Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2R-04
James P. Archibald*
Lawrence M. Tabat
Secretary
William J. Irwin
Andrew R. Philip
Jon B. Ardahl
Keith W. Jacobson
Narayan M. Prachand
John W. Baker*
Dov Kaminetzky
Satish K. Sachdev
Walter N. Bennett
Reza M. Kianoush
William C. Schnobrich
Steven R. Close*
David G. Kittridge
John F. Seidensticker
Anthony L. Felder
Dennis C. Kohl*
William C. Sherman
Carl A. Gentry
Nicholas A. Legatos
Lawrence J. Valentine*
Clifford Gordon
Lawrence G. Mrazek
Miroslav F. Vejvoda
Paul Hedli
Jerry A. Holland
Javeed A. Munshi
Jerry Parnes
Ashok K. Dhingra
William H. Backous
Patrick J. Creegan
Robert E. Doyle
Donald L. Dube
William J. Hendrickson
David A. Klevete
David A. Crocker
*Members
of ACI 350 Hazardous Materials Subcommittee who prepared this report. Lawrence Valentine served as Chair and
Steven R. Close served as Secretary and then took over as chair during the final processing of this revision.
Deceased.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1General, p. 350.2R-2
1.1Scope
1.2Definitions
1.3Types of materials
ACI 350.2R-04 supersedes ACI 350.2R-97 and became effective June 28, 2004.
Copyright 2004, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in
writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
350.2R-1
350.2R-2
350.2R-3
Wall height
Minimum
thickness
Reinforcement
location
Over 10 ft
(3000 mm)
Both faces
4 to 10 ft
(1200 to 3000 mm) 10 in. (250 mm)
Both faces
Less than 4 ft
(1200 mm)
4 ft (1200 mm) or
Precast concrete
more
Less than 4 ft
(1200 mm)
Description
Tendon prestressed concrete tanks
Wrapped prestressed concrete tanks
Center of wall
Center of wall
Center of wall
Note: Placement windows (temporary openings in the forms) or tremies are recommended to facilitate concrete placement in cast-in-place walls greater than 6 ft
(1800 mm) in height.
350.2R-4
350.2R-5
350.2R-6
procedures for splicing vary with the type of material and the
manufacturers recommendations for proper splicing.
3.1.3.2 Metal waterstopsMetal waterstops should be
spliced as recommended by the engineer or manufacturer.
3.1.4 Installation
3.1.4.1 GeneralImproperly installed waterstops can
create leaky joints. The waterstop should be clean and free of
dirt and splattered concrete. Intimate contact with clean,
sound concrete is essential over the entire surface of the
waterstop. Entrapped air and honeycombing near the joint
could compromise the effectiveness of the waterstop. The
waterstop should be placed and located accurately with the
center bulb directly at the centerline of expansion and
contraction joints. Otherwise, the functionality of the center
bulb is lost.
3.1.4.2 Horizontal PVC waterstops Joints in floor
slabs are vulnerable to leakage and difficult to inspect, under
service conditions, due to their location. Therefore, joints
that require waterstops should not be used if at all possible.
If joints must be used, care should be taken to place concrete
without voids or honeycombing under horizontal PVC
waterstops. Horizontal PVC waterstops should be supported
in such a way as to be able to be lifted as the concrete is
placed underneath (Fig. 2.1 and 3.2). Any dowels through
the joints should not interfere with the edges of the waterstops when they are lifted. The concrete under the lifted
waterstop should be vibrated, the PVC waterstop laid into
the concrete placed on top of the waterstop, and the entire
joint vibrated again.
Continuous inspection of concrete placement around
horizontal PVC waterstops in floor slabs is necessary.
3.1.4.3 Vertical PVC waterstopsVertical PVC waterstops should be braced or lashed firmly to the reinforcement
at no more than 12 in. (300 mm) centers to prevent movement
during placing of the concrete (Fig. 3.2 and 3.3).
3.1.4.4 Metal waterstopsMetal waterstops should be
installed in accordance with the contract documents and the
manufacturers recommendations, and the concrete under
horizontal metal waterstops properly placed and consolidated.
3.1.4.5 Expansive rubber and injectable tube systems
Expansive rubber and injectable tube systems should be
installed in accordance with the contract documents and the
manufacturers recommendations. Adequate concrete cover is
necessary to avoid spalling at the joint due to expansive forces.
