Anatomy II (NURS 6208)

Nervous system I Cerebrum & cerebellum

Dr. Philip Hung

Outline
Development of brain
Structure of cerebrum
5 cerebral lobes
Motor area
Sensory area
Association area
Language areas
Brain lateralization
Subcortical region
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Nervous connection

Structure of diencephalon
Structure of cerebellum

Introduction
Adult human brain
Weight body size
(female: 1.45 kg; male: 1.6 kg)
One trillion neurons
Receive 20% of O2 and nutrients
Divided into hemispheres & lobes

Major Subdivisions of the Brain

Cerebrum two hemispheres
Interbrain / Diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

Brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

hemispheres

Cerebrum
pre-central gyrus
cerebrum

let

central sulcus
post-central gyrus

longitudinal fissure

falx

cerebri

insert

R hemisphere
transverse
fissure

L hemisphere
lateral
sulcus
pre-central gyrus

post-central
gyrus

central sulcus

gyrus
sulcus

tentorium

are

belli

cerebellum

gyrus = elevated ridge

sulcus = shallow groove

5 Cerebral Lobes @ hemisphere

central sulcus
frontal lobe

parietal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
occipital lobe

Lateral sulcus
transverse fissure
cerebellum
temporal lobe

(deep to temporal,
parietal, and frontal lobes)

Insular lobe
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Cerebral cortex: general functional organization

3 functional areas: motor, sensory & association areas
somatosensory special senses
Both hemispheres
primarily controls the opposite side of the body
(contralateral control)
roughly equal in structure, they are not equal in function
(brain lateralization)
No functional area of the brain works alone
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Motor, sensory & association areas

coordination of information
(sensory or motor)
(voluntary action)
(conscious feeling)

Motor cortex

Primary motor cortex

Somatosensory cortex

Premotor cortex

Primary sensory cortex

MEER

Sensory
Primaryassociation
sensory cortex
cortex

(intellectual thinking)
Prefrontal
association area

Visual cortex

Auditory cortex
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Here is the distribution of neurons controlling different parts of

body in both sensory & motor areas. What do you notice ?
Motor

Lateral

Sensory

Medial

Lateral

Homuculus = little man

So, the sensory & motor

areas are magnified in hands
& lips in this small human
being
Much more neurons are
used to control sensory
input & motor output
especially in lips & hands
(What else?)

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Special senses cortex

Visual cortex located in occipital lobe

Auditory cortex
Olfactory cortex located in temporal lobe
Taste / Gustatory cortex located in insular lobe

Visual cortex
Auditory cortex
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Language areas
Two centers
Brocas area (located in left frontal lobe)
speech production, i.e.
control the muscle movement of speech
Wernickes area (located in left temporal lobe)
language comprehension, i.e.
interpret words through hearing or reading
Information interpreted by Wernickes area is then relayed to Brocas
area for speech production

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Association fibers
(in left frontal lobe)

(in left
temporal
lobe)

(Arcuate fasciculus)

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Additional info: damage to language areas

Damage to Brocas area
Will write. I know what I want to say but I just cant say it or do
it very slowly
Damage to Wernickes area
Will say Apples jump tiger toowoomba (produce meaningless
strings of words)

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Brain lateralization
L hemisphere is dominant for
language skills
maths & logics
R hemisphere is dominant for
creativity
(e.g. art/music)
visual-spatial skills
(e.g. mapping)
For most people (~90%),
L hemisphere is dominant over R
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Subcortical region
Basal ganglia / nuclei
found in the cerebrum and midbrain
3 in each cerebral hemisphere
associated with motor control

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Basal
ganglia

3kg

Thalamus

Thalamus

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Subcortical region
Limbic system control memory & emotions
Key components: HAT
Hippocampus memory
my
memory (short long) store
Amygdala
control emotions, e.g. fear, anxiety, etc
Thalamus
relay station
process

region

Hippocampus
Amygdala

Fornix
(nerve fiber)

in

cortex

Mammillary
body

Thalamus

(Emotional expression) Cingulate gyrus East grey

matter

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Corpus callosum

R
Fornix

Cingulate gyrus

Fornix

Lateral ventricle

Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

Septum

Mammillary
body

A function

&

thalamus

of
-

Hippocampus S

parahippocampal gyrus

amygdala

position

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Nervous connection within cerebrum

(white matter)

Myelinated fibers provide 3 types of connections within the CNS:

commissural fibers connect R hemispheres to L
e.g. corpus callosum & anterior commissure
association fibers interconnect different cerebral lobes within
function
same hemisphere &
main

projection fibers connect cerebral hemispheres to spinal cord

e.g. internal capsule (sensory & motor neurons) running through
cerebral cortex & spinal cord

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Commissural fibers

collect

Basal ganglia (caudate nucleus)

corpus callosum

Basal ganglia
(Putamen)
(Globus
pallidus)
Amygdala

Tip of inferior horn

of lateral ventricle

anterior
commissure

(or Coronal view)

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Cingulate gyrus

epi thalamus

cerebral

aqueduct

Midbrain
Medulla
Pons oblongata

Lateral view of brain

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Additional info: Association fibers

Arcuate fasciculus
(connect frontal to
temporal & parietal lobe)

Longitudinal fasciculus
(connect frontal to
temporal or
occipital lobe)

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Projection fibers
Internal capsule: located among basal ganglia
corpus callosum

(caudate nucleus)
Basal ganglia

corpus callosum

internal capsule
Basal ganglia
anterior
commissure

(Putamen)
(Globus
pallidus)

Amygdala
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Diencephalon (under cerebral hemisphere)

inter brain

BE
Thalamus
relay station (sensory & motor) to cerebral cortex
except olfactory input
FED

or

sense

signal

must

via

thalamus

Hypothalamus
center of autonomic system & endocrine system

Epithalamus
pineal gland

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Lateral ventricle

Corpus callosum
Fornix
Thalamus
Epithalamus

Pineal gland
(posterior end
of epithalamus)
Hypothalamus

4th ventricle

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Cerebellum
1. Body balance
2. Fine tuned motor movements
Posterior view of cerebellum
(connect two cerebellar hemispheres) Vermis

Anterior lobe
Primary
fissure

Posterior
lobe

Left
&
right
cerebellar hemisphere

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In order to fulfill the muscle coordination,

cerebellum is connected to pons
through middle, superior & inferior
cerebellar peduncles

Anterior lobe
Arbor
vitae
Cerebellar
cortex

Mid-brain

Pons

Cerebellar
peduncle

Middle
Superior
Inferior
Medulla oblongata

Posterior lobe
Cerebellar
nucleus
Choroid plexus
(in 4th ventricle)
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