IC

CMOS MOS
0.13
nMOS 90GHz
WLANCMOS

Behzad Razavi RF Microelectronics

RF CMOS

IC
1 2
1-dB

4 3 FDMA
TDMA CDMA GSM Qualcomm
CDMA

GSM DECT

6 9
MOS

UCLA HP
CMOS
CMOS WLAN
CMOS Design of Analog CMOS
Integrated Circuits

RF CMOS
RF
Stanford Thomas H. Lee The Design of CMOS RadioFrequency Integrated Circuits
2005
CMOS 2000
Thomas Lee Lee
Razavi
CAD

 CMOS

2005 12

1. RF
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.

2. RF
2.1.

2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
2.3.

2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.4.
2.5.

3.
3.1.
3.2.

3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.3.

3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.

3.4.

3.4.1.

3.4.2.

3.5.

4.
4.1. RF
4.2.

4.2.1.

4.2.2.

4.2.3.

4.2.4.

4.3.

4.3.1.

AMPS

4.3.2.

NADS

4.3.3.

GSM

4.3.4.

QualcommCDMA

4.3.5.

DECT

5.
5.1.
5.2.

5.2.1.

5.2.2.

5.2.3.

5.2.4.

5.2.5.

5.3.

5.3.1.

5.3.2.

5.4.
5.5.

5.5.1.

Motorola

5.5.2.

Philips

5.5.3.

Philips DECT

5.5.4.

LucentGSM

5.5.5.

Philips GSM

6.
6.1.

6.1.1.

6.1.2.

6.1.3.

LNA

6.1.4.

CMOS LNA

6.2.

6.2.1.

6.2.2.

6.2.3.

CMOS

6.2.4.

6.3.

7.
7.1.
7.2. LC
7.3.
7.4.

7.4.1.

7.4.2.

7.4.3.

7.4.4.

7.4.5.

7.4.6.

7.5. CMOS LC

7.5.1.

Gm

7.5.2.

7.6.
7.7. VCO
7.8.

7.8.1.

RC-CR

7.8.2.

Havens

7.8.3.

7.9.

8.
8.1.
8.2. PLL

8.2.1.

8.3.

8.3.1.

8.3.2.

I II

8.3.3.

8.3.4.

8.3.5.

8.3.6.

8.4.

8.4.1.

8.4.2.

8.4.3.

8.4.4.

8.5.

8.5.1.

8.5.2.

9.
9.1.

9.1.1.

9.2.

9.2.1.

A B

9.2.2.

9.3.
9.4.
9.5.

9.5.1.

9.5.2.

9.5.3.

9.5.4.

LINC

9.6.


25 4 50
25 2000 50
1998 300

RF

RF
RF IC RF

RF

RF VLSI
CMOS

1
2 RF

3 4
RF

5
RF

6 9 RF

UCLA 4
80% 348 9

RF Helen KimTingPing Liu Dan AvidorHewlett-Packard David Su

Andrew Gzegorek
Stefan HeinenBart JansenTing-Ping Liu
John LongTadao NakagawaNTTGitty Nasserbakht

Ted RappaportTirdad Sowlati

GennumTrudy StetzlerDavid Su Rick Wesel
UCLA UCLA Farbod BehbahaniHooman Darabi
John Leete Jacob Rael

Prentice Hall Russ HallMaureen Diana

Kerry Reardon

Behzad Razavi
1997 7

 1 RF
DECT-TDMA/TDD GFSK
I/Q DCS1800

SSB
SAW

1901 Marconi

Shannon

28,000

30

GPS
PCS
1.1
RF 1.1
FM 1.1(a)Q1
D1
Q1 X

1.1 a
b
1.2 RF [1] 1.1 FM
5 RF 1.1
1.2 2 5
RF
1.2 RF[1]

