SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

6220 CULEBRA ROAD POST OFFICE DRAWER 28510 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78228-0510, USA (210) 684-5111 WWW.SWRI.ORG

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DIVISION

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY
FAX (210) 522-3377

FIRE TESTING SERVICES OFFERED BY

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN SUPPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL
MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) AND THE
FIRE TEST PROCEDURES (FTP) CODE

WWW.FIRE.SWRI.ORG
DEPARTMENT OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY
AUGUST 2005
Information for this brochure obtained from the
FTP Code, International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures (Resolution MSC.61(67))
FTP CODE (Book No. IB 844E) can be purchased from:
WWW.IMO.ORG
Or
In the U.S.:
Maryland Nautical Sales, Inc.
P.O. Box 630
1400 E. Clement Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
PH: 1-800-596-7245

REV 10

PREFACE
Southwest Research Institutes (SwRI) Department of Fire Technology is a leader in fire resistance and material
flammability testing for compliance with International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolutions. Our literature can be
found on the web at http://www.fire.swri.org/. SwRI is a recognized Competent Authority by the United States Coast Guard
(U.S. type approval), and accepted by Det Norske Veritas, Lloyds Register of Shipping, the American Bureau of Shipping and
other Classification Societies to provide clients with laboratory testing services. SwRI also operates an independent third-party,
quality assurance and product surveillance service that meets the requirements of the U.S. Coast Guard and IMO.
The following is a compilation of fire testing services offered by SwRIs Department of Fire Technology in support of
IMO and IMO Resolution MSC.61(67), International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures (also referred to as the
FTP Code). The summaries are structured to follow the 1998 FTP Code and include:
A brief introduction to each Part, describing the Parts applicability to different materials
A description of the test apparatus, discussing the exposure conditions and specimen sizes
An explanation of the Acceptance Criteria as they appear in the FTP Code
The information provided herein is intended to provide a basic understanding of the procedures used in support of the
FTP Code. Since the international maritime industry is governed by many Administrations, it is necessary to verify test
procedures and acceptance criteria with the Administration, e.g., http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g%2Dm/mse4/sfpguide.htm (U.S.
Coast Guard page for structural fire protection.) It is ultimately the clients responsibility to seek the approvals with the
appropriate Administration. We are always willing to work with you to ensure that the tests conducted meet the requirements
of the Administration. For additional information regarding testing, please contact us.
We also describe additional testing, engineering, and research services provided by SwRI in support of new regulations
enacted by either IMO or the USCG subsequent to the issuance of the FTP Code in 1998, and additional marine testing
requirements such as the High Speed Craft Code and FRP Gratings.

GENERAL CAPABILITIES FOR RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING SERVICES

For more than 50 years, SwRIs Department of Fire Technology has been dedicated to serving both government and
commercial clients. As one of the largest organizations dedicated to fire research and testing, the Institute has test facilities and
a full-time experienced staff in physical and analytical chemistry; chemical, mechanical, civil, structural, and fire protection
engineering; physics; computer science, fire services technology, and toxicology. A multidisciplinary approach to the study
and understanding of fire technology includes:
Standard / nonstandard testing

Test development

Jet fire impingement

Detection and suppression

Engineering and design services

Smoke characterization

Testing for code compliance

Third-party certification

Toxicity Analyses

Testing for nuclear compliance

Product and process evaluation

Risk and hazard assessment

Modeling

Laboratory-scale incineration

Vulnerability and survivability

Combustion flammability

Pool and propellant fires

Energy studies

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TYPE APPROVAL PROCESS............................................................................................................................................1
QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM AUDIT........................................................................................................................1
PRODUCT SURVEILLANCE ........................................................................................................................................1
IMO FTP CODE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR APPLICATION OF FIRE TEST PROCEDURES ..................1
PART 1 NON-COMBUSTIBILITY TEST ...................................................................................................................1
PART 2 SMOKE AND TOXICITY TEST ....................................................................................................................2
PART 3 TEST FOR A, B AND F CLASS DIVISIONS .....................................................................................4
PART 5 TEST FOR SURFACE FLAMMABILITY .......................................................................................................6
PART 6 TEST FOR PRIMARY DECK COVERINGS ..................................................................................................8
PART 7 TEST FOR VERTICALLY SUPPORTED TEXTILES AND FILMS ..................................................................9
PART 8 TEST FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE ..................................................................................................10
PART 9 TEST FOR BEDDING COMPONENTS ........................................................................................................11
IMO INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SAFETY FOR HIGH SPEED CRAFT (HSC CODE) .....................................12
ISO 9705 ROOM CORNER TEST .............................................................................................................................12
ISO 5660 CONE CALORIMETER.............................................................................................................................13
USCG GUIDELINES FOR FIRE PERFORMANCE OF FRP GRATINGS................................................................15
MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC TESTS ....................................................................................................................15
STRUCTURAL FIRE INTEGRITY TESTS...................................................................................................................15
IMO A.753(18) GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF PLASTIC PIPES ON SHIPS ..................................16
NOTE:

Specific reference to Part 4 is not represented herein due to similarity to Part 3

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

TYPE APPROVAL PROCESS

The Administration (U.S. Coast Guard) has designated Southwest Research Institutes Department of Fire Technology
as a Competent Authority to provide the Quality Control System Audits and Product Surveillance required for type approval of
constructions and materials. The goal of this program is to ensure that products meet all of the test requirements of the IMO
FTP Code and are manufactured to a set Quality Control System.
The Quality Control System Audit (QA) and Product Surveillance Program are typically initiated at the
commencement of a test program. The program is conducted in three phases.

QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM AUDIT

During the preliminary phase, qualification testing is conducted on samples selected by a third-party inspector or
made under third-party surveillance. An inspector is sent to the manufacturing site to document the manufacturing of the test
sample. The sample is tested in accordance with the required test procedure and witnessed by a representative of the Quality
Assurance program.
The implementation phase is initiated once successful results have been obtained, and a Product Surveillance
Document (PSD) is written. A Quality Control Manual Information Form is provided to the client to assist them in
providing us with the information necessary to complete the PSD.
An SwRI representative from San Antonio, Texas, conducts an initial inspection of the quality control system to verify
the information contained in the PSD. Members of the SwRI Listing and Labeling Advisory Committee and the client
representative approve the PSD and the label to complete the initial phase.

PRODUCT SURVEILLANCE
The follow-up phase consists of product surveillance by our field inspector in your area to ensure that the product is
being manufactured in accordance with the PSD. The Administration requires that products in our Production Control program
be inspected at least once per year to verify performance. In some cases, bench-scale versions of the compliance tests or
chemical analyses may be required to verify consistency in the manufacturing process.

IMO FTP CODE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR APPLICATION OF FIRE TEST

PROCEDURES
PART 1 NON-COMBUSTIBILITY TEST
Materials required to be non-combustible for marine applications are tested as described in Part 1, Non-combustibility
Test, of Annex 1 to the FTP Code. The test apparatus and procedures used for measuring non-combustibility are described in
International Standards Organization (ISO) 1182:1990, Fire tests Building Materials Non-combustibility Test. The test
procedure is used to measure fire characteristics of materials for A and B class divisions (Part 3 of the FTP Code) with the
exception of allowed combustible veneers, for insulation materials used in connection with fire door control systems (Part 4 of
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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

the FTP Code), and for other materials required to be non-combustible. The results of the test are evaluated against acceptance
criteria provided in the FTP code.
Test Apparatus
The test is conducted in a refractory tube furnace, 75 mm in diameter and 150 mm in height. The tube is open at the
top and bottom, and air flows through the furnace due to natural convection. The furnace thermocouple is positioned at a
height corresponding to the midpoint of the furnace tube, and 10 mm from the tube wall. The power input to the furnace is
adjusted prior to sample insertion so that the average furnace temperature is stabilized to 750 5C.
Test specimens are cylindrical, 45 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height. If the thickness of the test specimen is less
than 50 mm, the specimen is made by layering the material to the appropriate thickness. Layered materials are held together
using two fine steel wires, of maximum diameter 0.5 mm, to prevent air gaps between layers.
Test Procedure
Prior to testing, the specimen is placed in a ventilated oven maintained at 60 5C for 20 to 24 hr, and is allowed to
cool to ambient temperature in a dessicator. The specimen is then weighed to 0.1 g accuracy, and is placed in the specimen
holder. A 2-mm diameter hole is drilled axially through the sample to the sample center, and the center thermocouple is
inserted through this hole. The surface thermocouple is adjusted so that it will be opposite the furnace thermocouple, at the
midpoint of the specimen surface.
The specimen is inserted into the furnace 2 min after the timing and recording devices are started. The specimen is
observed for signs of flaming, and the thermocouple temperatures are monitored. At the conclusion of the test, the sample is
collected and its mass is measured.
Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance criteria are as follows: an average furnace and surface thermocouple temperature rise of no more than
o

30 C, no sustained flaming (flaming 10 sec or longer), and an average mass loss of less than 50% of the initial mass. Five test
specimens are required for the test program, with the results being averaged to determine compliance.

PART 2 SMOKE AND TOXICITY TEST

Materials for marine applications that are required to not produce excessive quantities of smoke and toxic products or
produce toxic hazards when heated must comply with Part 2, Smoke and Toxicity Test, of Annex 1 to the FTP Code. The
test apparatus and procedures for measuring smoke are described in ISO 5659-2:1994, PlasticsSmoke GenerationPart 2:
Determination of Optical Density by a Single Chamber Test, and are supplemented with toxic gas measurements in a
prescribed number of tests. The IMO acceptance criteria are based on maximum optical density and concentration of seven
toxic gas species measured during individual test runs.

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

Test Apparatus
The test apparatus consists of a 914-mm wide, 914-mm high, and 610-mm deep enclosure. The radiator cone consists
of a heating element of nominal rating 450 W, coiled into the shape of a truncated cone and fitted into a shade. Tests can be
conducted with or without a small pilot flame. A white light source is located at the bottom of the enclosure, and a
photomultiplier tube is mounted at the top to measure obscuration and optical density of the smoke as it accumulates inside the
enclosure. An overall diagram of the test setup is shown in Figure 1.
The sample is horizontally oriented, and has nominal dimensions of 75 x 75 mm. The back surface and edges of the
sample are wrapped using a single piece of 0.02-mm aluminum foil with the dull side in contact with the sample. The wrapped
sample is placed in a specimen holder, and backed by a 10 2-mm thick piece of noncombustible insulating material.
The pilot assembly used in the testing is a horizontally oriented, non-impinging pilot. The pilot is fueled by a
propane/air mixture, and is placed 10 mm above the top face of the sample. The pilot flame is approximately 30 mm long. A
small spark ignition device is situated next to the outlet tube of the burner so that the flame may be ignited without opening the
door of the chamber.

