TOPIC 1 : REAL FLUID FLOW

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows in
bounded system
2. To apply Darcy Weisbach equation on laminar and
turbulent flows in bounded system
3. To determine the flow friction factor, f using Moody chart
4. To determine head losses in pipe flow due to friction,
separation (sudden contraction & expansion) and pipe
fittings
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CHAPTER 1
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
1.1 Laminar Flow through Circular Pipes
1.2 Turbulent Flow in Bounded Conditions
1.3 Determining Friction Factor, f using Moody Chart
1.4 Different forms of the Darcy Equation
1.5 Pipe Problems
1.6 Separation losses in pipe flow
1.7 Equivalent Length
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LECTURE 1.3
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
3

Determining Friction Factor, f using Moody Chart

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INTRODUCTION
4

Friction factor, f
A function of many parameters which includes
Velocity, v
Diameter of pipe, d
Roughness of the pipe walls, k
Density,
Viscosity,

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ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, k
5

v = velocity
d = diameter of pipe
= density
= viscosity,
k = Roughness of the pipe walls
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The table above shows the roughness size of some

materials commonly used for pipes
Roughness size sometimes called absolute roughness

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FRICTION FACTOR, f
7

By combining some of the parameters into the

dimensionless forms, expression can be simplified to
the following expression

Since
is the Reynolds number, Re equation can
be written

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Friction factor, f
A function of the Reynolds number and also the
relative roughness, k/d
To obtain friction factor, f
- Must identify the relationship between f and Re and
k/d
However, this relationship has been determined
from experimental works in form of charts and
equations
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RELATIONSHIP OF f, Re AND k/d

9

Chart with the relationship between f, Re and k/d

called MOODY CHART Graphical way to
determine f
THE COLEBROOK WHITE EQUATION Also to
determine f complicated and solving equation is
not straight forward
The part of Moody Chart within the transition region
is plotted using the Colebrook White equation

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FRICTION FACTOR,
f

10

Moody
Chart

A logarithmic plot
of f vs Re for
different values of
k/d
3 parts
1. Laminar regime
(f= 16/Re)
2. Transition regime
3. Turbulent regime

Colebrook
- White
Eqn.

Used eqn. to solve

for f if Re and k/d
are known
Used iterative
procedure of trial &
error
k
1.26
4 log10

f 9/9/2014 3.71d Re f

Completely turbulent

Friction factor, f

11

k/d

Laminar

Critical
zone

Transition

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Reynolds Number

Moody Chart
12

I.
II.

III.

Reynolds number represented by the horizontal axis

For each k/d value, a curve drawn showing the
variation of f w.r.t Reynolds No.(Re)
3 types of regime:
Laminar regime
Transition regime
Turbulent regime

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Laminar regime
13

The friction factor, f is obtained from straight line

curve for laminar flow
It is also can be calculated as
f is independent of the relative
roughness k/d

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Transition regime
14

Friction factor, f decreases with increasing Re for a

particular k/d value
This is where the part of the curve before it
becomes horizontal
The curve represent the Colebrook White equation

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Completely turbulent

Friction factor, f

15

k/d

Transition

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Reynolds Number

Completely turbulent regime

16

Friction factor, f is independent of Reynolds number

Only dependent on relative roughness k/d
The part which is becomes horizontal

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Completely turbulent

Friction factor, f

17

k/d

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Reynolds Number

Example 1.5
18

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Solution for Example 1.5

19

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20

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21

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22

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Example 1.6
23

A galvanised steel pipe 6km long and 100mm

diameter is used to convey water at a rate of

200L/min of water. Determine the head loss due to

friction using the Darcy formula. Estimate the friction

factor f by using the Moody chart. (The absolute

roughness for galvanised steel is 0.15mm)
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Solution for Example 1.6

24

Q = 3.33x10-3m3/s
A= 7.85 x 10-3 m2

v = 0.4242 m/s
Re = 37210 > 2000. Thus, flow is turbulent.

k/d= 0.0015
f = 0.0067 (from Moody Chart)

hf = 14.7m

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