1.2

1.3
1.2 RF
RF

1.3
RF
IC 1.4

RF 30

1.4

IC IC
off-the-shelf IC

IC 1.4
RF

 1.5

6 9 IC
RF RF

1.5
RF IC
RF
SPICE

RF SPICE
SAW
S RLC

1.3
RF
RF
WLAN
WLAN 900 MHz 2.4 GHz WLAN

WLAN
GPS GPS
1.5 GHz

RF IDRF ID

900 MHz 2.4

GHz RF ID
Home Satellite Network
10 GHz

1.4
1.6

LNA

1.6 (a) (b)

1.7 ADC
bit rate 1.7(a)

[2]

PA 1.7(b)

DAC

1.7 (a) (b)

LNA1

1.6 1.7 RF
RF
RF 1.6
RF 1.7 PALNA
RF RF
[3, 4]
RF 1.4
RF ICRF

1.5
RF IC
RF
1

form factor
GaAs BiCMOS CMOS RF
GaAs
RF
GaAs
VLSI

CMOS CMOS
0.35 m CMOS GHz

RF CMOSCMOS
100dB
RF

[1] C. Marshall et al., 2.7 V GSM Transceiver ICs with On-Chip Filtering, ISSCC Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp. 148-149, February 1995.
[2] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
[3] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
[4] R. Steele, ed. Mobile Radio Communications, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1992
[5] R. Schneiderman, GaAs Continues to Gain in Wireless Applications, Wireless Systems
Design, pp. 14-16, March 1997.

 2 RF
RF
RF electronics

harmonic distortion
gain compression
cross modulationintermodulation
intersymbol interference
Nyquist signaling

2.1

x1(t) x2(t)

x1(t ) y1(t ), x2 (t ) y2 (t )

2.1

a b

ax1(t ) + bx2 (t ) ay1(t ) + by2 (t )

2.2

x(t )
x(t )

y(t )

y(t )

2.1(a) vin1 (t ) = A1 cos 1t

vin 2 (t ) = A2 cos 2t vin1 > 0
2.1(b)
vin1 vout vin 2 A2 cos 2t
vin1 vout
vin 2 2.1(c) vin 2 vout
vin1 A1 cos 1t [(2.2)]

2.1 abc

2.1(c)
vout vin 2 01

Vout ( f ) = Vin 2 ( f )
=

sin(n / 2)
n
( f )
n
T1
n =
+

sin(n / 2)
n
Vin 2 ( f )
n
T1
n =

(2.3)

(2.4)

* () Dirac T1 = 2 / 1 vin 2 ( f )
n / T1

(memoryless)

y (t ) = x(t )

(2.5)

[ 2.1(c)]

y (t ) = 0 + 1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t ) +

(2.6)

j 2.2(a)
Q1 Q2 Q3
2.2(b)

vout (t ) = ( I S 1 exp

vin
) s (t )i R
VT

(2.7)

I S 1 Q1 VT = kT / q S (t ) -11
2.2 aba
2.6 x(t ) x(t )
j j = 0

balanced 2.3

vout = RI EE tanh

vin
2VT

(2.8)

2.3

dynamic

y (t ) = h(t ) x(t )

(2.9)

h(t )
(t ) h(t ) (t ) h(t , )

y (t ) = h(t , ) x(t )

(2.10)

Volterra [12]

2.1.1
RF

y (t ) 1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )

(2.11)

2.11
Harmonics
2.11 x(t ) = A cos t

y (t ) = 1 A cos t + 2 A cos t + 3 A cos t

2

= 1 A cos t +

2 A
2

2 A

+ ( A +

(1 + cos 2t ) +

3 A
4

3 3 A
4

) cos t +

2 A
2

(2.12)

(3 cos t + cos 3t ) (2.13)

cos 2t +

3 A
4

cos 3t

(2.14)

2.14(harmonics)

 j j

2.14 n
An A
A n An
Gain Compression
2.14 1 A A
1 2.3

vout I EE R
=
vin
2VT

(2.15)

