Ingeniera de Mantenimiento

ROBERTO CARLOS ROJAS MOLINA ,

PhD
Escuela Politcnica Nacional
Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica

Mayo 6, 2016

11

Immersed Boundary-Finite
Difference Lattice Boltzmann Method
for Predicting Particulate Flows
ROJAS R., Seta T., Hayashi K.,
Tomiyama A.
Graduate School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

June 4th, 2013

21

Numerical methods for predicting particulate

flows
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

Conventional CFD
Finite difference method

Finite element method

Finite volume method

Moving boundary problems are predictable with

structured or unstructured grids
Remeshing or grid adaptation at each time step

Alternative to predict fluid flows

U0

Interior nodes

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)

No need to solve Poisson equation
Suitable for parallel computation
Easy implementation
Bounce-back rule

Mesoscopic
Scale

Macroscopic
Scale

Smooth surface: high spatial resolution

1
f i ( x + ci t , t + t ) = f i ( x , t ) [ f i ( x , t ) f ieq ( x , t )]

Fluid nodes

Immersed boundary method (IBM)

Outline of IBM
Fluid: Cartesian grids
No-slip boundary condition: the so-called
immersed boundary

Implementation of IBM into LBM

LBM computational advantages

Eulerian points
Fluid Nodes
Interior Nodes

Immersed boundary

Both methods use Cartesian grids

Good predictions at moderate Reynolds numbers

Lagrangian points

IB-LBM with single-relaxation time () collision model

(SRT)
: kinematic viscosity
Errors increase with decreasing the Reynolds number [Le & Zhang, 2009]
Simulations of high Reynolds number flows are apt to be unstable
The lattice spacing and time step size cannot be altered independently

Lattice Boltzmann method

[Kang & Hassan, 2010; Chen & Li, 2008]
Numerical method
1
t
f i ( x + ci t , t + t ) = f i ( x , t ) [ f i ( x , t ) f ieq ( x , t )] + [Gi ( x + ci t , t + t ) + Gi ( x , t )]

i : direction of the particle motion

fi : distribution function
x : position vector ci : particle velocity t : time step size
t : time

: single-relaxation time Gi : direct-forcing term

Satisfy no-slip BC

D2Q9 model
6

Macroscopic variables
Fluid density =

0
3

fi

i =0

Viscosity

y
x
7

Q 1

Q 1

u =

ci fi

i =0

c 2 t
1
=

3
2

Velocity

Numerical errors at high Reynolds numbers

Flows past a circular cylinder
Reynolds number
U D
Re = 0

50D
Uniform inflow
at U0
(20D,20D)

40D

Cylinder
40x for D
Nm = 126
x Continuous outflow

1
Stability >
2

Relaxation time
1
= 3 +
2

102

0.4
Measured (Wieselsberger, 1922)
FDM (Lei et al., 2000)
FDM (Matsumiya et al., 1993)
IB-LBM (present)

Measured (Roshko, 1954)

Measured (Schewe, 1983)
FDM (Lei et al., 2000)
FDM (Matsumiya et al., 1993)
IB-LBM (Present)

0.3

10

CD

St0.2

100
0.1

Stable and reasonable

predictions

Unstable

-1

10

10-1

High
(High )

100

101

102

Re

Stable and reasonable

predictions

103

104

0 1
105
10
Low High

(Low
)

(High )

102

103

Re

Unstable
104

105
Low

(Low
)

Application of FDLBM to high Reynolds number

flows

U0

No-slip boundary

No-slip boundary

Driven cavity flows

Re = 100

Re = 1000

Re = 5000

Re = 10000

y
x No-slip boundary
H=201, Re=100 and 1000
H=601, Re=5000 and 10000
Evolution of the secondary vortices

Driven cavity flows

Re = 100

Re = 1000

Re = 5000

Re = 10000

Application of FDLBM to high Reynolds number

flows
0
1

LBM (Hou et al.)

