Integrated training session for DSL team members

Functional skills

Who are WE
WE are

The No. 1 Telecom Company in India

The Third largest Telecom operator in the world
Present in 20 countries
The No. 1 Internet Service Provider in India and a lot more

You are Airtel for the customers, You are the image and the brand
HENCE LIVE UPTO THE CUSTOMERs AND YOUR COMPANYs EXPECTATION

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Process / people

Brief History of telephony

Basic Telephony
Copper Network
Basic Tools
DSL overview

Committed team Happy Customers

Functional
Skills

Processes and
compliance

Happy and satisfied

customers

Behavioral
Skills

Committed work force

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Process / people

Brief History of telephony

Basic Telephony
Copper Network
Basic Tools
DSL overview

Brief History
A telephone is an instrument that sends and receives information usually by
means of electrical signal
The word telecommunication comes from Greek words meaning far and
sound.
It was invented by Graham Bell on March 10, 1876 with huge support from
Watson. Graham Bell was just 29 years of age at the time of invention. The first
words were as spoken by Mr. Bell.Mr. Watson, Come here, I want you.
Graham Bell completed graduation at 14 and Watson was a carpenter by
profession.

Evolution over time

Evolution of telephone
technology over time

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Process / people

Brief History of telephony

Basic Telephony
Copper Network
Basic Tools
DSL overview

Basics of Telephony
At the end of this session, you would be able to understand
Basics of telephone network
Different types of exchanges
Call flow

Telephone explained

Basically Tel consists of

Speaker
Switch
Microphone

Additions for better performance

Duplex coil
Touchtone Keypad and freq generator
Ringer

Telephone explained transmitter

Transmitter serves as a sensitive electric ear and has a mechanical eardrum. The eardrum is
thin metallic disc called diaphragm
Behind the diaphragm, there are carbon granules which are charged all the time with low
voltage from the exchange.
When we talk,
sound waves strike
the diaphragm and
makes it vibrate

Diaphragm vibrates at
various speed depending
upon the variations of air
pressure caused by vary
tones of the speaker

Diaphragm vibration
presses the carbon
granules as per the
intensity / loudness /
tone of the sound

This varies the

resistance and resulting
in different electrical
currents through them

Telephone explained transmitter end

Pattern of the
sound waves
determines the
pressure of
diaphragm
The current copies
the pattern of the
sound and is
carried to the
receiving
telephone

Pressure of the
diaphragm
regulates the
pressure of carbon
granules

Pressure on the
granules makes
the current
stronger or weaker

Transmitter acts as
human ear electrically

Telephone explained receiver end

The receiver serves as electric mouth piece. Like a human voice, it has vocal cords.
The receivers vocal cord is diaphragm. Two magnets at the end of diaphragm causes it to
vibrate. One of the magnets is permanent and is close to the diaphragm and other one is
electromagnet EMconsisting of iron core and a coil of wire around it.
On becoming magnetized, the diaphragm gets pulled towards iron core and away
from permanent magnet.
The variations in the current varies the pull of the diaphragm and thus EM the vibration of
diaphragm in receiver.

Telephone explained receiver end

The electric
current passing
through the EM
varies with
loudness of the
sound
The varying
pressure on the air
generates sound
waves which are
the same as sent
to Transmitter

This causes
diaphragm to
vibrate depending
the speakers
speech pattern
The sound waves
strikes the ear of
the speaker and
thus the message
is HEARD

Diaphragm
vibration causes
the air in front of
it to pulls and
pushes.
Receiver acts as
human mouthpiece
electrically

Dialing Types
ROTARY DIAL
Use pulse dialing
signaling technology

DUAL TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY

(DTMF DIAL)
Use touch tone signaling technology

Dialing Types
Pulse Dialing
Use loop disconnect signaling.
Rapid disconnection and reconnection of the calling partys
line.
The series of clicks / interruptions
are generated.
Exchange equipment analyze
these pulses / interruptions to
find the dialed the number.

DTMF dialing
Use eight different frequency
signals
Transmitted in pairs
These represents 16 different
numbers / symbols / letters
DTMF keypad is laid out in 4x4
matrix
Each row represents low freq
and column represent high freq

On-hook to Off - hook

Connected by a Pair of wires /
Dedicated local loop

EXCHANGE

EXCHANGE
Pair loop is extended on the two wires (i.e) pair leading to change in line
condition and dial tone

Components of typical switched (PSTN/POTS) network

Tandem Exchange
Trunk

Trunk

Local Exchange / CO

Local Loop
Dedicated Route

Subscriber

Local Exchange / CO

Direct Trunk
Shared Route
Local Loop

Subscriber

Local Loop

Subscriber

Components of typical switched (PSTN) network

Public switched telephone networks are
communication systems that are
available to the public to allow users to
interconnect communication devices.
Public telephone network switching
system architecture uses a distributed
switching system that has a hierarchy of
switching levels.
The telephone is connected with a pair of
copper wires to the local switch and this
forms the Local Loop. This is a
dedicated circuit

PSTN simplified
The local exchange feed CPE upto 5 KMs radius
given copper cable constraints at distances
greater than that.
The CPEs in areas out of reach are served with
additional switches.

