Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Referencing
System
TunkuAbdulRahmanCollege
Compiledby
DrChookKaJoo
QualityAssuranceDepartment
TunkuAbdulRahmanCollege
and
MrJohnnyChinFuiChung
SchoolofSocialScienceandHumanities
TunkuAbdulRahmanCollege
2010
ForInternalCirculationOnly
CONTENTS
Page
1.0
INTRODUCTION
THEIMPORTANCEOFCITINGREFERENCES
REFERENCINGSYSTEM
THEHARVARDREFERENCINGSYSTEM
CITATIONINTHETEXT
THEREFERENCELIST
EXAMPLESOFREFERENCING
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
REFERENCES
ForInternalCirculationOnly
TUNKUABDULRAHMANCOLLEGE
HARVARDREFERENCINGSYSTEM
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Referencingorcitingmeansacknowledgingthesourceofinformationandideas
you have used in your assignments (e.g. essay, report, project, research paper,
etc.). This is a standard practice at all institutions of higher learning including
TunkuAbdulRahman(TAR)College.
ThislearningguideonHarvardreferencingsystemwasdevelopedbasedonthe
followingreferences:
CurtinUniversityLibrary2007,HarvardReferencing.
Fisher,D&Hanstock,T1998,CitingReferences.
Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2005, Research Methods for Business
Students.
UniversityofBournemouth2005,CitingReferences.
UniversityofSouthAustralia2006,ReferencingusingtheHarvardauthordate
system.
2.0 THEIMPORTANCEOFCITINGREFERENCES
Thefollowingarereasonswhyreferencingisneeded:
toacknowledgedebtstootherwriters
to demonstrate the body/scope of knowledge upon which your research is
basedon
toenableallthosewhoreadyourworktolocatethesourceseasily
More importantly, by using appropriate references, you will show the breadth
and quality of your assignments and avoid plagiarism. For further details on
plagiarism,pleaserefertotheTARCollegeguideonAvoidingPlagiarism.
3.0 REFERENCINGSYSTEM
Thetwomostcommontypesofreferencingsystemsusedare:
The referencing system used in TAR College is the Harvard referencing system
foralloftheSchoolsexcepttheSchoolofSocialScienceandHumanities,whichis
usingtheAPAreferencingsystem.
4.0 THEHARVARDREFERENCINGSYSTEM
IntheHarvardreferencingsystem,citedpublicationsarereferredtoascitation
inthetextbygivingtheauthorsfamilynameandtheyearofpublication,andthe
detailsarelistedinthereferencelistattheendofthetext/work(seepage9for
examples).
Theprocessofcitingreferencesconsistsoftwointerrelatedparts:
i. Citing the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the
assignment.
ii. Referencingtheprocessofcreatingareferencelistofeachsourceawriter
hasusedinwritingtheassignment.
All statements, opinions, conclusion, etc. taken from another writers work
should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or
summarised.
5.0 CITATIONINTHETEXT
When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or
produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The
systemthatyouhaveusedtocitethesourcesmustbeconsistentandaccurateto
enablereaderstoidentifyandlocatethematerialstowhichyouhavereferredto.
Thesamesetofrulesshouldbefollowedeverytimeyouciteareference.
Whenyoucitereferencesinthetextofyourassignmentinclude:
5.1 Inmanycases,youjustneedtousetheauthorsfamilynameanddate.
Forexample:
Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary
educationlevel(Saunders2005).
OR
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
5.2
5.3
Saunders(2003,p.21)claimsthattherearemanyfactorsthatareknownto
affectthesuccessofstudentsatthetertiaryeducationlevel.
Inthesetwoexamples,thesentencessummarisethemainviewexpressed
in an article written by Saunders. Also note that the first example
highlights the information but the second example highlights or gives
prominencetotheauthorofthearticle.
i. Iftheauthorsnameoccursnaturallyinthesentence,theyearisgiven
inparentheses:
In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good
practices
AsHarvey(1992,p.21)said,goodpracticesmustbetaughtandsowe
ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and
yeararegiveninparentheses:
A more recent study (Stevens 2002) has shown the way theory and
practicalworkinteract
Youneedtoincludethepagenumberwhenyou:
i. useadirectquotefromanoriginalsource
ii. summariseanideafromaparticularpage
iii. include tables, figures, charts or illustrations from other sources in
yourwork
Use p. when you are citing the information from a single page and pp.
whentheinformationiscitedfrommorethanonepage.
