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Boolean algebra:
Boolean algebra is the mathematics of logic circuits.
Devised for dealing mathematically with philosophical propositions
which have ONLY TWO possible values:
TRUE or FALSE, Light ON or OFF.
Boolean algebra deals with the rules which govern various
operations between the binary variables.
LOGIC SYSTEMS
LOGIC
SYSTEM
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
COMBINATORIAL LOGIC
Output = Logical combination of the Inputs
Zt= f (It)
For any given set of Inputs (I) you will always get the same
output (Z) and the output will not vary with time.
Examples: Gates: AND, OR ,
ADDER, MULTIPLEXER, PARITY GENERATOR, BINARY to BCD
converter
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TRUTH TABLES
Shows the relationship between all combinations of inputs and resulting outputs.
(for n inputs there are 2n combinations - so truth tables can get pretty big).
Truth tables contain :
Inputs (>1)
Intermediate terms (only for very long functions)
Outputs (>1)
Note - multiple outputs (i.e. >1) are listed on the same table but treated separately.
Example: AND truth table (shown for two inputs and 22 outputs)
Inputs
Output
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C3
A4
B4
C4
Concept of GATE
Truth Table
Timing Diagram
Inputs
Output
1
1
0
1
0
1
1 1
0 0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
Truth Table
Inputs
Timing Diagram
Output
0 0
t1
t2
t3
t4
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Timing Diagram
Truth Table
Input
Output
A
C
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
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NAND Gate
NOR Gate
Boolean Algebra
These are the mathematical rules which describe how logic gates
combine.
The three fundamental rules are:
AND
Z = A.B
OR
Z=A+B
NOT
Z= A
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1.
A+0=A
2.
A+1=1
3.
A.0=0
4.
A.1=A
5.
A+A=A
6.
A+A=1
7.
A.A=A
8.
A.A=0
9.
A=A
10.
A + AB = A
11.
A + AB = A + B
12.
(A+B)(A+C) = A+BC
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Rule 10:
A+AB = A(1+B)
=A.1
=A
Rule 11:
A + AB =
= (A + AB) + AB
= (AA + AB) + AB
= AA +AB + AA + AB
i.e. adding AA =0
= (A+A)(A + B)
= 1 . (A + B)
=A+B
(Rule 2)
(Rule 4)
(Rule 10)
(Rule 7)
(Rule 8)
(Factoring)
(Rule 6)
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Rule 12:
(A + B)(A + C) =
= AA + AC + AB + BC
= A +AC +AB +BC
= A(1+C) + AB + BC
= A . 1 + AB + BC
= A + AB + BC
= A(1 + B) + BC
= A .1 + BC
= A + BC
(Distributive)
(Rule 7)
(Distributive)
(Rule 4)
(Rule 2)
(Distributive)
(Rule 2)
(Rule 4)
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