3.2Joint sealants
3.2.1 General Provide joints with chemically resistant
sealants. See ACI 504R for additional information on
sealing joints.
Sealants are generally applied in liquid or semiliquid form,
and are thus formed into the required shape within the mold
provided at the joint opening.
The manufacturers recommendations and applications for
use should be thoroughly explored for each specific application
of a sealant. ACI 504R provides additional information on
joint sealants.
For satisfactory performance, a sealant should:
1. Be impermeable;
350.2R-7
350.2R-8
Although initially more expensive, thermosetting, chemicalcuring sealants have a generally longer service life and
should withstand greater movements. The sealants in this
class are either one- or two-component systems that cure by
chemical reaction. Sealants in this category include polysulfides, silicones, and urethanes.
Some sealants require primers to be applied to joint faces
before sealant installation. If the manufacturer specifies the
use of a primer as optional, it should be used for hazardous
material containment systems.
Backup materials limit the depth of sealants, support them
against sagging and fluid pressure, and help tooling. They
may also serve as a bond breaker to prevent the sealant from
bonding to the back of the joint.
Backup materials are typically made of expanded polyethylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and flexible
polypropylene foams. The sealant manufacturers recommendations should be followed to ensure compatibility with
backup materials.
Polyethylene tape, urethane backer rods, coated papers,
metal foils, or other suitable materials can be used if a separate
bond breaker is necessary.
3.2.2 Joint preparationJoint faces should be clean and
free from defects that would impair bond with field-molded
sealants. Sandblasting is the best method to clean joint faces
on existing structures. Sandblasting should be used if a
membrane curing compound is used and does not dissipate
before the installation of the sealant, particularly with chemically cured thermosetting sealants. Solvents should not be
used to clean joint faces. Final cleanup to dry and remove
dust from the joint may be accomplished by oil-free
compressed air or vacuum cleaner.
Inspection of each joint is essential to ensure that it is clean
and dry before placing backup materials, primers, or sealant.
Primers need the required time to dry before sealant installation.
Failure to allow this may lead to adhesion failure. Primers
can be brushed or sprayed on. The manufacturers specifications and recommendations should be followed.
3.2.3 Sealant installationBackup materials require
proper positioning before the sealant is installed. Backup
materials should be set at the correct depths and contamination
of the cleaned joint faces avoided. The correct width and
shape of backup material should be selected so that, after
installation, it is approximately 50% compressed, and
stretching, braiding, or twisting rod stock should be avoided.
Backup materials containing bitumen should only be used
in combination with compatible oil-based or bituminous
sealants. Oils absorbed into joint surfaces may impair adhesion
of other sealants.
Sealants with two or more components require full and intimate mixing if the material is to cure with uniform properties.
If the sealant is applied with a gun, the gun nozzle should
be held at a 45-degree angle. The gun should be moved
steadily along a joint to apply a uniform bead by pushing the
sealant in front of the nozzle without dragging, tearing, or
leaving unfilled spaces. In large joints, the sealant should be
built up in several passes, applying a triangular wedge on
each pass.
350.2R-9
350.2R-10
350.2R-11
4.3Inspection
Key items to be inspected during construction are listed in
Sections 4.3.1 through 4.3.12. See ACI 311.1R for guidance
on inspection, ACI 311.4R for guidance on the set up and
content of the inspection program, and ACI 311.5R for
guidance on concrete plant and field testing. A preconstruction
conference should be a mandatory requirement. Inspections
should preferably be by an ACI Certified Concrete Inspector.
4.3.1 Subgrade preparationBearing capacity and compaction should be checked, and proper grade should be verified.
4.3.2 Reinforcing steelReinforcement size, bends,
grade, spacing, minimum concrete cover, proper location
and height of supports, splices, cleanliness, and condition of
any protective coatings should be inspected.
4.3.3 Post-tensioning tendonsSize, spacing, profile, and
condition of sheathing of unbonded tendons and location and
condition of ducts, strand, and grouting of bonded tendons
should be checked.
4.3.4 WaterstopsProper placement of waterstops,
including alignment, should be checked. The ties of PVC
water-stops (when used) to supports should be inspected for
adequacy to maintain proper alignment of the waterstop
during concrete placement. Also, the splices of waterstops
should be checked when used.