FDLBM

1
1

H=601, Re=5000 and 10000

0.4

1
1

v/U0

y/L0

v/U0

H 0.2

0.2

of the
0 Good predictions -1
0 velocity profiles -1
-1
0
1
-1
0
1
u/U0
Re = 5000
Re = 10000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x/L0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
1
1
1
FDM (Ertuk et al.)
FDM (Ertuk at al.)
FDLBM

FDLBM

0.8

0.2
0
-1

y/L0

0.4

0.6
0
0.4

v/U0

0.8
0.6

H=201, Re=100 and 1000

0.6

y/L0

x No-slip boundary

0
1

FDM (Ertuk at al.)

FDLBM

v/U0

0.6
0.4

Re = 1000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

x/L0

0.8
y/L0

U0

Re = 100
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0.8

No-slip boundary

No-slip boundary

Driven cavity flows

0.2
-1 with
0 high Re flows
FDLBM
0 can deal
1 u/U
0
0 -1

-1
1

2.3 Applicability of IB-FDLBM to moving

particles at moderate Reynolds numbers
Sedimentation of single particles falling through
stagnant liquids
2 cm
4

25x for D
D = 0.25 cm
Nm = 360

FEM (Wan & Turek, 2008)

IB-LBM (Dupuis et al., 2008)
Present

20 s-1

YP [cm]

3
2

P =1.25x103 kg/m3

(1cm,4cm)

=1.0x103 kg/m3
=0.01 Pa s
=0.65, A = 0.5

6 cm

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

Re (= |UP| D / )

g = 9,81 m/s2

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

t [s]

-20 s-1

FEM (Wan & Turek, 2008)

IB-LBM (Dupuis et al., 2008)
Present

0.2

0.4

0.6

t [s]

0.8
1
Particle
motion is well predicted

Sedimentation of single particles falling through

stagnant liquids
Dimensions

(10, 10, 16) cm

Case

[kg/m3]

[Pa s]

Time step
[s]

Re

Initial position

(5, 5, 12.75) cm

970

373x10-3

0.86

1.56x10-4

1.3

Diameter

1.5 cm (762)

965

212x10-3

0.86

2.73x10-4

3.7

962

113x10-3

0.74

3.405x10-4

10.5

960

58x10-3

0.64

4.14x10-4

30.1

1120

Falling velocity [m/s]

Density

kg/m3

-0.05

-0.1

IB-FDLBM
Measured
(Present) (ten Cate et al., 2002)
Case
Case
1
2
3
4

-0.15
0

1
2
3
4

2
3
4
Reasonable 1predictions
of
the
falling
velocity
t [s]

Drafting-Kissing-Tumbling Motion of Two

Particles

Drafting
P1(1,6.8)

20 s-1

D= 0.2 cm
20x for D
Nm = 360
1010 kg/m3

1.0x10-3
Pas

= 1.0x103
kg/m3
= 0.65
A = 0.5

8 cm

Vorticity

g =981 cm/s2

Kissing

Tumbling
-20 s-1

XP [cm]

P2(0.999,7.2)

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

Niu et al. (2006)

Particle 1
Particle 2
IB-LBM based on Dupuis (2008)
Particle 1
Particle 2
Present
Particle 1
Particle 2

t [s]

8
7
6
5

YP [cm]

2 cm

Niu et al. (2006)

Particle 1
Particle 2
IB-LBM based on Dupuis (2008)
Particle 1
Particle 2
Present
Particle 1
Particle 2

3
2
1
0

0
1
2
3
4
5
Reasonable predictions
of the
particle
paths
t [s]

Sedimentation of 105 Particles

Number of grids
(441,441)
(i, j)
Fluid density
1.0x103 kg/m3
()

6.125 cm

18x for D

Viscosity ()

0.001 Pa s

Relaxation time
()

0.50972

0.5

Diameter (D)

0.25cm

g =981 cm/s2

O(0,0)

Number of
markers (Nm)
Particle density
(p)

360
1.5x103 kg/m3

3.2 Flows past a circular cylinder

Application of IB-FDLBM to high Re

102

50D

FDM (Matsumiya et al., 1993)

IB-LBM (present)

Uniform inflow
at U0

101

CD

(20D,20D)