Figure 1 Schematic of the IMO Smoke Chamber.

Test Procedure
The test apparatus is brought to operating conditions and calibrated as specified in ISO 5659-2. The wrapped
specimen is placed in the holder with the backing board and loaded on the supporting framework below the radiant cone
heater. The test chamber door is immediately closed. The heat shield is removed to start the test. As specified in the
FTP Code, tests that do not reach minimum light transmittance during the 10-min exposure are continued for another 10 min.
Notes are made relevant to any burning characteristics such as delamination, intumescence, shrinkage, and ignition.
For subsequent tests, the chamber is evacuated and purged with air. The faces of the optical windows inside the
chamber are cleaned. The apparatus is stabilized until the chamber wall temperature is within the range of 40 5C for tests at
a heat flux of 25 kW/m2, or within 55 5C for tests at a heat flux level of 50 kW/m2.
Smoke sampling for toxicity measurements is performed at the time of peak smoke density. The smoke is sampled
through a stainless steel, PTFE-lined purge line attached at the top of the test chamber and running through to the geometrical
center of the test chamber. A shutoff valve at the top of the chamber is used to prevent smoke leakage from the chamber prior
to sampling. SwRI uses a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer calibrated cm-1 and utilizing a 2-m path length
gas cell to analyze smoke gases.
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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

Smoke tests are conducted in triplicate and at three operational modes: 1) irradiance of 25 kW/m2, without a pilot
flame; 2) irradiance of 25 kW/m2 with a pilot flame; and 3) irradiance of 50 kW/m2 without a pilot flame. Gas sampling is
performed once in each mode.
The percent light transmission is recorded at 1-sec intervals throughout the test. The specific optical density, Ds, is
recorded every 5 sec during the test, and determined by:

Ds

I
log10 0
A L
I
V

where V is the total volume in the chamber (m3), A is the exposed area of the specimen (m2), L is the optical length (m) of
smoke measurement, I0 is the light intensity before the test, and I is the light intensity during the test after absorption by the
smoke. Final Ds values are corrected for soot particulates adhered to the optical windows during the test. Triplicate Ds values
from each exposure are averaged to obtain the final smoke density value (Dm) that determines compliance with the FTP Code.
Acceptance Criteria
An average of the maximum specific optical smoke density values, Dm, from each of three tests is calculated and may
not exceed specified values in any test condition as specified in the FTP Code. For materials used as surface of bulkheads,
linings, or ceilings, the Dm shall not exceed 200; for primary deck covering, plastic pipes, or electric cables 400; and for floor
covering500.
The FTP Code requires that gas samples be analyzed once under each set of conditions and may not exceed the following
concentration limits:
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

1450 ppm
600 ppm
600 ppm
120 ppm.

Hydrogen bromide (HBr)

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

600 ppm
140 ppm
350 ppm

PART 3 TEST FOR A, B AND F CLASS DIVISIONS

The fire performance of constructions and materials (decks, bulkheads, doors, ceilings, linings, windows, fire dampers,
pipe penetrations and cable transits) are evaluated as A, B and F class divisions according to Part 3 of the FTP Code.
The fire test procedure for evaluating divisions is contained in Resolution A.754(18), Recommendation on Fire Resistance
Tests for A, B and F Class Divisions.
Test Apparatus
The tests are typically performed on either a horizontal furnace or vertical furnace, depending on the type of
construction being evaluated. Bulkheads, tested in the vertical position, have a minimum specimen size of 2.4 x 2.5 m. Decks,
tested in the horizontal position, have a minimum specimen size of 2.4 x 3.0 m. These furnaces are also used to provide fire
exposure to windows, doors, pipe penetrations and cable transits installed in standard bulkheads and decks. Unrestricted
approval can be achieved by testing the specimen in the worst-case scenario (less insulated side exposed to the furnace

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

conditions); restricted approval can be achieved by testing the specimen to a scenario only as severe as its intended end-use.
Approval can only be gained by application to the Administration.
Test Procedure
The sample is exposed to the temperature profile specified in IMO Resolution A.754(18):
T = 345 Log10(8t + 1) +20,
where T is the average furnace temperature (C) and t is the time (minutes), as shown in Figure 2. The furnace temperature is
monitored with quick-response, Type-K thermocouples; furnace pressure is monitored with pressure transducers.
Temperatures on the unexposed surface of the sample are also monitored throughout the test using Type-K thermocouples.
Typically 5-10 thermocouples are positioned over the unexposed surface area and structural core of the specimen (bulkhead,
deck, or door). The thermocouples record maximum single point temperatures and can be used to determine the average
temperature of the surface.

Temperature (C)

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0

20

40

60

Tim e (m in)

Figure 2 Standard Time-Temperature Curve.

Performance Criteria
Insulation
For all class A divisions, including those with doors, the minimum test duration is 60 min. The average unexposedface temperature rise should not be more than 140C; the temperature rise recorded by any of the individual unexposed-face
thermocouples should not be more than 180C during the periods provided for each classification:
Class A-60

60 min.

Class A-30

30 min.

Class A-15

15 min.

Class A-0

0 min.

For B and F class divisions, including those with doors, the minimum test duration is 30 min. The average
unexposed-face temperature rise should not be more than 140C; the temperature rise recorded by any of the individual
unexposed-face thermocouples should not be more than 225C during the periods given below for each classification:
Class B-30

30 min.

