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Name: Mario Snchez Temprado and Diego De la Fuente Martn

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS III


EXERCISE 1-A
1.
The part definition used
In order to define the section sketchis it is used an axisymetric, deformable shell. The section
sketch is defined with the proper geometry (see appendix) and dimensions according to the
specimen drawing. The part is divided in two sets for further analysis: lower and upper part.
The mesh size and the element type
It is used a mesh of 984 nodes and 904 linear quadrilateral and structured elements of type
CAX4. In order to achieve better calculation and results a single bias is used in the lower
part of the specimen with 0.07 as the minimum size and 0.65 as the maximum. In addition
the upper part was defined with fixed elements following the following relation: + = ,
where a, b and c is the number of elements of each segment.
The material and section assigned
Elastic and plastic behaviours need to be defined to carry out the numerical simulation.
Regarding the elastic properties, an isotropic-type material is chosen with the following
elastic constants: E= 69 GPa and v= 0.31. For the plastic part an isotropic-type is chosen and
with the experimental function obtained from the experiments, which connects the yield
stress and the plastic strain (material model: = + ), a table of values is computed.
Regarding the section assignment, solid homogeneus-type and tailored material is chosen.
Moreover, in order to avoid further problems related to the mesh, thickness is assigned from
section instead of geometry.
The step (implicit or explicit). The step time used
Abaqus/cae student edition is using explicit methods which means unknown values are
obtained from information already known. In other words, it calculates the state of the
system at a later time from the states of the system at the current time.
In this tensile test simulation two steps are used. The initial step is used to perform the
calculation taking into account the fixed displacement in the y direction (U2) while the
second step handles the displacement in the y direction. Static, general-type is chosen for
the second step, with 500 numbers of increments of 0.002 increment size per 1 time period.
As plastic deformations are to calculate, non-linear geometry feature must be selected.
The boundary conditions applied
Two boundary conditions are applied.
The first BC fixes the displacement and rotation of the nodes belonging to the lower part of
the specimen: U2=0. The second one applies the displacement of the upper nodes: uniform
distribution and U2=8 (this value of 8 mm is randomly chosen).

Name: Mario Snchez Temprado and Diego De la Fuente Martn


2.
3.

Force vs Displacement

Obtaining the engineering


stress

12

Force (kN)

10

reaction force obtained from


abaqus (RF2) and A0 is the
initial cross section of the
specimen. In this particular

6
4

case 0 =

0
0

Obtaining the engineering


strain using a longitudinal
extensometer in abaqus

, where l0 is

the initial distance between


nodes a and b.
Obtaining the engineering
strain using a transversal
extensometer in abaqus

1 1
0

, therefore,

= 2
1

Engineering Stress vs Engineering


Strain
Engineering Stress (GPa)

2 2

12

Displacement (mm)

, where F is the

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0

, where l0 is

the initial distance between


nodes c and d.

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Engineering Strain (mm/mm)


Longitudinal Strain

Transversal Strain

Material Model

4.

Obtaining the True stress vs Ttrue strain curve


Using the following expressions it is posible to calculate straight forward the true stress and
the true strain:

= (1 + )

= ln(1 + )

Because of the fact that two different deformations have been defined, e L and eT, there will
be two different true stresses and true strains.

= (1 + )

= (1 + )

= ln(1 + )

= ln(1 + )

Name: Mario Snchez Temprado and Diego De la Fuente Martn


Therefore, L vs L and T vs T represent the true stress vs true strain when using a
longitudinal extensometer and a transversal extensometer, respectively.

True Stress vs True Strain


1
0.9
0.8

True Stress (GPa)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

True Strain (mm/mm)


Material Model

Sigma (L) vs Epsilon (L)

Sigma (T) vs Epsilon (T)

5.
The yield stress-plastic strain introduced for the material is a good approximation to get a
complete overview of how the material behaves. So that, when comparing it with the true
stress-true strain curve it seems to have a similar shape and slope.
Looking at the engineering stress-engineering strain curves, it is clearly seeable that the
model does not seem any similar to them. The stresses are quite smaller. This model is
intended for true stress and strain plots as said before. Note that the true stress and strain
are similar from the engineering stress and strain at small deformation regime but the stress
is higher than the engineering stress once the strain starts increasing and the specimen
cross section decreases.
Looking at the true stress-true strain using a longitudinal extensometer, note that it follows
the material model pretty well. Only when the maximum stress is achieved, the values of
true stress start decreasing as there is no longer a homogeneous stress/strain state on the
specimen. This, macroscopically, corresponds to the necking zone in the middle part of the
specimen. When performing the simulation in abaqus, as the necking appears, the elements
start getting distorted and the calculation cannot be done properly. That is why both curves
do not match each other. In order to avoid that, it is posible to perform the calculus using a
transversal extensometer, but in this case, there is no improvement whatsoever.

Name: Mario Snchez Temprado and Diego De la Fuente Martn


APPENDIX
Geometry, mesh and dimensions of the specimen

Picture 3. Elements distribution in the


upper part: + = = 10

Picture 1. Geometry and


dimensions of the
specimen

Picture 2. Global Mesh

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