40D

100

Cylinder
40x for D
Nm = 126
x Continuous outflow

102

10

-1

10-1

IB-LBM
100

Unstable

101

102

103

104

105

Re

0.4
Measured (Wieselsberger, 1922)
FDM (Lei et al., 2000)
FDM (Matsumiya et al., 1993)
IB-FDLBM (Present)

10

Measured (Wieselsberger,
1922) Re
Unstable
at high
FDM (Lei et al., 2000)

0.3

CD

Measured (Roshko, 1954)

Measured (Schewe, 1983)
FDM (Lei et al., 2000)
FDM (Matsumiya et al., 1993)
IB-FDLBM (Present)

St 0.2

100
0.1

Stable at high Reynolds numbers

10-1 -1
10
100
101
High (High
)

102

Re

103

104
105
Low (Low
)

0 1
10
102
High (High
)

103

Re

104
105
Low (Low
)

3.2 Flows past a stationary circular cylinder

Re = 100

Re = 100000

Re = 20

Re = 40
A Pair of stationary
vortices

Vortex shedding

Irregular vortex
shedding

Flow patterns are in good agreement with

experimental and numerical patterns

3.3 Flows past a stationary sphere

Computational parameters
Domain Size

(50D,40D,40D)

Sphere location

(20D,20D,20D)

U0

0.05

D/x

40

Nm

4958

0.5

103
Measured
IB-FDLBM, D/x=10
IB-FDLBM, D/x=20
IB-FDLBM, D/x=40

102

CD101
100

Good predictions
of the drag coefficient with D/x = 40
10-1
10-1

100

High

101

Re

102

103

104

Low
(Low
)

(High )

0.005
Vorticity

Irregular
vortex
shedding
z

z
y

-0.005
x

Acoustic waves of flows past a circular cylinder

D2Q21
Thermal model
Distribution of pressure fluctuation

Re = 200, U = 0.2

Re = 200, U = 0.3

Dipole

Simulations of liquid-solid
interaction using a using a PhaseField-Lattice Boltzmann Method
ROJAS Roberto *, TAKAKI Tomohiro
Graduate School of Science and Technology,
Kyoto Institute of Technology

Basis of the numerical methods

-1 0 1

Phase-field method (PFM)

Avoid explicit tracking of interfacial morphology

by solving an evolution equation of an order
parameter
Order parameter, , defines the phase: 1 (solid)
or 1 (liquid). The interface has a finite thickness
U0

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)

Easy implementation
Pseudo particles to simulate fluid flow
Mesoscopic
Scale

Macroscopic
Scale

Both methods use Cartesian grids and are suitable for

parallel computation

Quantitative phase-field model for dilute alloy

solidification involving diffusion in solid
(Ohno&Matsuura, 2009)
Time evolution of phase-field ()

2
(
)
(
)
as ()
= as () as ( )as ' () +
a

a
'

f ' ( ) * g ' ( )u
s
s

t
x
y y
x
2

as(): anisotropy function

f : -+3

g : (1-)2: dimensionless parameter

Time evolution of supersaturation (u)

1
[1 + k (1 k )h()] u + U u = [Dl q( )u j AT ] + 1 [1 + (1 k )u ] h() J
t
2
2
t

cl cle
cl: concentration at liquid side of the interface
u= e e
cl cs
cle, cse: equilibrium concentration of liquid and solid, respectively
cse
k = e partition coefficient
h() :
Dl: liquid diffusivity
cl
1
[Ds + Dl + ( Ds + Dl ))]
q () =
Ds: solid diffusivity jAT : antitrapping current
2 Dl

J: noise fluctuation

U : fluid velocity

Effect of melt convection

Computational conditions-Solid is stationary

Al-Cu
Dl [m2/s]

3.010-9

Ds [m2/s]

3.010-13

0.14

0.013

WH

1000x1000x

Seed

500x500x

-0.4

U0
Us = 0, Solid part is stationary

0.01

Concentration distribution-Solid is stationary

0.0200

0.0025

No flow

U0=0.01

Uniform growth in all

directions

Front tip grows faster

than others

Ingeniera de Mantenimiento
1. Disposiciones generales
2. Contenidos del curso
3. Bibliografa
4. Metodologa
5. Evaluacin