The different switches are connected with lines

called trunks on fiber or radio media.
Unlike local loops, trunks are shared
connections between switches using circuit
switching
Switches which work as interconnect to
different local / area switches and do not host
customer connections directly are called
Tandem switches

Circuit and Packet switching

CS involves a dedicated channel
during the complete duration of the
call.
The message (tel call/data) is sent
all together and is not broken up

PS doesnt require dedicated channel

during the complete duration of the call /
data transmission.
The message is broken up into small
packets

The message arrives in the same

sequence as it was originated

The message may arrive in a different

sequence compared to what was sent.

CS is more senior of the two

technologies

PS is newer technology

Analogue Vs Digital signal

Analogue signals are continuous signals

Get deteriorated over distances
More affected by noise
Ex Human voice in air

Digital signals are discrete signals

transmitted in binary bits
Almost immune to noise
Ex Computers, SDH transmission

Call set up
2. Provides DC loop on port a
3. DC current on port a interrupts
exchange, Switch sends dial tone to a
5. Disconnects dial tone after receiving first digit and collects the
remaining digits
6. In case of local call, sends ring tone to port b and connects a ring
back tone to port a
8. DC loop is created at port b sensed by exchange.
9. Exchange removes ring from port b and ring back from port
a and creates path between A and B

1. A goes off hook

4. A dials B number

10. If either of A or B goes on hook, exchange

disconnects the AC path.

7. B goes off hook

11. If B is an STD/ISD subscriber with respect to A, the corresponding extra

digits will be used by A's exchange over its TRUNK lines as direction routers
to finally connect to C's exchange and hand over C's port address to it. C's
exchange will then connect C to A through trunk lines.

DIALS 100

Special services call

Railways

Fire Service

Police

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Brief history of telecom

Basic telephony

Products offered
Copper network
Basic tools
DSL overview

Products Offered
Products Offered
FTTH

Voice

VDSL

ADSL
Lease Line

WiFi
IP Centrex

IPTV
PRI

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Process / people
Brief History of telephony

Basic Telephony

Copper Network
Basic Tools
DSL overview

Cables, Local Access, Subscriber Access

At the end of this session, you would be able to understand
Basic copper network
Cables and color coding principles
Different elements in copper network

Transmission medium
Transmission Media

Guided (Wired)

Un Guided (Wireless

Infra Red

Radio Frequency
Twisted Pair

Microwave
OFC

Spread spectra

Coaxial
Power Cables

Narrow Band

Twisted Pair Cable

Two wires of a single circuit are twisted at regular intervals
This reduces electromagnetic interference from wires as well as cross talk between neighboring
pairs
How twisting the pair works to the advantage of quality of output
Normally the two wires carry equal and opposite signals and the receiver at destination detects
the difference between the two.

In ideal case, noise will induct equal signals into the two wires and this common mode signal is
detected and cancelled at the receiver. So the original signal is unaffected.
In real scenario, the noise is not equally distributed. It affects the wire more which is closer
to the noise source.
Infact neighboring pairs induce cross talk which is additive in nature along the length of
transmission.
Twisting the pairs cancels the EMI disturbance and the cross talk at each twist as the wire
within the pair is exchanged and creates balance with noise source disturbances thereby
resulting in far better and stable output

Some of the cables as they appear

Drop Wire
PIJF Cable

Aerial Cable

Different Cables

Cable make up : Units, Super Units and Layers

Cable
Size

No. Of units/super units

Center layer

20
50
100
200
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400

1x20 (unit)
5x10 (unit)
5x20 (unit)
4x50 (su)
2x50 (su)
2x100 (su)
3x100 (su)
1x100 (su)
1x100 (su)
2x100 (su)

Middle

6x50
6x100
9x100
5x100
6x100
8x100

Outer

(su)
(su)
(su))
(su)
(su)
(su)

10x100 (su)
13x100 (su)
14x100 (su)

Color codes - Explained

Blue
White

Red

Black

Yellow

Orange

Green

Brown

Grey

Pair

Wire A

Wire B

White

Blue

White

Orange

White

Green

White

Brown

White

Grey

Red

Blue

Red

Orange

Red

Green

Red

Brown

10

Red

Grey

11

Black

Blue

12

Black

Orange

13

Black

Green

14

Black

Brown

15

Black

Grey

16

Yellow

Blue

17

Yellow

Orange

18

Yellow

Green

19

Yellow

Brown

20

Yellow

Grey

Cable configurations

Grey
41-50

Brown
31-40

Grey
81-100

Blue
1-10

Orange
11-20

Green
21-30

50 Pair Super unit

(5x10 Pairs)

Brown
61-80

Green
41-60

Blue
1-20

Orange
21-40

100 Pair Super unit

(5x20 Pairs)

Cable configurations contd..

Red
1-50

Black
151-200

White
51-100

White
101-150

Red
101-150

Black
351-400

White
301-350

Black
51-100

White
251-300

200 Pair
(4su x 50 Pairs)

Red
1-50

White
151-200

White
201-250

400 Pairs
(2su x 50p + 6su x 50p)

Cable configurations contd..

Red
201-300

Black
701-800

White
601-700

Red
301-400

Black
101-200

Red
1-100

Black
1101-1200

White
301-400

White
401-500
Red
1-100

White
1001-1100
Black
201-300

White
501-600
White
101-200

White
901-1000

White
501-600

White
401-500

800 Pair
(2su x 100p +6su x 100p)

White
601-700

White
801-900

White
701-800

1200 Pairs
(3su x 100p + 9su x 100p)

Cable configurations contd..