Class F-30

30 min.

Class B-15

15 min.

Class F-15

15 min.

Class B-0

0 min.

Class F-0

0 min.

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

Integrity
For all A, B and F class divisions, including A, B and F class doors, the following requirements should be
satisfied for the minimum test duration relevant to the classification.
Flaming: there should be no flaming on the unexposed face.
Cotton-wool pad: there should be no ignition, i.e., flaming or glowing, of the cotton-wool pad or
when used to assist evaluation of flaming.
Gap gauges: it should not be possible to pass the 6-mm gap gauge through the specimen such that
the gauge projects into the furnace, and can be moved a distance of 150 mm along the gap, or pass
the 25-mm gap gauge through the specimen such that the gauge projects into the surface.
Structural Core Temperature
In the case of load-bearing divisions of aluminum alloy, the average temperature of the structural core should not rise
more than 200C above its initial temperature at any time during the test duration relevant to the classification. Where the
structural core is of a material other than steel or aluminum alloy the Administration should determine the temperature rise
limitations.

PART 5 TEST FOR SURFACE FLAMMABILITY

The surface flammability characteristics of materials for marine applications are determined as described in Part 5,
Test for Surface Flammability, to Annex 1 of the FTP Code. The test apparatus and procedures used for measuring surface
flammability are described in IMO Resolution A.653(16), Recommendation on Improved Fire Test Procedures for Surface
Flammability of Bulkhead, Ceiling and Deck Finish Materials. The test procedure is used to measure fire characteristics of
bulkhead, ceiling, and deck finish materials as a basis for characterizing their flammability, and thus, their suitability for use in
marine construction. The burning characteristics are determined by heat release and flame front propagation measurements.
The results of the test, including a number of flame-spread and heat release parameters, are evaluated against acceptance
criteria provided in the FTP Code.
Test Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a radiant panel having dimensions of 280 x 483 mm, mounted vertically, and making an
angle of 15 with the specimen. The panel is fueled by a mixture of natural gas and air, the flow of which controls the incident
flux to the sample. The orientation of the panel results in an incident radiant flux that decreases from 50 kW/m at one end to
approximately 1 kW/m at the other end of the specimen. A schematic of the test setup is shown in Figure 3.
The sample is vertically oriented and has dimensions of 155 x 800 mm. The back surface and edges of the sample are
wrapped using a single piece of 0.02-mm aluminum foil. The wrapped sample is placed in a specimen holder and backed by a
10 2-mm thick piece of noncombustible refractory insulating material.
The sample is ignited by a non-impinging, acetylene/air pilot flame. The pilot is placed at the hot end of the
specimen. If the sample fails to ignite, appropriations are made in the standard to incorporate an impinging pilot.

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

Figure 3 - Schematic of the IMO Surface Flammability Test Apparatus.

The impinging pilot is directed at the top-half of the sample. Once ignited, flame spread is monitored by aligning
markings on the sample with viewing rakes placed at a 50-mm spacing along the specimen. Hot gases resulting from sample
combustion are vented through a fume stack instrumented with a thermopile. The thermopile records the temperature of the
hot gases and is added to the stack wall temperature. The compensated signal is converted to an equivalent heat release using a
function derived during gas burner calibrations.
Test Procedure
The test apparatus is brought to operating conditions, as measured by a heat flux transducer installed at the 350-mm
location of the dummy specimen, and should be within 2% of the calibration heat flux at this position. With the pilot lit, stack
signal and heat flux transducer output are monitored for stability. Once the signals are stabilized, the data acquisition system is
started, and the stack signal baseline is recorded for a period of 3 min. Immediately following the 3-min baseline, the heat flux
transducer and dummy specimen are removed from the apparatus and replaced by a prepared sample, mounted in a specimen
holder. The test clock is started.
Once inserted, observations of ignition time and flame spread along the sample are made. The test is terminated when
either of the following conditions occur: the specimen fails to ignite after 10 min of exposure, 3 min have passed since all
flaming from the specimen has ceased, or flaming reaches the end of the specimen. Tests are conducted in triplicate for each
different exposed surface of the product being evaluated. In the event that a sample fails to ignite, an additional test utilizing
an impinging pilot is conducted to promote ignition and flame spread.
The results obtained from the test consist of a set of five derived flammability characteristics, with four of the
characteristics contributing to the pass/fail criteria:
Heat for Ignition (HFI)The heat for ignition is defined as the product of the time for the flame front to reach the
150-mm location and the flux at the 150-mm position. The flux used is the value obtained during the calibration of the panel
operating levels. This parameter is described in Section 3.6 of IMO A.653, but is not part of the performance criteria specified
in Section 10 of the standard.