1 Disposiciones generales
1. Puntualidad en la asistencia clases
2. Respeto a los dems
3. Honestidad
4. Cumplimiento en la entrega de tareas
5. Direccin de correo electrnico
roberto.rojas@epn.edu.ec

Ingeniera de Mantenimiento
1. Disposiciones generales
2. Contenidos del curso
3. Bibliografa
4. Metodologa
5. Evaluacin

2 Contenido del curso

1. Introduccin: conceptos y tipos de mantenimiento
2. Mtodo de anlisis del mantenimiento predictivo
3. Anlisis de confiabilidad
4. Confiabilidad operacional

Ingeniera de Mantenimiento
1. Disposiciones generales
2. Contenidos del curso
3. Bibliografa
4. Metodologa
5. Evaluacin

3 Bibliografa
1. R. Keith Mobley, Maintenance fundamentals, Segunda
edicin, Elsevier, 2004
2. Wang Hongzhou, Pham Hoang, Reliability and Optimal
Maintenance, Springer, 2006

Ingeniera de Mantenimiento
1. Disposiciones generales
2. Contenidos del curso
3. Bibliografa
4. Metodologa
5. Evaluacin

4 Metodologa
1. Exposicin oral (clase magistral)
2. Exposicin audiovisual
3. Presentacin de trabajos
4. Conferencias (invitados) ???

Ingeniera de Mantenimiento
1. Disposiciones generales
2. Contenidos del curso
3. Bibliografa
4. Metodologa
5. Evaluacin

5 Evaluacin
Bimestre I

Bimestre II

1. Pruebas

25%

25%

2. Trabajos y deberes

25%

25%

3. Proyecto

25%

25%

4. Examen final

25%

25%

Ingeniera de Mantenimiento
1. Introduccin
2. Mtodo de anlisis del mantenimiento predictivo
3. Anlisis de confiabilidad
4. Confiabilidad operacional

Introduccin
Mantenimiento: revisar, inspeccionar y calibrar: niveles,
aberturas, instalaciones y mquinas.
Objetivo:
la
planta
funcione
eficientemente.
Mantenimiento esta ligado con la produccin
Personal mantenimiento (semi calificado y calificado) y
herramientas adecuadas.
Costos de mantenimiento: gran parte de los costos
operativos en la mayora de plantas
Mejorar los mtodos de mantenimiento en una planta es
una manera rpida de reducir los costos operacionales

Introduccin
Mayora de recursos se desperdician por mtodos de
mantenimiento ineficientes
Defectos de productos, retrasos, paras en menor tiempo
y costos tradicionales del mantenimiento: mano de obra,
tiempo extra y repuestos
Ineficiencia: falta de datos que
necesidad real de un mantenimiento

cuantifiquen

la

Mantenimiento: datos estadsticos o falla

Nuevos dispositivos: microprocesadores, ayudan a
monitorear los equipos y eliminar innecesarias
reparaciones o prevenir fallas en los equipos

Tipos de mantenimiento
1. Mantenimiento Correctivo
Cuando un equipo falla
Si el equipo falla, reparacin
Primer tipo de mantenimiento
No es frecuentemente utilizado
Altos costos: gran disponibilidad de repuestos, costo de
horas extras de trabajo del personal de mantenimiento,
largo tiempo de para del equipo y baja productividad

Tipos de mantenimiento
2. Mantenimiento Preventivo
Basado en el tiempo (tiempo transcurrido u horas de
operacin) y recurrente
Prioritariamente
produccin

los

elementos

crticos

de

la

Datos estadsticos de los ciclos de vida y registros del

equipo
Se aplica a componentes cuyo costo de reemplazo no
es muy alto
Lubricacin, ajustes y reconstruccin del equipo

Tipos de mantenimiento
3. Mantenimiento Predictivo
Basado en monitoreo de las condiciones de la mquina
Prioritariamente
produccin

los

elementos

crticos

de

la

Se aplica a componentes cuyo costo de reemplazo es

alto. Costo del equipo de monitoreo
Asegura el intervalo mximo entre reparaciones
Optimiza la operacin de la planta y reduce los costos
de mantenimiento
Vibracin, ruido, temperatura,
perdidas de calor, etc.

anlisis

de

aceite,

39