Black
1501-1600

Red
601-700
White
701-800

White
1401-1500

Black
101-200

Black
501-600
Red
1-100
White
1301-1400

White
801-900

White
201-300
White
901-1000

White
401-500
White
301-400
White
1201-1300

White
1001-1100
White
1101-1200

1600 Pairs
(1su x 100p + 5su x 100p + 10su x 100p)

Schematic Copper Network

DP
Street 1
Pillar 1

Sub Pillar 1
Street 2
Sub Pillar 2

RSU
Pillar 2
1200 Pairs

800 Pairs

Pillar 3

Trenching distance policy

Distance Bands for accepting/ clearing CAFs through GIS (Distance from Sub Pillar to last DP)
Segment

Upto 60m Upto 120m Upto 150m Upto 200m

Residential 1 Del
Commercial/
Corporate/
1 Del
STD/PCO/DID/
SME
PRI / LL/ ILP

Deviation
ZBM

Cluster Head

CEO/COO

Total cases

3-4 Dels

Overall length to a
5 Dels and Upto 50
upto 75 Mtrs maximum of 300 5% of the trenching
above
meters
meter
cases per month

3-4 Dels

Overall length to a
5 Dels and Upto 100
upto 125 Mtrs maximum of 350 10% of the trenching
above
meters
meter
cases per month

Upto 250 meter

Overall length to a
upto 50
upto 75 Mtrs maximum of 350 10% of the trenching
Mtrs
meter
cases per month

2 Dels

2 Dels

Laying of underground cables

COPPER CABLE
40mm

CABLE TRENCH
Bitumin

100mm

Pcc1:4:8

500mm

Granular
fill pit sand

OFC CABLE

Ground level

75mm

Bitumin

225mm

Pcc1:4:8

1000mm

PrecPair st slPair b

Granular fill
pit sand

1500mm
600mm

Excavated
Selected earth
filling

360mm

PrecPair st slPair b

Excavated
Selected earth
filling

600mm

U/G Armoured
copper cables

Armoured copper cable

Flexible duct(40mm dia )

Optic Fibre Cables

Schematic Copper Network

Each Customer has a dedicated
Copper Loop from AN to CPE
Fan-out based arch.

DP

Secondary Pairs = 1.2 1.3 x of

Primary
Distribution pairs = 1.5x of
Secondary

Pillar

Tags are min. of Primary/ Sec.

(100 1600p)

Access Node/
RSU/
DLC/DSLAM
Fibre

Copper
Cable

Sub
Pillar
(50-100 pairs)

5/ 10
pairs

Home/
Ofice

Project DPs: 60% are created

during LA Project

Rigid Sub
Pillar

SA/ Reactive DPs: are created

by I&FR on customer
acquisition

(100 p)

SA length (SP to DP to HW) is

restricted to 100m

Rigid DP

Total Copper loop length <

1km

(20p)

LA Network
Primary Part

Secondary N/w

SA Network
Distribution N/w

Schematic Copper Segments

DP
Pillar

SP

House wire

MDF
Secondary

Primary

Local Access Network

Distribution

Subscriber Access

MDF - Schematic
Switch
Side

Line
Side
128p Tag
Blocks
Comprising
Strips of
8p each

100p Tag
Blocks

128p Tag
Blocks
Comprising
Strips of
8p each

Steel Frame
Structure

Side View

Line Side View

Switch Side View

MDF Actual photographs

Switch Side

Line

MDF Actual photographscontd

Side View

Primary Cables

MDF Actual photographscontd

Cables prewired to
respective DLU / DSLAMs

MDF switch side

MDF Actual photographscontd

Pouyet IPM GD tube Magazine

Pouyet IPM GD tube single link

Krone IPM GD tube Magazine

Krone IPM GD tube single link

IPM (Integrated protection Modules) GD (Gas Discharge) tubes

MDF Actual photographscontd

DLU No.

EQN termination point Switch side

DSL tag blocks

MDF contd
Information on MDF
A fixed means of terminating the external cables
Cross connecting the external circuits to be appropriate internal circuits
A convenient point of interception for location of faults

A means for mounting protection devices for incoming circuits.

It is properly earthed for protection of equipments.
Fuses are used for safety reasons on every subscriber ports for protection of
circuits. IPM housing GD tubes are connected in parallel with each circuit.

1200 pairs pillar

Rain protection

100p Tag block

PVC rings
Mounting clamps
CT boxes for mounting 100p Tag Blocks
Jumper

Primary Pairs 1-400

Secondary Pairs 401-1200

Earthing
termination
point

Actual Photos

Actual Photos

PVC Rings

Mounting
Frame

Jumper wire

IDC Tag Block

Actual Photos

Pillar Door

Jacket for keeping

Pillar Drawing

100 pair SP
Rain protection

PVC rings
Mounting clamps
CT boxes for mounting 100p Tag Blocks
Jumper wire
Earthing
termination
point

Primary Pairs 1-40

Secondary Pairs 41-100

Actual photos

Inside View

Sub Pillar
SP Name

Earth Cable

10 pair DP

PVC rings
Mounting clamps
CT boxes for mounting 100p Tag Blocks
Jumper wire
Earthing
termination
point