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

Critical Flux at Extinguishment (CFE)The critical flux at extinguishment is defined as the heat flux level at the
specimen surface corresponding to the distance of furthest advance and subsequent self-extinguishment of the flame front on
the centerline of the sample. The heat flux reported is determined from calibration tests with a dummy specimen.
Heat for Sustained Burning (Qsb)The heat for sustained burning is defined as the product of time from initial
specimen exposure until the arrival of the flame front, and the incident flux level at that same location as measured with a
dummy specimen during calibration. The average heat for sustained burning is calculated using the Qsb values from 150 mm to
either the final station or the 400-mm station, whichever produces the lower value.
Total Heat Release (Qt)The millivolt stack signal is converted to a corresponding heat release through the use of a
function derived in the fume stack calibration procedure. The heat release is given by integration of the positive part of the
heat release rate curve.
Peak Heat Release Rate (qp)The peak heat release, the maximum heat release rate observed during the test period, is
also derived from the stack millivolt output data.
Acceptance Criteria
The performance criteria specified in IMO A.653 originated from requirements in II-2/3.8, II-2/34, and II-2/49 of
SOLAS 1974. The surface flammability criteria are presented in Section 10 of the IMO Resolution, and include a set of
performance criteria for bulkhead, wall, and ceiling linings, and a set of criteria for floor coverings. The IMO surface
flammability test criteria are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 - Surface Flammability Criteria.
Bulkhead, Wall and Ceiling Linings

Floor Coverings

CFE
(kW/m)

Qsb
(MJ/m)

Qt
(MJ)

qp
(kW)

CFE
(kW/m)

Qsb
(MJ/m)

Qt
(MJ)

qp
(kW)

t 20.0

t 1.5

d 0.7

d 4.0

t 7.0

t 0.25

d 2.0*

d 10.0

* Original value in IMO Resolution A.653 is 1.5 MJ, modified to 2 MJ by the FTP Code

PART 6 TEST FOR PRIMARY DECK COVERINGS

If a material is applied to a steel deck, but below a surface covering, it is tested as a primary deck covering in
accordance with Part 6 of Annex 1, Test for Primary Deck Coverings, using the same apparatus as materials tested in
accordance with Part 5, but applied to a 3 0.3-mm steel plate substrate. These materials are classified as not readily
ignitable if they meet the requirements for floor coverings presented in IMO Resolution A.653(16) and do not produce
burning droplets. If a deck covering applied on a steel deck is exposed (no other floor covering is provided), it shall meet the
requirements of floor coverings in Part 5.

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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

PART 7 TEST FOR VERTICALLY SUPPORTED TEXTILES AND FILMS

The resistance to propagation of flame for draperies, curtains, and other supported fabrics, used for marine
applications, is determined as described in Part 7, Test for Vertically Supported Textiles and Films, to Annex 1 of the
FTP Code. The test apparatus and procedures for evaluating the performance of vertically supported textiles are described in
IMO Resolution A.563(14), Recommendation on Test Method for Determining the Resistance to Flame of Vertically
Supported Textiles and Films This test method provides information on the ability of a textile or film, used primarily as
vertically hanging curtains and draperies, to resist sustained ignition and flame propagation when exposed to a small flame.
The results of the test are based on the duration of sustained flaming, burn-through to the edge of the specimen, ignition of
combustible material positioned below the specimen, the length of char produced, and the occurrence of excessive surface
flash.
It is assumed that fabrics intended for marine use will either have been subjected to a permanent fire-retardant
treatment or have been made from inherently flame-resistant materials. Prior to testing, the durability of the treatment is to be
verified through accelerated exposure tests, including accelerated dry-cleaning, laundering, water leaching, and weathering.
Each treated fabric is to be subjected to the exposure procedures applicable to its intended use.
Test Apparatus
The test apparatus consists of a 200-mm long by 150-mm wide specimen holder positioned within a 700-mm by
325-mm by 750-mm high enclosure. Six 62-mm long pins are positioned at the corners and along the edges of the long sides
of the specimen holder to hold the sample material in place during testing. A propane gas burner is used to expose and ignite
the sample material.
Test Procedure
A minimum of ten test specimens, measuring 220 mm by 170 mm, are required; five in the direction of the warp and
five in the direction of the weft. For materials that have two different surfaces, enough specimens should be available for the
testing of both surfaces.
A specimen of material is mounted on the specimen holder using the six pins. The gas burner is ignited and preheated
for a minimum of 2 min. The propane supply is adjusted to provide a 40-mm high flame when the burner is positioned in the
vertical orientation. The gas burner is then applied to the material using four different methods to determine the mode of flame
application that is appropriate for the material. The first method to provide sustained ignition is then used for the actual flame
testing of the material.
The burner is first positioned in the horizontal orientation so that it will impinge upon the material at a height of 40
mm above the lower row of pins. The burner is moved into position such that the tip of the burner is 17 mm from the surface
of the material (surface ignition). The burner is held in place for 5 sec and then removed. If sustained ignition is not achieved,
a new specimen is tested. However, the flame is applied for 15 sec. If sustained ignition is still not achieved, the burner is
oriented to 60 from the horizontal with the burner tip 20 mm below the edge of the specimen. The flame is impinging on the
bottom edge (edge ignition) of the material for 5 sec. If sustained ignition is not achieved, another specimen is tested with the
flame applied for 15 sec.
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IMO FTP Code Test Descriptions

Five specimens cut in both the warp and weft directions are then tested using the burner position and flame application
time that was found to provide sustained ignition. Cotton wool is placed below the test specimen to a thickness of 10 mm in
order to indicate the ability of flaming drops to ignite combustible materials.
Acceptance Criteria
A material is considered unsuitable for use as curtains, draperies, or free-hanging fabric product if any of the following
conditions are observed during testing of any of the ten or more specimens:
Continued flaming (after flaming) for greater than 5 sec after the burner flame has been removed, with
surface application of the burner flame.
Burn-through to any edge with surface application of the burner flame.
Ignition of the cotton wool below the test specimen.
Average char length exceeding 150 mm by either surface or edge ignition.
A rapid flash of flame propagating across the surface of the material (surface flash) to a distance of
more than 100 mm from the point of ignition, with or without charring of the base fabric.