Whentherearefourormoreauthorsforareference,youneedtoinclude
alltheirnamesinyourfirstintextcitationoftheirwork.Whenthesame
sourceiscitedagain,useetal.(whichisLatinforandtheothers).
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
5.4
5.5
Saunders,Jones,CooperandSteinmark(2006,p.7)postulatethat54percent
of the students do not use proper referencing system As a result of this,
Saunders et al. (2006) listed a few major problems that students face in
doingprojectwork.
The names of all the authors are listed in the reference list in the same
ordertheyarelistedintheoriginalreference.
Manydesignersdonotunderstandtheneedsoftheyoungpeopleaccording
toToi(2007,pers.comm.19April)because...
AdditionalInformation
QuotationsAsarule,ifthequoteislessthanaline,itmaybeincludedin
thebodyofthetextinquotationmarks.
SummariesorparaphrasesGivethecitationwhereitoccursnaturallyor
attheendoftherelevantpieceofwriting.
Ifdetailsofparticularpartsofadocumentarerequired,e.g.pagenumbers,
theyshouldbegivenaftertheyearwithintheparentheses.
Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic
documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document
doesnotincludepaginationoranequivalentinternalreferencingsystem,
theextentoftheitemmaybeindicatedintermssuchasthetotalnumber
oflines,screens,etc.,e.g.[21lines]or[approx8screens].
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
5.6
Writingconvention
Thefollowingconventionsarenotprescribedbynationalorinternational
standardsbuthavebeenincludedbecausetheyareusuallyadheredtoby
theacademiccommunity.
Ifyouarequotingafewwords,theusualpracticeisasfollows:
ExampleA:
Saunders,LewisandThornhill(2003,p.93)arguedthatgroundedtheoryis
best defined as theory building compared to the assertion of Glaser and
Strauss(1967)ofinductiveapproachtoresearch.
ExampleB:
Robson (2002, p. 178) defines case study as a strategy for doing research
which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary
phenomenon[currentissues]usingmultiplesourcesofevidence.
Thequotationformspartofyourtextandisindicatedbyenclosingitusing
eithersingleapostropheordoubleapostrophe.
Theindicateswordorwordsfromtheoriginalsourcehavebeenleft
out.
Squarebrackets[]tellyourreaderyouhaveaddedyourownwordsto
thequotation.
If you are quoting a longer quotation, it is a common practice for the
wholequotationtobeindented:
ThereisnodoubtthatInternettechnologyhaschangedandis
changing the way organizations do business. Using the
Internet, companies have, for instance, (1) created knowledge
bases that employees can tap into anytime, anywhere; (2)
turned customers into collaborated partners who design, test
and launch new products; (3) become virtually paperless in
specific tasks such as purchasing and filling expense reports;
(4)managedlogisticsinrealtime;and(5)changedthenature
of numerous work tasks throughout the organization
(Robbins&Coulter2005,p.197)
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
6.0 THEREFERENCELIST
6.1 ThereferencelistintheHarvardreferencingsystem:
istitledReferences
isarrangedalphabeticallybyauthorsfamilyname
isasinglelistbooks,journalarticlesandelectronicsourcesarelisted
togetherandnotarrangedinaseparatelist
includesthefulldetailsofyourcitationinthetext
isNOTabibliographyyoudonotneedtoproduceabibliographyfor
yourassignmentsunlessspecificallyaskedtodosobyyourlecturer.A
bibliographylistseverythingyoumayhavereadbutdidNOTuseitin
the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to
thecitationinthetextreferencesusedinyourassignment.
6.2 Stepsinvolvedinreferencing
a. Note down the full details of the source including page number from
whichtheinformationistaken.
b. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the
document.
c. Provideareferencelistattheendofyourassignment.
6.3 Wheneverpossible,elementsneededforthereferencelistshouldbetaken
fromthetitlepageofthepublication.
Forplaceofpublication,providethecity.
Ifmorethanonetown/cityislisted,listthefirstoneorthelocationof
thepublishersheadoffice.
If the town is not well known, you may add a county, region or state.
NotethatintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,statesaredenotedbyatwo
lettercode,forexampleHillsdale,NJ.
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
Forthepublishersname,omitsuperfluoustermssuchasPublishers,
Co.orInc.butalwaysretainthewordBooksorPress.
Wherethepublisherisauniversityandtheplaceorthelocationisnot
included in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of
publication.
6.4 Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the
following examples for the different types of work you may have cited.
Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when references are
handwritten.
6.6 The Harvard referencing system does not require the second and
subsequentlinesofthereferencetobeindented.
6.7 Setting out the items in a Reference List using the Harvard referencing
system
Themainelementsrequiredforareferencearesetoutinthisorder:
6.7.1 Exampleofabook
The main elements required for referencing a book are set out in this
order:
followed by a comma,
followed by a comma
followedbyacommaupper
theninitial(s)
nobrackets
case used only for the first
word
Place of publication
Publisher followed
followedbyafullstop
byacomma
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
6.7.2 Exampleofanacademicjournal
Themainelementsrequiredforreferencingajournalarticlearesetoutin
thisorder:
Year of publication
followed by a comma
nobrackets
Title of the
Volume number
Issue number
Page number (pp.) of
journal in italics
followed by a
comma
followed by a
comma
followed by a
comma
6.7.3 Exampleofanelectronicpublication
Themainelementsrequiredforreferencinganelectronicpublicationare
setoutinthisorder:
Year of publication
followed by a comma
nobrackets
Potter, JB 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007,
<http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.
The internet address (URL) is enclosed in <
and > with the full address and followed by a
fullstop
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
7.0 EXAMPLESOFREFERENCING
7.1 Books
Basicformatforbooks:
Authorsfamilyname,Initial(s)year,Titleofbook,Publisher,Placeofpublication.
Books
Singleauthor
Twoorthree
authors
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
An important factor is (Cameron Cameron, SS 2002, Business students handbook: Learning skills for
studyandemployment,PrenticeHall,Harlow.
2002,p.158)
Khoo(1977,p.45)arguesthat
According to Kim and Mauborgne Kim, WC & Mauborgne, R 2005, Blue ocean strategy: How to create
(2005),
uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant,
HarvardBusinessSchool,Boston.
Fourormore
authors
Theentryinthereferencelist
As suggested by Sandler et al. (1995, Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ &
Hoffere, PB 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins,
p.14)
Baltimore.
Theindustry(Leedersetal.1996)
Leeders, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Mathews, PS,
Williams, A & Marriot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry,
Dominion,Adelaide.
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
Books
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
Theentryinthereferencelist
Bookwithno
author
Bookwithno
date
Electronic
book
Gottshalk and Sollisather (2006) Gottschalk, P & Sollisaether, H 2006, Managing successful IT
contendthat
outsourcing
relationship,
viewed
30
July
2007,
<http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/document/display.jsp?docID=100
8436&page=1>.
Translated
book
Popularity of the novel Les Enfants Cocteau, J 1961, Les enfantrs terribles, trans. R Lehmann, Penguin,
Terribles increased after translation London.
(Cocteau1961).
Secondedition ...Jeremy(ed.2001)statesthat...
orlateredition
ofabook
Jeremy,H(ed.)2001,Managementtoday,2ndedn,CenturyLearning,
London.
Walpole and Evans (eds 2001) Walpole, M & Evans, C (eds) 2001, Tax administration in the 21st
questionwhether
century,3rdedn,ProspectMedia,StLeonards,NewSouthWales.
Onevolumeof It has been implied (Einax 1995) Einax,J1995,Chemometricsinenvironmentalchemistry:Application,
amultivolume that
vol.2,Handbookofenvironmentalchemistry.Springer,Berlin.
setofbooks
Chapterinan
editedbook
Ezhar(2001)notesthat
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
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Books
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
Theentryinthereferencelist
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
11
7.2
Journalarticles
Basicformatforjournalarticles:
Authorsfamilyname,Initial(s)year,Titleofarticle,Titleofjournal,volumenumber,issuenumber,pageno.
Journal
Theentryinthereferencelist
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
Singleauthor
Ho(2007,p.2)arguestha
Twoorthree
authors
Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, p. Bilosvalavo, R & Lynn, M 2006, Mission statements in Slovene
774)acknowledge
enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation,
ManagementDecision,vol.45,no.4,pp.773788.
