UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT 1 (CHE687 / CBE694)
(EH220, EH221 & EH222)

Name: Muhammad Zulfirdaus Bin AAdnan

ID: 2014227494
Supervisor: Dr Norhuda Ismail
Title: Modeling of palm kernel oil from SC-CO2 Extraction
Summary of Journal
TITLE

YEARS /
AUTHOR

SOURCE /
NAME OF
JOURNAL

PROBLEM
STATEMENT

TECHNIQUE /
METHODOLOGY

REMARK/FINDINGS

CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION

Supercritical
fluid extraction
of omega-3 from
Dracocephalum
kotschyi
seed
oil:
Process
optimization and
oil properties

(2016),
Sodeifian,
G.,
Sajadian,
S.A
and
Ardestani,
N. S

ScienceDirect
/ The Journal
of
Supercritical
Fluids

Determine the effects of

pressure, temperature,
particle
size,
and
dynamic time on the
yield of linolenic acid (3)
in
supercritical
carbon dioxide (SCCO2).

Response surface
methodology
(RSM) coupled with
central composite
design (CCD) was
used to investigate
individual
and
interactive effects
of
process
parameters on the
yield of extraction
utilizing a statistical
software

The quadratic model

represents
the
optimum model for
the prediction and
optimization of the
extraction yield.

SFE as a viable technique

for the separation of such
constituents as palmitic acid,
palmitoleic acid, stearic acid,
oleic acid, linoleic acid, and
linolenic acid.

the pressure had a

significant
positive
effect on oil yield that
could be attributed to
the
increase
in
solvent power of
supercritical
CO2resulting from its
increased density

The optimum operational

conditions was determined
via
a
second
order
polynomial model.

A
second-order
polynomial model
of the following
form was used to
approximate
the

Particle

size

may

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT 1 (CHE687 / CBE694)
(EH220, EH221 & EH222)
mathematical
relationship among
the
four
independent
parameters
Conventional
extraction
supercritical
extraction
carried out.
Supercritical
fluid extraction
of
coriander
seeds: Process
optimization,
chemical profile
and antioxidant
activity of lipid
extracts

(2016),
Zekovic, Z.
, Pavlic, B.
,
Cvetanovic
,
A.
&
urovic,
S.

ScienceDirect
/
Industrial
Crops
and
Products

oil
and
oil
was

Determine the optimal S

FE
was
condition
for performed
on
supercritical
fluid laboratory-scale
extraction
high
pressure
extraction plant
Extraction
processes
were
performed at three
different pressures
(100, 150 and 200
bar), temperatures
(40, 55 and 70C)
andCO2flow rates
(0.2, 0.3 and 0.4
kg/h),
while
extraction time (4
h)was constant for
all experiments
The

free

impose a dual effect

on the extraction
yield.

radical

Experimental results
of
investigated
response
showed
good
fitting
with
mathematical model,
since regression for
model
was
significant (p < 0.05),
while lack of fit was
insignificant (p >
0.05)
Vapor
pressure
increases
with
temperature causing
the increasing in
solubility,
while
density
decreases
with
temperature
which
results
in
decreased solubility

The highest extraction yield

was predicted at the almost
highest pressure and CO2
flow rate and at the almost
lowest temperature.
Combined effect of pressure
and temperature on density
of CO2and vapor pressure
directly
influence
and
modulate the solubility of
volatile
compound
in
subcritical
CO2,
thus
affecting their yield and
efficiency of the extraction
process.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT 1 (CHE687 / CBE694)
(EH220, EH221 & EH222)
scavenging activity
of coriander seeds
extract
was
determined
according
the
previously
described method
Box-Behnken
experimental
design (BBD) of
RSM was used to
evaluate the effect
of
extraction
parameters and to
optimize
the
conditions for target
response.
Extraction
of
Acrocomia
intumescens
Drude oil with
supercritical
carbon dioxide:
Process
modeling
and
comparison with
organic solvent
extractions

(2016),
Pec, A. D,
Nasciment
oa, A. D,
Soares, L.
A.
L,
stragevitch
a, L., &
Danielski,
L

ScienceDirect
/The Journal
of
Supercritical
Fluids,111 17

To
investigate
the
extraction of Acrocomia
intumescens
Drude
(macaba) oils from
the fruit pulp and
almond
using
supercritical
carbon
dioxide and organic
solvents, such as nhexane and ethanol,
was investigated in
order to compare the
processes efficiencies.

fruit
pulp
was
considered and four
different
mathematical
models presented
and carried out by
using supercritical
fluid extraction
Macaba
low
pressure extraction
was carried out
using ethanol and
n-hexane
as
solvents.

The higher extraction

yields were obtained
using
the
low
pressure methods.
The
Soxhlet
technique
(atmospheric
pressure)
using
ethanol as solvent
presented the higher
extraction
yield
(31.10%), while the
extraction with nhexane (non-polar)
presented a slightly
lower yield (30.09%)

Soxhlet and ASE techniques

provided higher extraction
yields in comparison to SFE
experiments
increase in the pressure
represented an extraction
yield
improvement
at
constant temperature

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT 1 (CHE687 / CBE694)
(EH220, EH221 & EH222)
The macaba FFA
composition profiles
obtained by SFE
and organic solvent
extractions
were
evaluated
using
chromatographic
analysis with split
injection

The SFE results

indicate that the
maximum extraction
yield (14.49% w/w)
was obtained at 55
C and 150 bar, with
a solvent density of
654.90 kg/m3
Chromatographic
profiles obtained for
macaba
almond
extracts obtained by
Soxhlet and ASE
using n-hexane as a
solvent presented no
peaks
SFE
investigation
was conducted at 55
C and 150 bar and
presented a richer
composition profile

Method
development in
inverse
modeling
applied
to
supercritical
fluid extraction
of lipids

(2016),
Abrahams
sona, V.,
Andersson
b,
N.,
Nilssonb,
B.
and
Turner, C.

ScienceDirect
/ The Journal
of
Supercritical
Fluids,
111,
1427

To
investigate
comparison
of
two
empirical models, two
semi-empirical models
and two mechanistic
models is performed
using
calibration
of
single experiments.

The
instrumental
setup with on-line
detection and the
extraction method
used has previously
been validated for
the extraction of
lipids from crushed
linseed
Several models of
varying complexity

extraction rate is
substantially lower at
lower densities and
at the extraction
condition with the
lowest
density
nothing measureable
was extracted
a more complex
model
does
not
ensure a better fit to

Purely empirical models had

a better fit in terms of root
mean square error of
calibration
(RMSEC)
compared to the more
complex models.
The best-fit model of the
extended hot ball model
(EHBM) gave a RMSEC of
6.22 mg and the best model
of general rate model

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT 1 (CHE687 / CBE694)
(EH220, EH221 & EH222)
were employed in
this study in order
to
compare
performance
(
single
and
complete
calibration)
Mathematical
modeling
using
mass
balance
equations
were
evaluated in two
con- figurations for
single calibration
Numerical
solver
was developed to
help in solving the
mathematical
modelling

Extraction of oil
from
Pistacia
khinjuk
using
supercritical
carbon dioxide:
Experimental
and modeling

(2016),
Sodeifian,
G.,
Ghorband
oost,
S.,
Sajadian,
S. A., &
Ardestani,
N. S

ScienceDirect
/ The Journal
of
Supercritical
Fluids,
110,
265274

To investigate the effect

of different operating
parameters (pressure,
temperature, flow rate
and extraction time) by
using Response surface
methodology (RSM).

Extraction of oil by
classical method
Extraction of oil by
using supercritical
CO2 method
Response surface
methodology
(RSM) was utilized
to determine the
optimal conditions

experimental
data,
although it can easily
be argued that a
mechanistic model
will
have
more
physical
meaning
and give additional
information about the
underlying processes
taking place in the
SFE of lipids for
Single
calibration
models

(GRM ) gave a RMSEC of

4.80 mg

solubility model of
Sovov is the top
candidate
in
all
instances
and
exclusively chosen
upon
utilizing
Generic
Algorithm
(GA) for complete
calibration
RSM
model
is
capable to predict
the
experimental
data in the range of
operating conditions.
The maximum oil
yield was found to be
78.10 wt% under
optimal
conditions
pressure of 23.39
MPa, temperature of

The optimal conditions for

extraction were found to be
23.39 MPa, 55 C, 4.37
g/min and 286.45 min which
resulted in a maximum yield
of 78.10%

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRESS REPORT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT 1 (CHE687 / CBE694)
(EH220, EH221 & EH222)
for
supercritical
carbon
dioxide
extraction of oil
from the P. khinjuk
fruit
Developed
a
mathematical
model to study the
extraction of oil
from a milled solid
matrix
into
supercritical fluid
Utilized Differential
evolution
(DE)
algorithm
to
determine
adjustable
parameters of the
mathematical mode

55 C, CO2 flow rate

of 4.37 g/min and
dynamic extraction
time of 286.45 min
The extraction yield
was mainly affected
by the convection in
the fluid phase
The oil obtained by
the Soxhlet and SCCO2 extraction are
approximately
similar.