PART 8 TEST FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE

The resistance to ignition and propagation of flame for upholstered furniture used for marine applications is
determined as described in Part 8, Test for Upholstered Furniture, of Annex 1 to the FTP Code. The test apparatus and
procedures for evaluating the performance of upholstered furniture are described in IMO Resolution A.652(16),
Recommendation on Fire Test Procedures for Upholstered Furniture. The test procedure is used to assess the ignitability of
material combinations used in upholstered furniture, e.g., covering and filling materials, when exposed to either a smoldering
cigarette or a lighted match as may accidentally occur during normal use. The results of the test are based on visual
observations of flaming and progressive smoldering.
Test Apparatus
The apparatus consists of two rectangular frames that are hinged together and capable of being locked at a 90 angle.
The test rig is intended to simulate a typical seating arrangement with the vertical and horizontal pieces representing the back
and seat components of a piece of upholstered furniture. The vertical frame is 450 mm long and 300 mm high, while the
horizontal frame is 450 mm long and 150 mm wide. Each of the frames supports samples of the cover, filling and other
material components that are to be used in the final assembly. Upholstery filling is to have a thickness of 75 mm. In the event
that filling material is composed of one or several layers that are thicker than 75 mm, only the upper 75 mm shall be used.
Filling materials less than 75 mm thick shall be built-up to the required thickness.
Test Procedure
The test for upholstered furniture consists of the exposure of the sample material to two ignition sources: a smoldering
cigarette and a butane flame. The smoldering cigarette is placed along the junction between the vertical (back) and horizontal
(seat) test pieces.

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The butane flame is designed to give a calorific value that approximates that of a burning match. The flame is created
using a stainless steel tube with a diameter of 8 mm. Butane is supplied through the tube at a flow rate of 45 ml/min to create a
flame with a height of approximately 35 mm. The tube is positioned along the junction of the seat and back such that the flame
is in contact with the sample material. The flame is kept in contact with the test specimen for 20 sec, after which the tube is
removed.
Acceptance Criteria
The acceptance of the test materials is based on observed flaming and progressive smoldering in the interior and/or
cover that continue beyond 120 sec. If flaming or progressive smoldering is not observed, the test is repeated with a new
cigarette in a fresh position.

PART 9 TEST FOR BEDDING COMPONENTS

The ignitability of bedding components used for marine applications is determined as described in Part 9, Test for
Bedding Components, of Annex 1 to the FTP Code. The test apparatus and procedures are described in IMO Resolution
A.688(17), Recommendation on Fire Test Procedures for Ignitability of Bedding Components. The test procedure is used to
assess the ignitability of bedding components, e.g., mattresses, pillows, blankets, etc., when exposed to either a smoldering
cigarette or an open flame ignition source as may accidentally occur during normal use. The results of the test are based on
visual observations of flaming and progressive smoldering.
Test Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a test rig made of angle iron legs (300 mm long) with nominal dimensions 25 x 25 x 3 mm.
On top of the stand is a platform of wire mesh with openings of nominal dimensions 100 x 50 mm. The test rig platform has
rectangular dimensions of 450 x 450 mm. For mattress testing, the mattress is placed directly on the test rig. If pillows or
other bedding components are being tested, a layer of mineral wool with density of 60 kg/m3 and dimensions of 450 x 450 x 50
mm is placed on the test rig platform, and the samples are tested on top of this layer. Bedding components are to be tested with
full nominal thickness. Mattresses and bedding components other than pillows should have sample dimensions of 450 x
450 mm. Pillows should be tested in full size.
Test Procedure
The test for bedding components consists of the exposure of the sample material to two ignition sources: a smoldering
cigarette and a propane flame. The smoldering cigarette is placed at least 100 mm from the nearest edge of the specimen or
from any other marks from previous tests. A cotton wool pad is placed centrally on the cigarette, and the progress of
combustion is observed. Evidence of progressive smoldering ignition or flaming ignition is recorded. For samples with
stitching, one test is carried out with a cigarette placed along a stitching, and one test is performed with a cigarette placed on a
smooth surface.
The propane flame is created using a stainless steel tube with a diameter of 8 mm and length of 200 mm. Propane is
supplied through the tube at a flow rate of 6.38 r 0.1 g/h at 20qC to create a flame that releases approximately 80 W of energy.
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The flow should be allowed to stabilize for 2 min before the exposure period begins. The tube is placed horizontally not less
than 100 mm from the edge of the specimen and not less than 50 mm from any marks left from a previous test. The flame is
kept in contact with the test specimen for 20 sec, after which time the tube is removed.
Acceptance Criteria
The acceptance of the test materials is based on observed flaming and progressive smoldering of the specimen that
continues beyond 150 sec after removal of the burner. If flaming or progressive smoldering ignition is not observed, the test is
repeated with the burner placed in a fresh position. For samples with stitching, one test is carried out with the burner placed
along a stitching, and one test is performed with the burner placed on a smooth surface.

IMO INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SAFETY FOR HIGH SPEED CRAFT (HSC CODE)
SwRI capabilities also include qualifying materials as "fire restricting" for use on high-speed craft. The acceptance
criteria for fire-restricting materials are based on performance when tested according to the ISO 9705 room corner test (for
bulkhead, wall, and ceiling finish materials) or the ISO 5660 Cone calorimeter (all other materials).