Distribution pairs 10 / 20p

Actual Photos

DP

DP Name

Fan out based Architecture

Exchange side

MDF

Line side
Pillar 02

Pillar 01

Pillar N
Secondary is 1.5 to 2 times of Primary capacity

SP N

SP 01

DP02

DP01

DP03

DP001A

Garlanding DP

DP04

DP N

Naming Methodology
Exchange side

MDF inside exchange name ABC

Line side

Pillar

ABC 01

SP

ABC 01 01

SP

ABC 01 02

DP

ABC 01 01 01

DP

ABC 01 01 02

Garlanding
DP

ABC 01 01 01A-01

GIS
Geographical information system: Detailed database of OSP and subscriber
copper tags mapped on real objects (City routes / Buildings) existing on
earth
Parts of GIS:
Computer Hardware for housing the GIS software
NT and Unix platforms
Database management system.DBMS software

Objectives of GIS
Building detailed land data base.
OSP details as they exactly are on the ground
Mapping OSP details to geographical details on ground like water
bodies, important roads, buildings, residential and commercial areas
Mapping OSP database to ISP
Network Planning
MIS

GIS
Important functions
Work order creation along with tag details
Green area information
Proactive information on capacity usage at Sub pillar / Pillar.
Timely up gradations
Prevention of wrong sales

Copper Related faults

Open pair
Cause: Particular pair breaks or damage during the activity in the field by
some another source.
Result: All services (Triple play) will be down at customers end.
Rectification: Trace the cable pair by testing at every network element, i.e.
pillar, sub-pillar, DP using multimeter.
Short Pair

Cause: Existing pair is short with another pair in same binder or sheath wire
due to insulation breakdown because of cable damage or excessive power
flow through cable.
Result: Low SNR, high attenuation, humming sound, intermittent link failures,
jitters /picture freezing
Rectification: Trace the cable pair by testing at every network element, i.e.
pillar, sub-pillar, DP using multimeter.

Copper Related faults

Low IR
Cause: Week insulation resistance due to high dielectric strength, moisture /
water in the joint, kaccha / improper joint or high power flow.
Result: All services (Triple play) will be down at customers end.
Rectification: Trace the location of the weak IR using Megger and Multimeter
for tracing pairs by testing at element, i.e. pillar, sub-pillar, DP.
Cross Connection

Cause: Physical error where one limb of the existing pair is changed with
limb of the other pair.
Result: Dead phone, No link
Rectification: Trace the cable pair continuity at between every network
element starting from MDF towards pillar, sub-pillar, DP using multimeter.

Copper Related faults

Unwanted noise and EMI
Cause: Vicinity of the telephone cables to power cables or HT / voltage lines
Result: Low SNR, high attenuation, humming sound, intermittent link failures,
jitters /picture freezing.
Rectification: Trace the route of the cable and reroute the cable at locations
where power sources are closure than recommended.
Kaccha Joint / Temporary workmanship

Cause: Human error. Normally kaccha joints are made to ensure speedy
recovery of dead lines and forgotten thereafter.
Result: Dead phone, Humming sound, low SNR, high attenuation, intermittent
disconnections, jitters / picture freezing
Rectification: Kaccha joints should be immediately replaced with permanent
joints during maintenance windows.

Copper Related faults

Improper Jumpering and punching
Cause: Human error due to lack of skill set, usage of improper tools, undue
hurry in finishing the task.
Result: Dead link, Low SNR, high attenuation, humming sound, intermittent
link failures, jitters /picture freezing.
Rectification: Trace the faulty locations at each cable termination points
starting from MDF, Pillar, Sub-Pillar and DPs
Krone / Pouyet module faulty
Cause: Rusty, broken, pins loose / pins broken, wrong punching using wrong
tools, Tags loosely secured.
Result: Dead phone, Humming sound, low SNR, high attenuation, intermitten
disconnections, jitters / picture freezing
Rectification: Trace the locations using multimeter and this must be the part
of the preventive maintenance schedule of respective network elements.

Copper Related faults

Splitter / Rosette faulty
Cause: Broken / pins broken

Result: Dead link, Low SNR, high attenuation, humming sound, intermittent
link failures, jitters /picture freezing.
Rectification: Check the splitter / rosette junctions and replace if found
faulty.

Jumpering Details
DSL Tag Details

X-A-BC-DE
X
DSLAM make
A
DSLAM No.
BC
Card no.
DE
Port / Tag No.
Prewired to DSLAM

MDF Line Side

Pillar Details

A/B/C
A
Vertical
B
Horizontal
C
Tag No.
Prewired to Pillar IN

A/B
A
Pillar IN tag
B
Pillar OUT tag
Prewired to Sub Pillar IN

RSU / MDF Location

DSLAM tag ports are

duplicated on switch side
and MDF line side

Sub Pillar Details

A/B
A
Sub Pillar IN tag
B
Sub Pillar OUT tag
Prewired to DP IN

Outside Plant

DP Details

A/B
A DP IN tag
B DP OUT tag
Connected to H Wire

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Process / people
Brief History of telephony

Basic Telephony
Copper Network

Basic Tools
DSL overview

3. Jumpering and routine tools

At the end of this session, you would be able to understand
Basic idea about tools used in Jumpering
Broad overview of routine tools used for line testing