2ndcitationonwards
Georgeetal.(2007)claimthat
Journalarticlewith It is a growing problem in the UK Anorexia nervosa 1969, British Medical Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp.
noauthor
(AnorexiaNervosap.530)
529536.
Journalarticlefrom and this has been established by
anelectronic
EisendandSchucherta(2006).
journalusing
electronicdatabase
Eisend,M&Schucherta,P2006,Explainingcounterfeitpurchases:A
review and preview, Academy of Marketing Service, vol. 2006, no. 2,
viewed
31
July
2007,
<http://www.amsreview.org/articles/eisend122006pdf>.
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
12
7.3
Electronicpublications
Basicformatforelectronicpublications:
Authorsfamilyname,Initial(s)yeardate,Titleofdocumentorwebsite,dateviewed,<URLaddressinfull>.
Electronic
publications
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
Theentryinthereferencelist
AWorldWideWeb The result of the test can (Potter Potter, J 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007,
site
2005).
<http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.
Documenton
WorldWideWeb
withnoauthor
Harvard referencing is a format of Wikipedia 2007, Harvard referencing, viewed 23 July 2007,
(Wikipedia2007).
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/harvard_referencing>.
Electronicbook
Holland(2004)maintainsthat
Electronicthesis
Crain(2000)postulatesthat
Crain,J2000,Theeffectsofaformalinductionprogramonnewlyhired
teachers perceptions on selfefficacy, Department of Teaching and
Leadership,PhDthesis,UniversityofKansas,viewed30July2007,UMI
Proquest
Dissertation
ATT990068,
<http://proquest.umi.com.newdc.oum.edu.my/pqdweb?index=1&did=
728423791&TS=1185859215&clientId=56581>.
Mediareleaseson
theWorldWide
Web
13
Electronic
publications
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
Theentryinthereferencelist
Discussionlistsor
newsgroups
Marsh(2007)postulatesthat
Amir confirmed this by email on 1 Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
July2007
emailmessagesarenotincludedinareferencelist.
Computer
programme
A programme was developed MathWorks 2001, MATLAB, ver. 6, computer programme, The
(MathWorks2001).
MathWorksInc.,Natick,MA.
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
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7.4
Specialpublicationsandmaterials
Basicformat:
Authorsfamilyname,Initial(s)year,Titleofitem,descriptionofitem,Publisher,Placeofpublication.
Specialpublications
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
andmaterials
Theentryinthereferencelist
Conferencepaper
It has been shown (Chang 2003) Chang, CC 2003, Malaysias outline perspective plan towards
that
prosperityinthetrendofglobalisation,inProceedingsoftheSeventh
World
Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention, 2126 July 2003, Sunway
Newspaperarticle
withauthor
Newspaperarticle
withnoauthor
intheSun(31July2007,p.3).
Sun2007,Masterplanboostfornortherncorridor,31July,p.3.
Publicationfroma
corporatebody
Theplansinclude(UNESCO
1995).
Thestrategicapproachesinclude
(MinistryofAgriculture1998).
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
15
Specialpublications
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
andmaterials
Theentryinthereferencelist
Patent
Videoortelevision
recording
Theprocessinvolvesthreestages Mild steel with low current 1987, video recording, MIG Welding
(Mildsteelwithlowcurren,1987).
Institute,Cambridge,5January.
Pamphletor
brochure
TAR Colleges philosophy is (TAR TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008 2007, Tunku Abdul Rahman
College Prospectus 2007/2008 College,KualaLumpur.
2007).
Audiocassette
CDROMsandDVDs
Hawkings(1994)statesthat
Standard
ThestandardssetbySIRIM(2003) SIRIM 2003, Code of practices for access of disabled persons outside
statesthat
buildings(MS13311:2003),SIRIMBerhad,ShahAlam:
Personal
communication
Thesis
Lee(1995)recommendsthat
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
16
Specialpublications
Anexampleofcitationinthetext
andmaterials
Theentryinthereferencelist
Documenton
microfiche
ActsofParliament
IndustrialRelationsAct1967.
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
17
7.5
FrequentlyAskedQuestions(FAQs)
HerearesomeoftheFAQsonreferencing.