ISO 9705 ROOM CORNER TEST

Fire spread within a room is determined in accordance with ISO 9705, Fire Tests Full-scale Room Test for Surface
Products. The room corner test assesses the potential for fire spread to other objects in a room, remote from an ignition
source, by measuring the total heat flux incident on a heat flux meter located on the center of the floor.
Test Apparatus
The fire test room is constructed of non-combustible material with a density of 500-800 kg/m3, and consists of four
walls at right angles, a floor and a ceiling, having dimensions of 3.6 x 2.4 x 2.4 m, with a doorway in the center of one 2..4 x
2.4-m wall. The room is placed indoors in an essentially draft-free, heated space large enough to ensure no undue influence on
a test fire. The ignition source is a natural grade propane (purity 95% or better) gas burner with a top surface layer of porous
inert material, e.g., sand. The burner is placed on the floor in a corner opposite the doorway wall such that the burner walls are
in contact with the specimen. The heat flux meter is either Gardon (foil) or Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type and is mounted
in the geometric center of the floor with a target area of 5-30 mm above the floor surface. The target area is a flat black surface
having a view angle of 180.
Combustion products are collected into a hood and exhaust system, designed such that all of the combustion products
leaving the fire room through the doorway during a test are collected, without disturbing the fire-induced flow in the doorway.
Gas sample is taken in the exhaust duct at a position where the combustion products are uniformly mixed. Gases are analyzed
for oxygen consumption and production of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Smoke density is determined
using a photometric system to measure light obscuration in the duct.

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Test Procedure
The test apparatus is calibrated prior to each test or continuous test series, with the burner placed directly under the
hood. Burner calibration follows a predetermined profile, where the heat output is subjected to a step-wise changeas follows:
0 kW for 2 min; 100 kW for 5 min; 300 kW for 5 min; 100 kW for 5 min; and lastly, 0 kW for 5 min. Test specimens are
conditioned to equilibrium in an atmosphere of 50 5% relative humidity at a temperature of 23 2C. The test specimens are
mounted in the same way as in practical use, where the mounting technique must conform to that used for the product. In the
standard specimen configuration, three walls and the ceiling are covered with the product. The product is attached either to a
substrate (9-13 mm) or directly to the interior of the fire room, depending on the type of material. The product is marked with
a grid of 0.3 x 0.3 m squares on those surfaces adjacent to the corner where the burner is located to aid in determining the
extent of flame spread.
Recording and measuring devices are started 2 min prior to burner ignition. Burner output is adjusted to 100 kW
during the first 10 min and then increased to 300 kW for a further 10 min. Observations and time of occurrence are recorded,
including a) ignition of the ceiling; b) flame spread on wall and ceiling surfaces; c) change of the heat output of the burner; and
d) flames emerging through the doorway. The test ends if flashover occurs or after 20 min, whichever occurs first.
Acceptance Criteria
Pass/fail criteria are not defined in ISO 9705. The HSC Code specifies, however, that a surface material or lining is
considered to be a fire-restricting material if during testing time of 20 min according to the standard ISO 9705, the following
six criteria are fulfilled:
The time average of HRR excluding the HRR from the ignition source does not exceed 100 kW;
The maximum HRR excluding the HRR from the ignition source does not exceed 500 kW averaged over
any 30 sec period of time during the test;
The time average of the smoke production rate does not exceed 1.4 m2/s;
The maximum value of the smoke production rate does not exceed 8.3 m2/s averaged over any period of
60 sec during the test
Flame spread must not reach any further down the walls of the test room than 0.5 m from the floor
excluding the area which is within 1.2 m from the corner where the ignition source is located; and
No flaming drops or debris of the test sample may reach the floor of the test room outside the area
which is within 1.2 m from the corner where the ignition source is located.

ISO 5660 CONE CALORIMETER

The Cone calorimeter is a sophisticated small-scale test apparatus to measure rate of heat release of materials and
products under a wide range of thermal exposure conditions, using the oxygen consumption technique. Additional useful
information obtained from Cone calorimeter tests includes time to ignition, mass loss, smoke production rate, and effective
heat of combustion.

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Test Apparatus
A schematic of the Cone calorimeter is shown in Figure 4. A square sample of 100 x 100 mm is exposed to the radiant
flux (10 to 110 kW/m) of an electric heater in the shape of a truncated cone. An electric spark ignition source is used for
piloted ignition of the pyrolysis gases produced by the radiant heater.

Figure 4. Schematic of the Cone Calorimeter Apparatus.

Test Procedure
Test specimens can have a maximum thickness of 50 mm (2 in.). A load cell measures mass loss throughout the
duration of the test. Prior to testing, the heater temperature is set at the value that results in the desired heat flux. Tests are
typically continued until 2 min after any flaming or other signs of combustion cease, the mass loss averaged over a 1-min
period has dropped below 150 g/m, or until 60 min have elapsed.
The products of combustion and entrained air are extracted through a hood and duct system at a constant flow rate of
24 2 lps. Gas sample is drawn from the exhaust duct and analyzed for oxygen concentration. Smoke production is
determined on the basis of the measured light obscuration in the duct using a laser photometer located close to the gas
sampling point. Measurements of the gas temperature at and the differential pressure across the orifice plate are used for
calculating the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases. The Cone calorimeter can be supplemented with additional gas analysis
using FTIR spectroscopy or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance criteria proposed for fire restricting materials, as determined by the Cone calorimeter, are as follows:
The time to ignition and sustained flaming > 20 sec.
The total amount of heat released per square meter (MJ/m) 20 MJ/m2.
The maximum 30-sec sliding average of the heat release rate per unit area (kW/m) 60 kW/m2.
The average smoke production rate per unit area of exposed specimen of light 0.005 m2/s.