Routine tools
Screw driver

Combination plier

Nose Plier

Holding objects firmly

Twisting the wires
Cutting the wires
Holding sharp / objects firmly
Cutting the wires

Tightening / Loosening screws

Routine tools
RJ11 crimping tool

Used for making RJ11 connector

Torch

Blow lamp

Used for heating up of

TSF jointing kits

Used during low

visibility or night time

Punching Tools
Krone Tool & Module

Pouyet Tool & Module

Punch copper pair in the Pouyet module in MDF

Punch copper pair in the Krone module in Pillar , Sub Pillar, DP

Inbuilt cutter
Tool for removing pair from tag block
Can punch 0.32mm to 0.9mm copper wires

Tools
Wire Cutter & Stripper

Removing insulation from the copper wire

This strips wires of various diameters

Jumper wire

Jumper wire used to connect In tag and Out tag in

MDF, Pillar, SP and DP

Tools
Multi Meter

Multi Meter is used to check the

copper continuity and loop
resistance in the copper
Most simple and most widely used
instrument

IR Meter

IR meter is used to check the

insulation strength between
limbs of the same pair, different
pairs, Limb and ground and
copper continuity.

Testing Phone

Test phone is used to check the dial

tone in the MDF, Pillar, SP and DP

HST-3000 Handheld Services Tester

The lightweight, rugged, and battery-operated HST3000 with the Broadcom SIM cost effectively scales to
provide an all-in-one solution for field installation,
maintenance, and troubleshooting across a wide
range of triple-play service test applications.

Agenda Functional Skills

Functional
Process / people
Brief History of telephony

Basic Telephony
Copper Network
Basic Tools

DSL at a glance

DSL Important terms

Internet
A "network of networks" linking millions of computers worldwide for communications
purposes.
The Internet was originally developed in 1969 for the U.S. military and gradually grew
to include educational and research institutions.

WWW
Stands for "World Wide Web"; the large global collection of Internet servers

ISP
Stands for internet service provider : Company that provides access to the internet.
Contd

DSL Important terms

Gateway
A gateway is either hardware or software that acts as a bridge between two networks
so that data can be transferred between a number of computers.

IP address
Stands for Internet protocol. Numerical address assigned to each device using a
computer network using Internet protocol for communication.
Basic functions are Identification and Location addressing

A name indicates what we seek

An address indicates where it is located
A route indicates where it is

URL

Contd

Stands for Uniform Resource Locator is a way of addressing used for world wide web.

DSL Important terms

DNS
Stands for Domain Name Server and is a protocol; an Internet service that translates
friendly domain names like www.abcd.com into IP addresses.

TCP/IP
Stands for Transmission control protocol / Internet protocol.
It is the basic communication language or the protocol of the internet.
It is a two layer program;

Higher layer TCP manage the assembling of messages or files into smaller packets
which are transmitted over internet. At the destination, these packets are received by
TCP layer which reassembles the packets into original message
Lower layer IP assigns addresses to these small packets for reaching right destination

Important terms
Some of the common but very important terms in data transmission are

Bandwidth

Throughput

Latency

Actual Rate at which the information is transferred

Delay between the receiver decoding it, mainly a function of

the signals travel time, processing time at any node the
information travels
Maximum rate at which information can be transferred

Important terms
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio / Margin: Short for signal-to-noise ratio, the ratio of the amplitude
of a desired analog or digital data signal to the amplitude of noise in a transmission
channel at a specific point in time.
It is a measure of signal strength relative to background noise
Higher the value, better it is.

Line attenuation
Line attenuation measures signal loss between the home and the DSL provider's access
point (central exchange). Typical values for line attenuation on a DSL connection are
between 5 dB and 50 dB (lower values better).

Attainable Line Rate

Maximum rate at which your modem can connect to the DSLAM if there was no service
provisioning limiting the bandwidth. The higher the number the better.

Contd

SNR / Line Attenuation values

SNR Values

Rating

Line Attenuation

Rating

6 dB or less
7dB - 10 dB
11 dB - 20dB
20 - 29 dB
29 dB or above

Very Bad
Fair
Good
Excellent
Outstanding

20 dB and below
20 dB - 30 dB
30 dB - 40 dB
40 dB - 50 dB
50 dB - 60dB
>60 dB

Outstanding
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Poor
Very Bad

IP Addresses - Simplified
11000011 11000011 01011100 10100001

195.195.92.161
Network Code

Host ID

195.195.92.161

Area Code

ID code

0120 4123779

IP Addresses Class of IP addresses

Class of IP

Purpose

A
B
C

Allocating IP Addresses
Allocating IP Addresses
Allocating IP Addresses

Multicasting

Experimental purpose

IP Addresses Class A

Class A
Network
NNNNNNNN

Host
HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH

0NNNNNNN

HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH

7 bits for Network IDs

24 bits for Host IDs

128 Networks

16777216 Host IDs per Network ID

IP Addresses Class B

Class B
Network
Host
NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHH
10NNNNNN NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHH

14 bits for Network IDs

16 bits for Host IDs

16384 Networks

65536 Host IDs per Network ID

IP Addresses Class C

Class C
Network

Host

NNNNNNNN

NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH

110NNNNN

NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN HHHHHHHH

21 bits for Network IDs

2097152 Networks

8 bits for Host IDs

256 Host IDs per Network ID

DSL What is it
DSL means digital subscriber line and Its a broadband technology.
Broadband technology: It is telecommunication over a wide band of frequencies thereby allowing
lots of information to be transmitted
Copper wires which carry voice which works within 4kHz band. have lot of unused capacity
to carry more than voice information at higher frequencies.
It is this extra and unused capacity of copper wires.which is exploited by DSL technology.
DSL uses 25 kHz to 1.1 MHz capacity. while using this extra capacity, it doesnt interfere with
voice conversations due to wide difference in the frequency bands of voice and data.

