Deformity Indexes for Pectus Excavatum on Computed Tomography: Feasibility
for Pre- and Post-Operative Evaluation.
...
Mac OS X Server.
2016 by EBSCO Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy | Terms of Use