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USCG GUIDELINES FOR FIRE PERFORMANCE OF FRP GRATINGS

The USCG requires that the fire performance of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) grating systems be evaluated in
accordance with the Future Change to the Marine Safety Manual, Volume II, Paragraph 5.C.6, Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Gratings. This standard references ASTM Standards E 84, E 119, E 695, IMO Resolutions A.653(16), and MSC.61(67) Part 2
(FTP Code). The specific tests required for obtaining USCG approval for FRP gratings is determined by the final application
for which the grating will be used.

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC TESTS

All FRP gratings should be fire retardant as shown by a flame spread rating not to exceed 25 as stated in ASTM E 84,
Standard Test Method for the Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. FRP gratings, except those fitted on
open decks and within tanks, cofferdams, void spaces, pipe tunnels, and ducts, are required to have low flame spread as
determined by an ASTM E 84 flame spread rating not to exceed 20, or meet the bulkhead, lining, and ceiling criteria set forth
in IMO Resolution A.653(16), Recommendation on Improved Fire Test Procedures for Surface Flammability of Bulkhead,
Ceiling and Deck Finish Materials. FRP gratings within accommodation, service, and control spaces should have low smoke
characteristics as determined by an ASTM E 84 flame spread rating not to exceed 10, or meet the bulkhead, lining, and ceiling
criteria set forth in IMO Resolution MSC.61(67), Part 2, Smoke and Toxicity Test.
ASTM E 84 Spread of Flame Test
Flame spread tests are conducted in accordance with ASTM E 84-00, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials. The primary intent of ASTM E 84 is to determine the relative burning behavior of the
material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Materials must be applied to the specific surfaces on which they
are to be installed. Flame spread and smoke developed indices are reported. The test sample size is 21 to 24 in. wide by 24 to
25 ft long.
Surface Flammability
The surface flammability characteristics of fiber reinforced plastic gratings for marine applications are determined
using the test previously described in Part 5, Test for Surface Flammability, to Annex 1 of the FTP Code. Please refer to
Page 6 of this brochure for a detailed description.
Smoke and Toxicity Test
The smoke and toxicity test procedure was also described previously, in Part 2 of Annex 1 to IMO Resolution
MSC.61(67). Please refer to Page 2 of this brochure for a detailed description.

STRUCTURAL FIRE INTEGRITY TESTS

The USCG Safety standard outlines three levels of qualification for FRP gratings; Level 3 involves the least stringent
test protocol whereas Level 1 involves the most stringent. The level necessary for qualification depends on the FRP gratings
end use. However, Level 1 gratings may always be substituted for Level 2 and Level 3 gratings, and Level 2 gratings may
always be substituted for Level 3 gratings.
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Level 3 Qualification
One pre-fire loaded structural fire integrity test and one post-fire loaded structural fire integrity test will be conducted
in general accordance with ASTM E 119-00, Standard Test Method for Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Two
steel gratings similar in design to the FRP grating and rated at a minimum of 4.5 kN/m2 uniform loading will be required to
perform these two tests.

For the pre-fire loaded test, one FRP and one steel grating will be tested on the furnace

simultaneously with a 40 kg mass placed in the center of each specimen. Deflection measurements will be used to provide the
pass/fail criterion for the FRP grating; failure occurs when a grating collapses or deflects at least 10% of its span length. The
FRP grating will have met the criterion if the difference in furnace temperature between the time of failure of the FRP grating
and the steel grating is less than 100C. For the post-fire loaded test, one FRP and one steel grating will be exposed to the
ASTM E-119 furnace conditions for a period of 60 minutes before being loaded. The FRP grating will have met the criteria if it
is intact at the end of the tests and does not collapse under a static load of 40 kg.
Level 2 Qualification
To be qualified as Level 2, an FRP grating must meet all of the requirements of the Level 3 gratings. After being
subjected to the post-fire loading test for Level 3 qualification, the FRP grating specimen will be gradually loaded uniformly in
increments not to exceed 20 kg. The FRP grating will have met the criterion if it remains intact at a load of 4.5 kN/m2 or at
least the maximum load supported by the steel grating (whichever is less).
Level 1 Qualification
To be qualified as Level 1, an FRP grating must meet all of the requirements of Levels 2 and 3 gratings. After being
subjected to the Level 2 loading test, three FRP gratings will be subjected to an impact with a 40 kg lead shot bag from a height
of 2 m. The FRP grating will have met the criterion if all three specimens remain intact after the impact.

IMO A.753(18) GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF PLASTIC PIPES ON SHIPS

The fire resistance of plastic pipes is determined as described in IMO Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines for the
Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships. There are three levels of fire resistance. Level 1 and 2 pipes are qualified by a furnace
test similar to that described in Part 3 of Annex 1 to the FTP Code and IMO Resolution A.754(18), with the pipe fully
immersed in the furnace environment. Level 3 testing is a less stringent test that exposes the test specimen to a propane burner
array. The U.S. Coast Guard has additional test requirements for plastic pipes used on mobile offshore drilling units for
specific applications. These requirements are based on the IMO test procedure for Level 3 pipes with a dry/wet cycle or a jet
fire exposure.
For additional information regarding testing, please contact us.

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