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The researchers used the Social Integration Theory by the father of modern
sociology Durkheim (Allan, 2005), Community Development Theory by Perkins (1982;
Tan, 2009), Empowerment Model by Cattaneo and Chapman (2010) as the foundation
for this study.
Durkheims Social Integration, cited by Allan (2005), posits that humans are
inherently egoistic, but norms, beliefs and values (collective consciousness) form the
moral basis of the society, resulting in social integration. The theory holds that an
individuals social connections, typically measured by the number of social roles that an
individual has, can provide meaning and purpose to his or her life, while protecting him
or her from isolation in difficult periods.
Tan (2009) defined community development as the employment of community
structures to address social needs and empower groups of people. The theorys unique
focus on the employment of community structures in the process of change stems from
Community Development Theorys roots in sociology, as opposed to the psychologybased theories of micro level social work practice. When these structures and the
communitys people are appropriately engaged and empowered, the role of the social
worker in a Community Development framework lands heavily on the facilitator side of
the expert-facilitator continuum. Perkins (1982) speaks of the 3 Rs of Community
Development: Relocation, Redistribution, and Reconciliation.
Cattaneo and Chapmans (2010) Empowerment Process Model represents the
change that CES programs and activities strive to see among its constituents.
Empowerment, according to the authors, is an iterative process in which a person who
lacks power sets a personally meaningful goal oriented toward increasing power, takes
action toward that goal, and observes and reects on the impact of this action, drawing
on his or her evolving self-efcacy, knowledge, and competence related to the goal.
Social context meanwhile influences all six process components and the links among
them to make the influence cyclical. The successful outcome of the process of
empowerment is a personally meaningful increase in power that a person obtains
through his or her own efforts. Thus this research has to know how empowerment
becomes the leading force in the success of community extension services.
The theories helped explain that: 1) community extension services similarly
expands on the idea of social integration as each member of the community has a
constant connection with its immediate social environment; 2) social work and
community extension services go hand in hand because the social worker is the primary
agent reaching out towards the community, in short, students undergoing community
development extension services becomes the social worker; and 3) community
extension services help the people acquire trust and self-confidence that they might
develop from underclassmen to empowered citizens of the community.
Durkheims theory of social integration along with the Empowerment Process
Model and the Community Development Theory, thereby guided the present study in
answering the question of how does the Community Extension Services held by ACCEV
UNC-Ayala promote empowerment in developing the community, specifically, Brgy.
Concepcion Grande located inside Naga City. Figure 1 shows the theoretical framework
adopted by this study in order to systematically know its impact, its influence, its
emotional reach, and its meaningfulness to the recipients of the project.
Durkheims Social
Integration
Theory
(Allan, 2005)
COMMUNITY
EXTENSION
SERVICES
CONCEPCION
GRANDE, NAGA
CITY
Tans (2009)
Community
Development
Theory
Cattaneo and
Chapmans
(2010)
Empowerment
Process Model
Figure 1.
Theoretical Framework of the Study
References:
Allan, Kenneth (2005). Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social
World. Pine Forge Press. ISBN 978-1-4129-0572-5.
Perkins, J. (1982). With justice for all, quoted in Tan, Allisons (2009), Community
Development Theory and Practice: Bridging the divide between micro and macro
levels of social work, retrieved from:
https://www.nacsw.org/Publications/Proceedings2009/TanACommunity.pdf
Cattaneo, Lauren Bennett & Aliya R. Chapman (2010), The Process of Empowerment: A
Model for Use in Research and Practice, American Psychologist 65(7):646-59 October
2010.
Conceptual Framework
This presents the conceptual framework used by the researchers based from the
theories presented.
Figure 2 shows the framework that shows how we will realize a strategy to
improve the provision of Community Extension Services through the interpretation of its
impact based on the profile and the perceptions of the recipients. The results of the
study will be a construct of a strategy that future CES activities/programs could adopt or
adapt not only in order to empower the individuals in the community but also to
empower the social worker or the agents of change into serving for the benefit of
society. The strategy would come from the interpretation of the perceptions based on
important concepts in empowerment models, which are: effect, influence, reasons for
participation, and areas for activity improvement.
The study is hoped to help community extension services, especially its agents
who are fellow students and researchers, in properly relocating, redistributing, and
reconciling with developing communities through the information and strategies we
could formulate.
PROFILE OF
RESPONDENTS
BENEFICIAL
PROGRAMS
Age
LITERACY
Gender
Civil Status
Educational
LIVELIHOOD
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPACT
Self-confidence
Knowledge and
skills
HEALTH
Health
Attainment
consciousness
No. of Years in
Barangay
Augmented income
Family income
Socialization
Occupation