DSL Function of splitter / filter

Basic set up Triple Play

POTS line
Splitter
ISP
Network
DSLAM
Modem/Router

Set Top Box

Comp

VoIP

Comp
IPTV

Basic Architecture
Digital Signals to
modem / router

Computer

Modulation

PHONE

Modem/Router

MDF

Pillar

SP

DP

Broadband Network Diagram

INTERNET
REDUNDANT
INTERNET
GATEWAY
BROADBAND RAS and
SERVER FARM
DNS, RADIUS,SDX,
LDAP

()

CPE

User PC

How does it work

ATM or IP

Internet usage @
Best effort basis

DSLAM

GE links

Internet

GE links

BRAS

DSLAM

Subscriber
Authentication
High capacity links to carry aggregate
traffic from respective DSLAMs to BRAS
Separate ATM links for data and IPTV

DSLAM

Allocating Dynamic IP

IP address at WAN
By DHCP
DSLAM

Same IP address at user side

Modem

Single Host

After the user is authenticated and authorized, the modem gets

IP address by DHCP at its WAN interface. This is dynamic in
nature

Allocating Static IP
NAT thru RFC 1483
IP address at WAN
DSLAM

Private IP addresses for each host

Modem Router

LAN

After the user is authenticated and authorized, the modem gets IP address by DHCP at its
WAN interface or a static IP from a preconfigured list of static IPs.

In cases when modem also functions as a router to internal LAN or there is a separate router,
the IP address that is assigned at the WAN interface of the modem gets network address
translated to the private IP addresses of the host computers according to the RFC 1483
routing.
The router attached to the modem acts a default gateway to the LAN and it allocates private
IP addresses to each hosts connected on the LAN

Allocating IP for IPTV / Private LAN

NAT thru RFC 1483

Private IP addresses for each host

IP address 1 at WAN
PVC1 (VPI / VCI)
PVC 2(VPI / VCI)
DSLAM

Modem Router

LAN

IP address 2 at WAN

Bridged

Set top box

IP address 2 at WAN

IPTV

Basic ArchitectureContd
RADIUS

LDAP

MODEM
COMP

SPLITTER

DSLAM

BRAS

SDX

TEL

NMC

Internet
Provider
Computer

Functions of B-RAS
B-RAS
Stands for broadband remote access server. It routes traffic to and from broadband
remote access devices like DSLAM on an internet service providers network.
It aggregates user sessions from the access network. It aggregates circuits from one or
more link access devices like DSLAM.
Provides layer 2 connectivity through PPP sessions overs Ethernet or ATM
Enforces quality of service policies
Provides layer 3 connectivity and routes the IP traffic to the internet service provider
By acting as the network termination point, the BRAS is responsible for assigning
network parameters such as IP addresses to the clients.
The BRAS is also the first IP hop from the client to the Internet
It is also the interface for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting systems

Functions of various servers

RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service is an Authentication, Authorization and
accounting system used for accessing internet services
When you dial in to the ISP you must enter your username and password. This information
is passed to a RADIUS server, which checks that the information is correct, and then
authorizes access to the ISP system

LDAP
Lightweight directory access protocol. It has set of protocols for accessing information
directories. It has organized set of user records
It has information like username, password, static IP address, type of plan (minimum /
maximum bandwidth)

SDX
Service deployment exchange. It is used to run COPS (common open policy service once the
customer is authenticated.
It keeps a track of billing system with the help of information from LDAP

Types of DSL connectivity

Dynamic IP (PPPoE)
It changes every time user logs in or
connection is interrupted for some
reasons

Static IP (bridged / routed)

Used to keep permanent identity of the
user
Best suitable for customers engaged in
hosting web servers / mail servers

Most suitable for residential users

In bridged mode, IP is directly assigned to
PC / server
Saves and optimizes uses of IP address
pool

In Routing mode, NAT is used to routing

between private and public IP

Advantages
Surf and talk on the phone at same time.
Always On connection (No waiting to dial in)
The speed is much faster than a dial up modem (2 Mbps vs. 56 Kbps).
DSLs speed is up to 50 times faster than a standard dial-up connection.
DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the Airtel phone line
DSL is inherently more secure than cable connections.
In addition, with DSL each customer has a separate "Private Virtual Circuit," a
unique connection that authenticates and secures the comm. b/w the customer's
PC and the Internet.
DSL download speeds are not affected by the number of users.
DSL is generally more cost-effective that it is much cheaper as compared to any
other connections used (that is for example, Lease Lines , ISDN , Cable
Connections).
DSL can be easily upgraded and downgraded.