2.14 3 3 A3 / 4 1 A
2.3

02.14 3 < 0
1 + 3 3 A2 / 4 A RF
1dB 1-dB compression point, 1dB

1dB 1dB 2.4

2.4 1-dB
1dB 2.14

3
20 log 1 + 3 A12dB = 20 log 1 1dB
4
A1dB = 0.145

1
3

(2.16)

(2.17)

RF 1dB
-20 -25dBm 50 63.2 35.6mVpp
Desensitization and Blocking


desensitization
x(t ) = A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t 2.11

y (t ) = (1 A1 +
A1

3
3
3
2
3 A1 + 3 A1 A2 ) cos 1t +
4
2

(2.18)

A2

y (t ) = (1 +

3
2
3 A2 ) A1 cos 1t +
2

(2.19)

1 + 3 3 A2 2 / 4 3 < 0 A 2
A 2 0blocked RF
blocking signal
0 RF 60 70dB

Cross Modulation

cross modulation2.19
A 2 1
A 2 (1 + m cos mt ) cos 2t m
12.19
3
m2 m2
y (t ) = [1 A1 + 3 A1 A22 (1 +
cos 2mt
+
2
2
2
+2m cos mt )]cos 1t +

(2.20)

m 2 m

cable TV transmitter

Intermodulation

2.5

two-tone testintermodulation distortion

 2.5

multiplication
intermodulation

x(t ) = A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t 2.11

y (t ) = 1 ( A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t ) + 2 ( A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t ) 2
+ 3 ( A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t )3

(2.21)

= 1 2 : 2 A1 A2 cos(1 + 2 )t + 2 A1 A2 cos(1 2 )t

(2.22)

= 21 2 :

3 3 A12 A2
3 A2 A
cos(21 + 2 )t + 3 1 2 cos(21 2 )t (2.23)
4
4

= 22 1 :

3 3 A22 A1
3 A2 A
cos(22 + 1 )t + 3 2 1 cos(22 1 )t (2.24)
4
4

3
3
4
2
3
3
+(1 A2 + 3 A23 + 3 A2 A12 ) cos 2t
4
2

= 1 , 2 : (1 A1 + 3 A13 + 3 A1 A22 ) cos 1t

(2.25)

2 1 2 2 2 1 IM 2.6
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1

2 2.5 LPF
A1 = A2 = A 1 A
1 A = 1VPP 3 3 A3 / 4 = 10mVPP
-40dBccwith respect to the carrier
2.6
RF 2.7

 2.7

third
intercept point -- IP3 A
1 2.23
2.242.25 A A
A3 [ 2.8(a)][ 2.8(b)]IM

IP3 (IIP3) IP3 (OIP3)

2.8
IP3 IM IM

2.11 IP3
x(t ) = A cos 1t + A cos 2t

9
9
y (t ) = (1 + 3 A2 ) A cos 1t + (1 + 3 A2 ) A cos 2t
4
4
3
3
+ 3 A3 cos(21 2 )t + 3 A3 cos(22 1 )t +
4
4
1

(2.26)

9 3 A2 / 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1

1 AIP 3 =

3
3 AIP3 3
4

(2.27)

IP3

AIP 3 =

4 1
3 3

(2.28)

IP3 1 AIP 3
IP3
1

9 3 A2 / 4

IP3
IP3 2.8(b)

 IP3 A in

A 1, 2 1 2 IM3 A IM 3 2.26

A1, 2
AIM 3

1 Ain
3 3 Ain3 / 4

(2.29)

4 1
3 3 Ain2

(2.30)

2.28

A1, 2
AIM 3

AIP2 3
Ain2

(2.31)

20 log A1, 2 20 log AIM 3 = 20 log AIP2 3 20 log Ain2

(2.32)

1
(2.33)
20 log AIP 3 = (20 log A1, 2 20 log AIM 3 ) + 20 log Ain
2
dBm
IM3 [ 2.9(a)] IP3