Question1
IfIreadabookorajournalarticlebyoneauthor(Author1)andhe
mentionsanideabyanotherauthor(Author2),whoseideadoIrefer
to?HowdoIreferencethat?
You must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your intext
citations;andinyourreferencelist,youonlyneedtolisttheitemyouhave
read,thatisAuthor1.
Forexample:
Thetheorywasfirstsuggestedin1970(Johnson,HT1971)butsincethen,
manyresearchers,includingDEJohnson(2001),haverejectedtheidea.
Question3
HowdoIciteanauthorwhohaswrittenmorethanoneworkinthe
sameyear?HowdoIshowwhichideacomesfromwhichreference?
You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year or date and
keeptheselettersinyourreferencelistaswell.
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
18
Forexample:
Inarecentpublication,Bart(2004b)arguedthatmissionstatementsof
most organizationareunderutilisedandmostorganizationhadjumped
on the bandwagon of creating mission statements without knowing the
truepurposeofthestatement(Bart2004a).
The order of sequence in which you attach the letters is based on the
alphabeticalorderofthetitleoftheworkbytheauthor.
Question4
HowdoIciteinformationfrommylectures,tutorialsorstudyguides?
YoudoNOTciteyourlectures,tutorialsorstudyguidesassourcesunless
your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because
lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an
introductiontoatopic.Inassignmentswhereyouundertakeresearch,you
are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas that
arerelevantfromvarioussources.Inaddition,oralcommunicationisnot
generally referenced. Your lecturers and tutors do not reference their
comments. If you cite them as your source of an idea, it could be
inaccurate, possibly even plagiarism, because the lecturers might be
referringtosomeoneelsesidea,notoneoftheirown.
Question5
WhatifIcannotfindtheauthororadateinawebsite?
Whenthereisnonameonawebpage,lookforasponsoringbodylike
an organisation or a government department responsible for the
information.
Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the article or
documentonthescreenastheauthor.
Wherethereisnodate,usen.d.(nodate).
Ifaresourcehasnoauthorandnodate,youneedtoconsiderwhetheritis
asuitablesourceforacademicwork,asyourworkwillsufferfromlackof
credibility.
Question6
HowdoIreferenceagraphorafigurethatIcopyoradapt?
AbasicprincipleofHarvardreferencingisprovidingtheauthoranddate
as an intext reference. This also applies when you use other peoples
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
19
pictures, graphs or figures. You also need to make it clear if you have
adaptedthepictureorgraphforyourownpurposes.
Forexample:
The Process
(AACSB2006,p.6)
Question7
HowdoIciteMalaysianorAsiannames?
You will need to be aware of the various ways to cite Asian names. For
ChineseandJapanesenames,usethewritersfamilynameswhenyouare
citingtheminyourtext.Asforyourreferencelist,putthewritersfamily
namesfirstfollowedbytheirinitials.
Forexample:
Fullname
Intext
ReferenceList
citation
ChineseName Sheng(2003) Sheng, YL 2003, The Chinese
ShengYeLin
dilemma,EastWestLtd,NewSouth
Wales.
Japanese
Kimbara
Kimbara, T 2007, The digital
Name
(2007)
collapse,Penguin,London.
Tatsyo
Kimbara
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
20
However,forMalayandIndiannames,usethewritersfullnamesinboth
theintextcitationandreferencelist.
Forexample:
Fullname
MalayName
Mahathir
Mohammad
IndianName
Bala
Ramasamy
Intext
citation
Mahathir
Mohammad
(1982)
Bala
Ramasamy
(2004)
ReferenceList
Mahathir Mohammad 1982, The
Malay
dilemma,
Federal
Publications,PetalingJaya.
Bala Ramasamy 2003, FDI and
uncertainty: The Malaysian case
study, Journal of Asia Pacific
Economy,vol.20,no.2,pp.7579.
FornamesofotherAsianwriterssuchasThainames,Cambodiannames,
etc., you need to find out how other writers within your academic world
cite these names. Always refer to current journals or publications to see
how theseAsiannamesarecited.Ifyouarestillunsureaboutthis,refer
tovariousreferencingguideswhichareavailableonline.
Question8
In the reference list, do I separatethevarious sources ofreferences
thatIhaveusedinmyintextcitations?
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
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REFERENCES
TARCollegeHarvardReferencingSystem
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