4.3.5 JointsBefore placing new concrete against previously placed or existing concrete, the completion of joint
preparation should be verified.
4.3.6 FormworkLine and grade, cleanliness, width,
depth, and length should be checked.
4.3.7 InsertsCondition and location of penetrations and
inserts, including their sealants and waterstops, should be
verified.
4.3.8 ConcreteMixture proportions, including admixture
dosages (at the batch plant), and time from plant to site
should be checked.
4.3.9 Concrete placementPlacing techniques and
consolidation, including placement around waterstops and
embedded items, should be inspected.
4.3.10 CuringCuring requirements and conditions
should be met.
4.3.11 MiscellaneousSpecial requirements for placing
should be met.
4.3.12 Concrete testingConcrete testing should be
according to the requirements of ACI 301 and performed by
an agency accredited to ASTM E 329.
CHAPTER 5LINERS AND COATINGS
5.1Liners
Liners can function as either the primary or secondary
containment, depending upon the type of installation and the
location of the liner within the installation.
A liner should exhibit good chemical resistance to deterioration and compatibility with the hazardous material.
Many different types of liner materials can be used. In
some cases, the material has been specifically developed for
an application. In others, the material has been adopted due
to its specific mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties.
350.2R-12
350.2R-13
350.2R-14
350.2R-15
Geotextiles should not be used alone due to the compressibility of these materials under sustained loads.
7.3Design and installation of drainage media
7.3.1 Under tanks and sumpsGeonet, geocell, or granular
material under tanks and sumps should slope to one or more
low points for collection of any leakage. A minimum slope
of 3% is recommended for earthen or flexible membrane
surfaces and 2% for concrete surfaces (Fig. 7.1).
7.3.2 Collection pipesWhere a granular material
drainage medium is used for a tank or large sump, perforated
collection pipes are recommended if leaked material must
travel more than 50 ft (15 m). The pipes should be 4 to 6 in.
(100 to 150 mm) in diameter and installed radiating from low
points. The pipes are covered with a granular envelope. The
gradation of the granular material should be such that the
ratio D85/Dp 2, where D85 is the sieve opening dimension
smaller than 85% of the sample, and Dp is the diameter or
least dimension of the pipe perforation. If the drainage
medium includes sand or other fine material, the pea gravel
envelope can be wrapped with a geotextile filter to further
protect the pipe from clogging. The geotextile should be the
same as those described in Section 7.2.
Where geonets or geocells are used, collection pipes may
not be needed due to the good flow characteristics of the
geonet or geocell.
350.2R-16
ASTM International
C 33
Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 404
Specification for Aggregates for Masonry
Grout
C 811
Specification for Preparation of Concrete
for Application of Chemical-Resistant
Resin Monolithic Surfacings
C 868
Test Method for Chemical Resistance of
Protective Linings
C 913
Specification for Precast Concrete Water
and Wastewater Structures
C 920
Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
D 413
Standard Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion to Flexible Substrate
D 638
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties
of Plastics
D 751
Standard Test Method for Coated Fabrics
D 882
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D 1004
Standard Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D 1424
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength
of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type
(Elmendorf) Apparatus
D 1435
Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering
of Plastics
D 1474
Test Methods for Indentation Hardness for
Organic Coatings
D 1938
Standard Test Method for Tear-Propagation
Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin
Sheeting by a Single Tear Method
D 1973
Guide for Design of a Liner System for
Containment of Wastes
D 2197
Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion
D 2261
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of
Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rib) Procedure
(Constant-Rate-of-Expansion Tensile Testing
Machine)
D 2370
Test Method for Tensile Properties of
Organic Coatings
D 2485
Test Method for Evaluating Coatings for
High Temperature Service
D 3456
Practice for Determining by Exterior Exposure Tests the Susceptibility of Paint Films
to Microbiological Attack
D 4060
Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of
Organic Coatings by Taber Abraser
D 4355
Standard Test Method for Deterioration of
Geotextiles from Exposure to Ultraviolet
Lights and Water
D 4437
Standard Practice for Determining the
Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining
Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
D 5402
Practice for Assessing the Solvent Resistance of Organic Coatings Using Solvent
Rubs
D 5322
D 5970
E 329
350.2R-17