EC6102: INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
COMPULSORY EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design and comparison of R firing and RC Firing Circuits for SCR
2. Design and implementation of a triggering Circuit for SCR using 555 Timer
3. Design and implementation of triggering circuit for SCR using UJT 2N2646
4. Design and implementation of half wave Controlled Rectifier using SCR with
Restive load
5. Design and implementation of full wave Controlled Rectifier using SCRs with
Resistive load
6. Design and Implementation of an AC Regulator circuit using DIAC
7. Design and implementation of an AC Regulator circuit using TRIAC
8. Design and implementation of a Step Up Chopper Circuit
9. Design and implementation of a half wave Controlled Rectifier circuit with
RL load and observe the effect of Freewheeling Diode
10. Speed Control of a DC Motor
11. Speed Control of a Single Phase Induction Motor
12. Design and implementation of Commutation Circuit

OPTIONAL EXPERIMENTS:
13. Design of a Series (DC Voltage) Regulator Circuit,
14. Design of a Shunt (DC Voltage) Regulator Circuit.
15. Design of a Step down Chopper Circuit.
16. Simulation of an Elevator using Relay Control
17. Design of a Timer Circuit
18. Control of a Stepper Motor using Microprocessor
19. Design of a Multi Channel data Acquition System using Microprocessor
20. Design of a Temperature Control System using Microcontroller
21. Design of a Circular Path Follower Robot using Microcontroller
22. Implementation of the following logic using Electro-mechanical Relay and
Switches:
Y = A.B + A.C + D
23. Implementation of Automatic Motor Start- Stop Operation using Relay and
Run and Stop Indication over lamp
24. Implementation of an ON-OFF Control of a Solenoid Valve using Relay
Control logic
25. Conversion of an Analog Cathode Ray Oscilloscope into Digital Storage
Oscilloscope using Microprocessor, A/D and D/A Convertor

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND COMPARISON OF R FIRING AND
RC FIRING CIRCUIT FOR SCR

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and comparison of R firing and RC firing Circuit for SCR
APPARATUS:
1. AC Power Supply
2. R firing Circuit
3. RC firing Circuit
4. CRO
5. External load
THEORY:
Circuit diagram and wave form.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram shown above.
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit.
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
OBSERVATIONS:
Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and draw the graph.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRIGGERING
CIRCUIT FOR SCR USING 555 TIMER

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and implementation of a triggering Circuit for SCR using 555 Timer
APPARATUS:
1. AC Power Supply
2. Triggering circuit using 555 Timer
3. CRO
PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 555 TIMER
GND
Trigger
output
Reset

+ Vcc
Discharge
IC 555

Threshold
Control voltage

Functions of pins:
1. Ground: All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
2. Trigger: It is the external input that will be applied to the inverting input of the
lower comparator & will be compared with Vcc/3 coming from the potential divider
network.
3. Output: Complement of the output of the flip-flop acts as the final output of timer
as it passes through a power amplifier with inverter. Load can either be connected
between pin 3 & ground or pin 3 & Vcc.
4. Reset : This is an input to the timing device which provides a mechanism to reset
the flip-flop in a manner which overrides the effect of any instruction coming to the
FF from lower comparator. This is effective when the reset input is less than
0.4V.When not used it is returned to Vcc.
5. Control Voltage input: Generally the fixed voltages of 1/3Vcc & 2/3Vcc also aid in
determining the timing interval. The control voltage at 5 can be used when it is
required to vary the time & also in such cases when the reference level at V- of the
UC is other than 2/3Vcc.
Generally when not used a capacitor of 0.01uF should be connected between 5 &
ground to bypass noise or ripple from the supply.
6. Threshold: An external voltage by means of a timing capacitor & resistor is applied
to this pin. When this voltage is greater than 2/3Vccoutput of UC is 1 which is given to
the set input of FF thereby setting the FF making Q=1 & Q=0.
7. Discharge: This pin is connected to the collector of the discharge transistor
Q1.When Q output of the FF is 1,then Transistor Q1 is on due to sufficient base drive
hence driving transistor into saturation.
When output of the FF is low Transistor Q1 is off hence acting as a open circuit to any
external device connected to it.
8. +Vcc (Power Supply): It can work with any supply voltage between 5 & 18V.