2.9 a IP3 ba
2.9(b) L1 1 L2
3 P / 2 L1 L2 3P / 2
0
IP3 IP3

single tone
2.5
IP3
RF 1 Vrms
IIP3 70mVrms -10dBm 1 mVrms
2.10

Asig ,out
Asig ,in

Aint,out
Aint,in

(2.34)

 Asig Aint 2.31

Asig ,out
AIM 3,out

Asig ,in i AIP2 3

3
Aint,
in

(2.35)

Asig ,in = 1Vrms AIP 3 = 70mVrms Aint,in = 1mVrms 4.9

13.8dB
2.10 SNR
1dB IP3 2.17
2.28

A1 dB
0.145
=
AIP 3
4/3

(2.36)

9.6dB

(2.37)

2.1.2
RF
IP3

2.11

y1 (t ) = 1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )

(2.38)

y2 (t ) = 1 y1 (t ) + 2 y12 (t ) + 3 y13 (t )

(2.39)

y2 (t ) = 1[1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )]
+ 2 [1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )]2

(2.40)

+ 3 [1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x 3 (t )]3

y2 (t ) = 11 x(t ) + ( 3 1 + 21 2 2 + 13 3 ) x3 (t ) +

(2.41)

2.28

AIP 3 =

11
4
3 3 1 + 21 2 2 + 13 3

(2.42)

IP3

 2.11
2.42
3
1
3 3 1 + 21 2 2 + 1 3
=
AIP2 3 4
11

1
AIP2 3,1

3 2 2
2
+ 21
AIP 3,2
21

(2.43)

(2.44)

AIP 3,1 AIP 3,2 IP3 AIP 3 AIP 3,1 AIP 3,2

1 IP3
IM3
IM3

x(t ) = A cos 1t + A cos 2t

IM 2.121
1
1 1

11 A(cos 1t + cos 2t ) 2

IM3

(3 3 / 4) A3[cos(21 2 )t + cos(22 1 )t ] 1
3 1 A(cos 1t + cos 2t ) IM3

(33 / 4)(1 A)3[cos(21 2 )t + cos(22 1 )t ] 4 y1 (t )

1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 1 2.12 y2 (t )

2 2 [1 A cos 1t i 2 A2 cos(1 2 )t ] 2 2 (1 A cos 2t i0.5 2 A2 cos 21t )

(31 2 2 A3 / 2)[cos(21 2 )t + cos(22 1 )t ]

Acost A/2 1/2

y2 (t ) = 11 A(cos 1t + cos 2t )
3 3 1 313 3 31 2 2 3
) A [cos(21 2 )t
+
+
4
4
2
+ cos(22 1 )t ] +
+(

(2.45)

IP3
RF
2.44

1
1
12

+
AIP2 3 AIP2 3,1 AIP2 3,2

(2.46)

1
1
12 12 12

+
+
+
AIP2 3 AIP2 3,1 AIP2 3,2 AIP2 3,3

(2.47)

AIP 3,3 IP3 1

IP3
2.47
IP3
2.12

2.2

[ 2.13(a)]
(random bit stream)

2.13 ab 1 0
01 1
0
[ 2.13(b)]

(intersymbol interference--ISI)

ISI

 ISI (pulse shaping) (Nyquist

signaling)(equalization) Nyquist
ISI [34]
ISI
Nyquist
ISI 0 2.14
0 t = kTS

ISI
2.14 ISI
Nyquist
p(t) ISI

p(kTS ) = 1 k = 1

(2.48)

=0 k 0
(2.49)
(impulse)
p (t )i (t kTS ) = (t )

(2.50)

Fourier

p( f )

1
TS

( f T

) =1

(2.51)

1
TS

p( f T

) =1

(2.52)

Nyquist 2.15 p ( f )
sinc
Fourier
2.15 ISI
sinc

sinc
ISI
Nyquist (raised cosine)
2.16

p (t ) =

sin( t / TS ) cos( t / TS )
t / TS 1 4 2t 2 / TS2

(2.53)

P ( f ) = TS

0< f <

1
2TS

TS
T
1
[1 + cos S ( f
)]
2
2TS

=0

f >

1
1+
< f <
2TS
2TS

(2.54)