Limitations
Loop distancei.e. distance from the RSU/DLC as ADSL is a distance dependent
technology
Subscribed plan and contention ratio
LAN components like type of LAN cable (CAT 5 or CAT 6), crimping, hub or
switch.
Backbone bandwidthbetween DSLAM and ISP
CPU speed / RAM capacity
Spyware, virus or any other unwanted resource consuming software

DSL network call / data flow

1

MODEM

4
COMP

SPLITTER
DSLAM

TEL

RADIUS

SWITCH

BRAS
5
8

3
4
5
6

- Reply with user details

- Authentication reply
- User Policy request
- Query for users package details

7 - Reply with user details

8 - User policy enforcement
9 - Redirect to internet

2
LDAP

6
SDX

1 - User Authentication Request

2 - Query database for user details

Internet
Cloud

NOC

DSL MODEM SPLITTER TEL connectivity

Single pair copper wire

from DP terminated in
the Rosette box

From rosette box RJ11

cable connected to the
Splitter in the Line
port
Modem port connected
to the RJ11 port in
modem and Telephone
connected in the
Phone Port with the
RJ11 Cable
From modem (RJ45)
Ethernet or LAN cable
connected to the LAN
card in the Computer

Types of Connectors
RJ11 Connector

RJ45 Connector

Cable Modem Connector

Combo wiring diagram & splitter looks

LAN Card Looks..

LAN port in Laptop

PCI LAN Card

On Board LAN Card

MODEM types
Front

Wired
Modems
Beetel
10TC1

Beetel
110BX1

Beetel
220BX

Back

Front

Wireless
Modems
Beetel
450BX1

Beetel
450TC1/2

Binatone
DT845W

Binatone
DT820

Binatone
DT850W

Binatone
DT815

Binatone
DT845W

Back

DSLAMs used in TNL

Ericsson

EDA

64 port

Ericsson

PEM

12 port

UTSTAR

I-NET

24 port

UTSTAR

B1000

48 port

ALU

7320

48 port

ALU

7330

48 port

NSN

5630

72 port

Green Tag sites

UT STAR 1205

24 port

Green Tag sites

ALU REM

48 port

TR69
Through TR69, we can do remote management including
troubleshooting, configuration, up gradation of CPE on PPP
configuration and Wi Fi password.

Bulk firmware up gradation can be done remotely

When ever the device goes for factory reset mode & if the modem
associated with Service gateway and same MAC ID is updated in the
OSS for the respective UID, auto push of PPP credentials will
happened in the device.

If it is the Wi-Fi Device only PPP Credentials will get pushed, and WiFi credentials will be in the default modem only.

CAS
What is CAS..Centralized Authentication Server
The authentication of WiFi clients is done centrally and not
locally.
The customer has to register the computer and CPE details
with centralized server and choose unique User ID and
password to access the WiFi.

For every Wi-Fi device (laptop, mobile) user account has to

be registered on Central server.

WiFi Security Methodologies

Open Networks No security, maximum cases of misuse.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Launched in 1997 and
declared completely insecure by 2001.

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Launched in 2003. Used TKIP

for encryption. Declared vulnerable
WPA2 Enhancement of WPA with CCMP (An AES Algorithm).
Considered safest today.

System hardware requirements

Minimum System Configuration Requirements for Broadband Installation
Specification

256 Kbps

512 kbps

1 mbps

2 mbps

8 mbps

16mbps

Processor

1GHZ

1GHZ

1.6GHZ

1.6GHZ

2GHZ

2GHZ

RAM

256MB

256MB

512MB

512MB

1GB

2GB

Hard Disk Free

Space

1GB

1GB

4GB

4GB

8GB

8GB

Operating
System

Windows
98SECOND
EDITION or
above

Windows 2k or
above

Windows 2k or
above

Windows 2k or
above

Windows 2k or
above

Windows 2k or
above

Ports

Ethernet LAN
Card (10/100
Base T) with
TCP/IP Support

Ethernet LAN Card

(10/100 Base T)
with TCP/IP
Support

Ethernet LAN
Card (10/100
Base T) with
TCP/IP Support

Ethernet LAN
Card (10/100
Base T) with
TCP/IP Support

Ethernet LAN
Card (100/1000
Base T) with
TCP/IP Support

Ethernet LAN
Card (100/1000
Base T) with
TCP/IP Support

Browser

Internet Explorer Internet Explorer

6/7
6/7

Internet Explorer
6/7

Internet Explorer Internet Explorer Internet Explorer

6/7
6/7
6/7

Antivirus

Latest/Updated

Latest/Updated

Latest/Updated

Latest/Updated

Latest/Updated

Latest/Updated

RAM For Vista

512MB

512MB

1GB

1GB

1GB

2GB

OCD - Objective
OCD Online Close Looping Desk

Toll free number 1800 102 9892

To ensure accurate Resolution and Close looping through an

inbound call for SR's resolved post field visit. OCD facilitates
resolution as per customer satisfaction.

OCD - Process
Engineer call the OCD from the
customers landline number or his
own mobile

OCD asks for engineers name and SR

number

Network & Connectivity, Installation

& Provisioning and Hardware
Related complaints handled at OCD

In case the call

is from mobile,
the OCD will
request for
authentication
for customers
identity

OCD Processcontd..
Engineer shares the resolution
provided with OCD and also
suggests the FFC and RC
Post talking to engineer, OCD
request engineer to handover the
phone to customer

Post confirmation with customer,

OCD agent promote IVR feedback to
the customer

If customer is not
satisfied with the
resolution provided,
the SR cannot be
closed and OCD agent
asks the engineer to
call back again after
satisfactory
resolution

OCD Process.contd..