Block Diagram

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the block diagram as shown above
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
4. Apply the varying trigger signal to the gate and cathode of SCR.
OBSERVATIONS:
Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and draw the waveform on the
graph sheet.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRIGGERING
CIRCUIT USING UJT 2N2646

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and implementation of a Triggering Circuit using UJT 2N2646

APPARATUS:
1. AC Power Supply
2. UJT 2N2646
3. Resistors and capacitors
4. Diodes and Zener diode
5. CRO
6. Pulse Transformer
THEORY:
Circuit Diagram and Waveforms

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram shown above
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
OBSERVATIONS:
Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and draw the waveforms on the
graph sheet.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF WAVE
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER USING SCR WITH
RESTIVE LOAD

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and Implementation of a half wave Controlled Rectifier using SCR
with resistive load
APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

AC Power Supply
SCR
CRO
Resistive Load
Triggering Circuit

Circuit Diagram:
Triggering
and control
Circuit

230V AC

12V AC

RLoad

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram shown above.
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and draw the waveforms on the
graph sheet.
Compare the theoretical and practical readings.
Realize the advantage of the use of SCR in rectifier
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FULL WAVE
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER USING SCRS WITH
RESISTIVE LOAD

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and Implementation of a full wave Controlled Rectifier using SCR
with resistive load
APPARATUS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

AC Power Supply
SCRs
CRO
Resistive Load
Triggering unit

Circuit Diagram

T1
230V AC
T2

T1
T2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram as shown above
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and draw the waveforms on the
graph sheet.
Realize the advantage of the use of SCR in Rectifier
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AC REGULATOR
CIRCUIT USING DIAC

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and Implementation of an AC Regulator circuit using DIAC

APPARATUS:
1. AC Power Supply
2. DIAC
3. CRO
4. Resistors
5. Capacitors
6. Resistive Load
Circuit Diagram
DIAC

R1
47kOhm
1-Phase
50 Hz

R2
100 kOhms

C1

1.0 F

R3

20 Ohm

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram as shown above
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
4. By changing R2 observe the output at R3 load.
OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and regulated output waveforms on the CRO screen.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AC
REGULATOR CIRCUIT USING TRIAC

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and implementation of an AC Regulator circuit using TRIAC

APPARATUS:
1. AC Power Supply
2. TRIAC
3. CRO
4. Resistive Load
Circuit Diagram
Load

R1

Single
Phase
variable AC

R2

DIAC

TRIAC

C1

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram shown above
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
4. By varying R2 observe the output at load
OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and regulated output waveforms on the CRO screen.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A STEP UP
CHOPPER CIRCUIT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and implementation of a Step Up Chopper Circuit

APPARATUS:
1.

Thyristor

2.

Multimeter

3.

Inductors

4.

Capacitors

5.

Silicon Diodes BY 126 / BY 127

6.

Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
L1

+
-

L2

Vdc
0-50 V

C1

C2

Output

Fig. Chopper using a Thyristor

The above figure shows a step up chopper in which the thyristor is turned by
an external pulse source not shown in the circuit. To turn off the thyristor
commutation method can be used.
When the thyristor is ON, the additional charge is stored in the inductor L1.
When the thyristor is OFF this additional charge is used to charge the capacitor C2 and
supply the load current. In the above figure a saturable reactor L2 is in combination
with turn off capacitor C1. When T1 is turned off C1 is first recharged and when the
both the capacitors reach the same voltage they further get charged absorbing the
energy from inductance L1.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure above. Use L and C values as per
design.
2. Apply different values of voltage at input and measure the output voltage
using multimeter.
3. Now turn on the thyristor using external trigger control unit and observe the
output.
4. Turn off the thyristor and measure the output voltage or observe the output
waveform displayed on the oscilloscope.
5. Repeat the same procedure by applying different input voltages.
OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and output volatges.
Compare the theoretical and practical readings.

RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A HALF WAVE
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER CIRCUIT WITH RL LOAD AND
OBSERVE THE EFFECT OF FREEWHEELING DIODE

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and implementation of a half wave Controlled Rectifier circuit with RL
load and observe the effect of Freewheeling Diode
APPARATUS:
1. AC Power Supply
2. SCR
3. Diode
4. CRO
5. Triggering unit
6. RL Load
Circuit Diagram
Triggering
and control
Circuit

230V AC

12V AC

RL Load

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram shown above.
2. Connect the AC power supply unit with the circuit
3. Before Switching ON the instrument ensure that the connections are made
properly.
OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and draw the waveforms on the
graph sheet.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
SPEED CONTROL OF A DC MOTOR

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Speed Control of a DC Motor

APPARATUS:
1.

Demonstration Kit

2.

Multimeter

3.

CRO

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Speed
Control
Speed controller

Ramp

Current
controller

Command
Module

Firing
Circuit

Thyristor
Converter

Matching
Unit

Matching
Unit

M
TG

Fig. Speed control of a DC Motor using Armature voltage control

The above figure shows the circuit for controlling motor speed from zero up to
rated speed. Most of the applications require speed control in either direction with
the facility of regenerative braking.
PROCEDURE & OPERATION
1. By varying the reference potentiometer the speed of the motor can be
controlled.
2. Rate of acceleration can be adjusted by varying the slope of the ramp
circuit.
3. Speed reference and feedback signal is applied to the speed controller
whose output is applied to the current controller.

4. Output of the current controller is fed to the firing circuit which adjusts the
firing angle to give the required armature voltage for the desired motor
speed.
5. Note down the entire test points waveforms.
OBSERVATION:
Observe thespeed the DC motor on the basis of input voltage.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
SPEED CONTROL OF A SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Speed Control of a Single Phase Induction Motor.

APPARATUS:
1.

Demonstration Kit

2.

Multimeter

3.

Tacho meter

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Line
Signal

Converter

Filter

Inverter

Fig. Block schematic diagram of an Induction Motor speed control

Procedure & Operation

Static methods of speed control are divided into two categories,
1) Frequency control and
2) Slip control.
1). Frequency Control: i) Cyclo converter ii) DC link inverter
2) Slip control: i) Stator voltage control ii) Rotor voltage control iii) Combined stator
and rotor voltage control.
OBSERVATION:
Observe thespeed the Induction motor on the basis of input voltage.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
COMMUTATION CIRCUIT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and implementation of Commutation Circuit

APPARATUS:
1.

Thyristor

2.

Multimeter

3.

Inductors

4.

Capacitors

5.

Silicon Diodes BY 126 / BY 127

6.

R.P.S

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R
C

RPS

L
O
A
D

0-50V

Fig.( ) Voltage Commutation Circuit

In this type of commutation a reverse voltage is suddenly applied across the
device which will turn it off. Parallel inverter circuits are typical examples of voltage
commutation. Some times this commutation is also called as impulse commutation.
When thyristor T is conducting, the capacitor C is charging. The moment
when forced commutation is required the switch S is closed and the reverse voltage is
applied across the thyristor T which will immediately turn it off.
When the switch is replaced by a thyristor then this method of commutation is
called auxiliary commutation. In this an auxiliary thyristor has to be fired to
commutate the main thyristor. This principle finds applications mostly in bridge
inverters.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as above figure (A). Use R and C values as per design.
2. Apply different input voltages, observe and note the waveforms across C, T
and LOAD using CRO.
3. Now turn on the switch manually and observe the waveform across T using
CRO.
4. When the thyristor T is commutated observe the voltage across the device and
C also.
5. Note all the pertaining waveforms and voltage levels.
6. Repeat the same procedure by applying different input voltages.

OBSERVATION:
Observe the input and output volatges before commutation and after commutation.
Compare the theoretical and practical readings.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS: