Krafter som pverkar fartyget 1

Mats Gruvefeldt, 2016

Krafter som pverkar fartyget

Krafter under besttningens kontroll:
Propeller (propeller)
Roder (rudder)
Bogpropeller (bow thruster)
Lringspropeller (stern thruster)
Ankare (anchor)
Bogserbtar (tugs)
Frtjningstrossar (mooring lines)

Krafter som pverkar fartyget

Krafter som besttningen INTE kan pverka direkt:
Skrovmotstnd (hull resistance)
Vind (wind)
Strm (current) inklusive tidvattenstrmmar
Is (ice)
Vgor och dyningar (sea and swell)
Hydrodynamiska krafter squat, bankeffekt och
interaction
Skrovmotstndets och de hydrodynamiska krafternas
storlek beror p fartygets fart och kan pverkas indirekt!

Flde runt skrovet

Laminrt och turbulent flde

Grnsskikt
Separation
Wake (medstrm)

Fartygsmotstnd

Bernoullis ekvation
Bernoullis ekvation:
v2 / (2*g) + p / (*g) + h = konstant (hjdekvationen)
Summan av det statiska och dynamiska trycket i en vtska r
konstant
Vtska i hg hastighet (hgt dynamiskt tryck) medfr lgt statiskt
tryck
Vtska i lg hastighet medfr hgt statiskt tryck

Statiskt respektive Dynamiskt tryck

Strmning kring fartyget

Den punkt kring vilken fartyget vrider sig runt vid

en rotation (kursndring)
Skall inte frvxlas med gircentrum.

Pivotpunkten
Faktorer som frflyttar pivotpunkten frver i
fartyg:

Stillaliggande fartyg:
Vid fartygets
systemtyngdpunkt

Stor bredd i frhllande till lngden

kande fart
Frligt trim
Effektivt roder med stor roderkraft
Gir p djupt vatten

Faktorer som frflyttar pivotpunkten

akterver i fartyg:

Liten bredd i frhllande till lngden

Snkt fart
Akterligt trim
Ineffektivt roder med liten roderkraft
Gir p grunt vatten

Pivotpunkten
Combined motions

Apparent Pivot Point

Pivot Point

Force

Rotation

Translation

Combined

Hydrodynamiska krafter
Krafter som uppkommer genom strmmande vatten
Mrkbara i begrnsade farvatten
Bernoullis ekvation

Exempelvis: Suezkanalen 2014

Shallow water effects

Squat is the downward displacement of a vessel moving through the
water. Squat is related to the vessels speed, block coefficient,
blockage factor
(Blockage factor=Ships maximum underwater cross sectional area
/cross section area through which the ship is moving)
Bank effect when a bank is present on one side will cause an
imbalance in the pressure forces (forward increases, decreases
aft) => turning moment
Interaction when meeting/passing other vessels will also change the
pressure balance similar to the bank effect

Squat

Squat

Beror p fartygets
Fart
Blockkoefficient
UKC

Squat
Suctionforce

Clearance
reduced

Undisturbed
waterlevel

Lowpressureregion

Acceleratedflow

Suctionforce

Lessbuoyancy

The suction force pulls the ship towards the bottom and reduces the clearance
between the keel and the bottom of the fairway. This clearance reduction is
called squat.

UKC

Under keel clearance (UKC)

Squat
Calculation of squat (Barras)
Ship in shallow water

V2
S CB
100

h
valid for 1.1 1.2
T

Where: S squat in meters

V ships speed in knots
h depth of water in meters
T draft in meters

Squat
Onboard indications of squat:
Reduction of UKC ( concerning draft: be aware alongside
currrent)
Bow and stern waves are increased
Vibrations
Speed reduction
Engine revolutions are reduced
Sluggish and difficult to manoeuvre
Increase of trim

jetties with

Squat

Squat i kanaler

Passage av uppgrundning

Bankeffekt

Obalans mellan krafterna p fartygets sidor

Uppkommer vid passage av kanalbank, kaj eller liknande
Ger en girtendens och ett sug mot banken
Motverkas genom en roderkraft (SB-roder nedan)

Mte (Interaction)

Omkrning (Interaction)

Wind
True wind
Apparent wind

If vessel speed is
zero, the apparent
wind = true wind
Apparent wind
gives wind forces
on the vessel

Wind

Wind

2
Wind pressure 0,5 Cd V sin [N/m2]
where:

Cd is the drag factor, which is normally 0,9

is the density of air, which is normally 1.25
kg/m3
V is the wind velocity in m/s
is the incident angle
When planning a maneuver see to that you use the wind to
your advantage
In harbors the wind can be disturbed by buildings, cranes, etc,
which create a gust and uneven distribution of the wind along
the lengths of the vessel => creating a turning moment

Wind
Simplified calculation of wind force upon the vessel:

Force (tonnes) per 1000 m2 = v2 / 18

Where:

v = relative wind speed in m/s

= relative wind speed (kts) / 2

(The Shiphandlers Guide)

Wind and Manoeuvring

Example: Lars Maersk in 10m/s
beam wind (fully loaded)
H = 25 m
L = 266 m

AL = 25266 = 6650 m2

Wind and Manoeuvring

Simplified calculation

Normal calculation

Actual pressure = CD

N/m2

Force (tonnes) per 1000 m2 = v2 / 18

Assuming CD = 0,9

Windpressure:

Actual pressure = 0,9*0,5*1,25*100

= 56 N/m2
Area = 6650
Actual total pressure = 372 400 N
= 37 t (force)

F = 100/186,65 = 37 t (force)

Vindriktning och kraftriktning frn vinden

Lngskeppsarean r strre n tvrskeppsarean =>
kraftriktningen frn vinden r strre tvrskepps

Vindens pverkan

Current (I)
Two main types:
Current (wind driven)
Tidal stream
Open sea:
Current and tidal streams affects the ships navigation
Current is treated as an vector (see navigation) direction and
magnitude
Current magnitude wind speed/40
Kg

Kgv

Ks

Current (II)
Narrow waters:
Current is an important factor when maneuvering close to shore
and anchored ships
The current increases the turning circle in the direction of the
current
Current, often, has a larger impact on a loaded ship than the
wind
Heavy rain can case the current in rivers etc to increase
The direction of current is indicated by small crafts at anchor
and by observing buoys
The effect of current: 1 knot of current equates to about 30-40
knots of wind

Current (III)
Narrow waters:
Often the current is stronger in the middle of a river or channel
compared with the sides
Land can create lee for the current
When planning a maneuver see to that you use the current too
your advantage

Strmmar

Strmmar

Strmmar

Is
Ger ett strre framdrivningsmotstnd
Frsvrar girar

Vgor och dyningar

Vgor ger upphov till rrelser i fartyget
Krafter frn vgor kan vara stora och ge upphov till kraftiga
accelerationer/inbromsningar

terkommer i frelsningen om gng i hrt vder!