In case of customers own Instrument

(Modem / Wifi / EPBAX / Telephone
Instrument), the case would not be
resolved by the engineer.
OCD agent will try to convince the
customer

KPIs
KPI

Product

Target

Numerator

Denominator

% Gross Faults

BB

< 5%

Total BB Gross Faults logged

during the month

Av BB NAD Base( Starting of Mont &

Last day of Months Average)

% Gross Faults

Data Product
(E1/PRI & LL)

< 4.5 %

Total E1/PRI & LL Gross Faults

logged during the month

Av E1/PRI & LL NAD Base

% Gross Faults

Voice

< 4.5 %

% Gross Faults

IPTV

< 4.5 %

% Repeats on
complaints resolved
within 30 days of
resolution

ALL

< 6%

Total Voice Gross Faults logged

Av Voice NAD Base
during the month
Total IPTV Gross Faults logged
Av IPTV NAD Base
during the month
No. of logged Gross Faults (for
the current month) that got logged
in the same sub-type for the
Total no. of Gross Faults logged for
same del within 30 days of the
the current month
logged date. of the earlier fault in
the same sub-type for the same
del

Points to remember
USB Modem doesnt support all operating systems for ex. Mac, Linux and Windows
vista

Ethernet Modems / Routers support all operating systems

Combo modems support all Operating Systems

Know your broadband

Airtel has launched the KYB (Know Your Broadband) eBook.
The same will NOT be printed, instead available online at www.airtel.in/knowurbroadband.

Save this PDF on customer's desktop at the time of new installation.

Know your broadband

Open the same & ask customer to at least go through section 1 <Installation Checklist>
definitely.

NCE team will ask customer if they have received the KYB and gone through it, especially
section 1 <installation checklist>, during the welcome call.

If customer says NO, call to be handed back to engineer for download of KYB on customer
desktop.
Same will be audited by TNL & Airtel quality team for compliance.

Abbreviations
RSU
DLC
MDF
LA
SA
DSL
DSLAM
POTS
PSTN
PIJF
OSP
CS/PS
PPP
PPPoE
ATM
IP
LAN
NAT
MODEM

Remote Switching Unit

WEP
Digital Loop Carrier
WPA
Main Distribution Frame
Local Access
Subscriber Access
Digital Subscriber Line
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
Plain Old Telephone System
Public Switched Telephone Network
Poly ethylene Insulated Jelly Filled
Outside Plant
Circuit switching / packet switching
Point to Point Protocol
PPP over Ethernet
Asynchronous transmission mode
Internet Protocol
Local Area Network
Network Address translation
Modulation and Demodulation device

Wired Equivalent Privacy

WiFi Protected Access

DSL Fault Categories

No Link on
the Modem

Frequent
Disconnection

No
Browsing

Slow
Browsing

First Level Fault Categories

Modem
Reconfiguration

IPTV Important facts

HDMI Cable to TV

Set Top Box

IPTV Front View

Power Indicator
Operational (Green)
Standby (Red)

Status Indicator
Ethernet Connected (Green)
Ethernet Disconnected (Red)

IPTV Rear View

Power
On/Off

ethernet
(RJ45)

component video

DC power in

SPDIF
optical

audio out
composite
video
HDMI

Remote Control: Look and Feel

Installation Procedure - Tools

Exit and Reboot Click after all changes

Restore Default setting This will remove the existing settings
done on STB

IPTV Installation Procedure

Power ON the STB & press #1 during the network
initialization time (before 35 %).
You will see a configuration window on screen with the
following options.
1 General
2 Network
3 Information
4 Advance
5 Tool

Installation Procedure - General

Configuration of Authentication parameters

Domain name-iptv.com
USERID, Password.
Click Save & Install (STB will reboot)

Installation Procedure - Network

Select DHCP (First option)

Click Save

Installation Procedure - Information

Very Important during troubleshooting & Installation

Check the IP address It should not be 192.168.X.X or modem IP

address

Installation Procedure - Advanced

To be disabled

Select PAL/720 p In case of RCA Input

Select 1080i/1080p In case of HDMI Input

User Help page

End user can find the help page in STB. To do so press menu
key & choose help.
Here user can find Customer care numbers of their region &
some basic info about STB.

Programs Fact files

10 AIR
Channels

10 World
space
channels

Points to remember
STB Power Adaptor 12V;1A

OUI ID (00116D) in ADSL modem for HD STB or port mapping in ADSL modem
PAL selection in ADVANCE TAB for RCA/Component cable
*7 to change the audio of channel (e.g. English to Hindi, vice-versa in channel)

*8 to change the audio from stereo to Dolby and vice-versa

#1 to enter in to administration mode in the STB (to be pressed at 7% stage)
1/35 PVC (Bridge mode) in the ADSL modem
Press and hold OK + RED Key for 3 seconds. LED gives two blinks. Release
these two keys simultaneously, followed by pressing <Digit 9>, <Digit 8> and
<Digit 0> sequentially within the next 10 seconds. LED gives two blinks to
indicate successful setting. FACTORY DEFAULT

Batch 16th Sep / 17th Sep13