The World of Transport

KEY TERMS
transport and communications
maritime transport
maritime trading
international shipping
transport systems
shipment sizes
lead times

transport i komunikacija
pomorski prijevoz
pomorska trgovina
meunarodni prijevoz
transportni sustavi
dimenzije poiljke
vrijeme isporuke

TEXT SUMMARY: The World of Transport p.87

Transport and communications are essential elements of all advanced economies and
they closely reflect changes in economy and social organization. The development of world
transport started with a wheel, but today it has become a complex system involving use of
computer science, and major industrial investments. Different firms and individuals have
long transported goods for themselves and merchants were involved in maritime transport
well before the era of international shipping. Commercial autonomy in the transport is very
recent development; when professional carriers appeared on the scene, they were often
regulated in some way. Transport systems now have to cope with demand for more frequent
movements over greater distances, smaller shipment sizes, shorter lead times, and greater
expectations in quality of service and reliability. For a long time innovations have tended to
occur only in rolling stock and vehicles and civil engineering, but now transport systems are
undergoing a burst of innovations in technology, infrastructure, organization, management,
etc. The key inventions have been the steam engine (for railways and steamships), the
internal combustion engine (for road and air transport) and the electric motor (for city metro
systems). Transport systems have come a long way from the wheel to computerized systems
of today.
TEXT EXERCISES
1) Say if the sentences are true or false.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Transport and communications play an important role in advanced economies.

Transport and communications closely reflect economic and social changes.
Today transport has become simpler through the use of computer science.
The challenge that transport systems are facing today is to ship a greater number of
smaller shipments in less time over greater distances.
e) Even today, little progress is being made in the technology, infrastructure,
organization, and management of transport systems.

T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F

2) Put the names of transport inventions into the corresponding time periods .
BC:
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
th
th
10 -18 century:
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________

19th century:
______________________
______________________
______________________
20th century:
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
21st century:
______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________

______________________

Automated Traffic Surveillance

and Control (ATSAC) center in LA

Hildebrand & Wolfmller

motorcycle

European ocean sailing

ships

Symington's steamboat
Charlotte Dundas

Stephensons steam railway

locomotive Rocket

Boeing 747, commercial

wide body airliner

Wright brothers motordriven airplane

Siemens Halske
electric train

Benzs internal combustion

engine car

Knights traffic lights

Space shuttle

Kamens Segway

Wheeled cart

Henry Fords Model T

De Smedts asphalt road

DC-3 transport aircraft

A self-driving car

Pascals horse-drawn public bus

GPS navigation

HXO solar-powered car

Chariot

Evacuated tube transport

Cayleys glider

Sputnik 1, man-made satellite

Montgolfiers hot air balloons

The Channel Tunnel

Zeppelins airship

Paved roads

Gateway City,
container ship

McAdams roads

Verbiests steam powered car

Maglev train

Compass

VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1) Unjumble the expressions from the text, first and last letter s are correct
tsroanprt and
coamimtiouncns
moajr instemvent
maimtire trsrpanot
barek eevn
ivnatinoon
rolinlg sctok
cpoe wtih

mneaicchal
eeennnriigg
sepmhint
laed tmie
cviil eginnineerg
meet the deadmns
elrectic mtoor
look bcak

GRAMMAR Simple Past Tense, Present perfect revision

Forms

+
?

Past Simple
add d or ed or irregular
I lived in Spain for ten years.
I went to Spain last year.
didnt verb
They didnt go to Spain this year.
did/didnt + verb, inversion
Where did you stay in Spain?
Didnt you live in Spain?
! But not for questions about the subject:
Who went to Spain with you?

Present perfect
have + past participle
I have lived in Spain for ten years.
I have been to Spain many times.
havent + past participle
He hasnt been to Spain recently.
have/havent + past participle, inversion
Where have you met her?
Havent you ever been to Spain?
Who has been to Spain recently?

Use
Past Simple
An action that started in the past and finished in
the past:
I lived in Spain for 10 years. (I dont anymore.)
An action repeated over a period of time that
started and finished in the past:
I often went to Spain as a kid. (I dont go there
anymore.)
Often indicated by finished time expressions
yesterday, last week, at 2 oclock, in 2003
Finished action with focus on time:
I went to Spain last year.
Finished action with no connection to the present:
I lost my keys in Spain. It was terrible! (No result. I
got new keys later.)
An action completed earlier in the past:
She moved to Spain a couple of years ago.

Present perfect
An action that started in the past, but still hasnt
finished:
I have lived in Spain for 10 years. (I still live there.)
An action repeated over a period of time that
started in the past, but hasnt finished yet:
Ive been to Spain twice this month. (I still go
there.)
Often indicated by unfinished time expressions
this month, this week, today
Finished action with focus on result or experience:
Ive never been to Spain.
A finished action with a result in the present:
Oh no, I've lost my keys! (The result is that I can't
get into my house now).
An action completed recently or just now:
Ive just recently moved to Spain.
Indicated by time expressions just, only just,
recently, only recently, just recently

GRAMMAR NOTES

GRAMMAR EXERCISES
1) Find all the verbs in past simple and present perfect in the summary The
World of Transport and explain their use.
2) Translate these sentences
a) Kako su stari Rimljani gradili ceste?
b) Nikad nisam putovao avionom.
c) Peter je nedavno dobio vozaku dozvolu.
d) Tko je napravio prvi elektrini vlak?
e) Ford je je proizveo svoj Model T 1908.
f) esto smo koristili podzemnu kad smo bili u New Yorku.
g) Jeste li ikad letjeli balonom?
h) Prije par dana sam pisao test iz prometnih pravila. Jesi li odgovorio na sva pitanja?
i) Koliko dugo ivi u Los Angelesu?
j) Kad si stigao u Chicago?
k) Upravo sam uo na vijestima da je podzemna zatvorena!
l) Los Angeles ima centar za upravljanje prometom od 1984.

VOCABULARY
advanced
break even

beyond the basic level

to take in as much money as you spend : to operate
without either a loss or a profit
a short period of producing or doing something that
begins suddenly
a company that moves people or goods from one place
to another
a type of engineering that deals with the science of
designing and building roads, bridges, large buildings,
etc.
to think of or create (something) in the mind
to deal with problems and difficult situations and try to
come up with solutions
rely on, to need (someone or something) for support,
help, etc.
the act of finding or learning something for the first time
a motor that converts electricity to mechanical work
extremely important and necessary
formal : to take (someone's property) used especially
when a government takes property for public use
very interested in something or someone
happening often
to include or involve (something) as a natural or
necessary part or result
not dependent: such as not controlled or ruled by
another or not requiring or relying on others for help or
support
a new idea, device, or method
a type of engine that is used for most vehicles : an engine
in which the fuel is burned within engine cylinders

napredan
pokriti ulaganje,
biti na nuli
eksplozija, erupcija

an amount of money that is invested in something

to have or include (someone or something) as a part of
something
the time between the beginning of a process or project
and the appearance of its results
to think about something in the past
very important; large in number, amount, or extent
transport at sea

ulaganje
ukljuivati

a type of engineering that is mainly concerned with the

use of machines in industry
to succeed in doing or providing (something)

strojarstvo

trgovac

metro

somewhat old-fashioned : someone who buys and sells

goods especially in large amounts
an underground railway system in some cities : subway

occur

happen somewhat formal

burst
carrier
civil engineering

conceive
cope with
depend on
discovery
electric motor
essential
expropriation
fascinated
frequent
imply
independent

innovation
internal
combustion
engine
investment
involve
lead time
look back
major
maritime
transport
mechanical
engineering
meet the
demands
merchant

prijevoznik
graevinarstvo

pojmiti
nositi se s
ovisiti o
otkrie
elektromotor
kljuan
izvlatenje
fasciniran, opinjen
est
podrazumijevati,
ukljuivati
neovisan

izum
motor s unutranjim
sagorijevanjem

vrijeme isporuke ili

izvedbe usluge
osvrnuti se
glavni, veliki
pomorski promet

ispuniti zahtjeve

podzemna
eljeznica
dogoditi se

permeable
reflect
regulate
reliable
rolling stock
scarcely
shipment
shipping
shoulder
spark off
spice

steam engine
steamship
tend
transport and
communications

undergo
wealthy
well before

capable of being passed through or permeated,

especially by liquids or gases
to show (something) : to make (something) known
to make rules or laws that control (something)
able to be trusted to do or provide what is needed : able
to be relied on
the wheeled vehicles that are owned and used by a
railroad
almost not at all: hardly; by only a small amount of time,
space, etc.: barely
a load of goods that are being sent to a customer, store,
etc.
the act or business of sending goods to people, stores,
etc.
to deal with or accept (something) as your responsibility
or duty
to cause (something) to start or happen
a substance (such as pepper or nutmeg) that is used in
cooking to add flavor to food and that comes from a
dried plant and is usually a powder or seed
an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation
of steam to generate power
a ship that is powered by steam
used to describe what often happens or what someone
often does or is likely to do
all means of transport (roads, rails, rivers, canals, air, sea)
that people use to trade or make physical contact with
each other, all means of symbolic or verbal
communication
to experience or endure (something)
rich
much earlier

propustan
odraavati
regulirati, propisati
pouzdanost
vozni park prunih
vozila
jedva
poiljka
pedicija
podnijeti, preuzeti
(rizik)
pokrenuti
zain

parni stroj
parobrod
biti sklon, naginjati
ili teiti emu
promet i
komunikacije

proi/prolaziti kroz
imuan, bogat
puno prije, puno
ranije