1+
2TS

2.16ab
0 < < 1 1p(t) sinc
2 = 0
p(t) sinc 3p(f)

0.3 0.5
2.17
2.54

2.17
2.54

2.3

RF RF

PDF

2.3.1

RF
RF


random, stochastic

2 2.18

2.18

Statistical Ensembles

2.18

(ensemble)
sample function

T n(t)
1 +T / 2
(2.55)
n(t ) = lim
n(t )dt
T T T / 2

2.19

2.19

n(t ) = n(t ) Pn (n)dn

(2.56)

 Pn (n)

stationary,
strict-sense stationary
RF

1 +T / 2 2
(2.57)
n 2 (t ) = lim
n (t )dt
T T T / 2
n(t)mean square power
1

n 2 (t ) = n 2 (t ) Pn (n)dn

(2.58)

n 2 (t ) = n 2 (t )
Probability Density Function

2.20 1
0
x(t) Px ( x)

Px ( x)dx = x < X < x + dx

(2.59)

X x(t) PDF x(t)

PDF
2.20
PDF Gaussian distribution
central limit theorem PDF
PDF

PDF
PDF
Px ( x) =

1
( x m) 2
exp
2 2
2

(2.60)

 m
PDF
x1 x2 x1 x2 Px ( x)
PDF
P ( x1 < x < x2 ) =

x2

x1

1
( x m) 2
exp
dx
2 2
2

(2.61)

x1 x2

1
2

erf ( x ) =

exp

u 2
du
2

(2.62)

68% m- m+ 99%
m-3 m+3
Power Spectral Density

RF

x(t), Fourier
X(f ) =

x(t ) exp( j 2 ft )dt

(2.63)

Fourier
3
Ex =

x(t ) dt <
2

(2.64)

x(t ) t 2.21
2

1 +T / 2
2
(2.65)
P = lim
x(t ) dt <
T T T / 2
P < Fourier Fourier

Fourier [5]
2.21

Fourier (PSD)
PSD [6]
3

x(t) 1

 x(t ) S x ( f ) f
2.22 f 1-Hz
1 S x ( f )
f
4
2.22

PSD [3]
X (f)
S x ( f ) = lim T
T
T

(2.66)

X T ( f ) = x(t ) exp( j 2 ft )dt

0

(2.67)

2.231 x(t)
2

[0T]
2 Fourier X T ( f )
3 x(t ) 12
2

4 X T ( f ) X T ( f ) T

2.23
x(t) S x ( f ) f [3] 2.24(a)x(t)
[f1, f2]

f1

f2

f2

f2

f1

f1

S x ( f )df + S x ( f )df = 2 S x ( f )df

(2.68)

[ 2.24(b)] 2.24(a)
(two-sided) 2.24(b)(one-sided)
2.24 ab

1Hz 1GHz
1Hz

 S x ( f ) R
PSD

S x ( f ) = 2kTR

(2.69)

k (Boltzmann) 1.38 1023 J/K T

2.69 S x ( f )
S x ( f ) f < 100GHz
S x ( f ) [3]2kTR
W/Hz
1 1Hz 2kTR

Vn2 = 4kTRif

(2.70)

Vn2 R f f =1Hz Vn2

(spot noise) V 2 /Hz
PDF PSD

PDF PSD
PDF PSD(1/f) PDF PSD
1/f
(Random Signals in Linear Systems)

S x ( f ) H(s)
2.25

S y ( f ) = Sx ( f ) H ( f )

(2.71)

H ( f ) = H ( s = j 2 f ) [3]
x(t) y(t)[3]
2.25

2.3.2

5
PDF
PSD

MOSFET [ 2.26(a)]MOS
PSD
2
(2.72)
I n2 = 4kT ( g m )
3
g m 2/3 [7] 1
[8] MOSFET [9]

2.26 ab
(shot)(flicker)
pn PSD

I n2 = 2qI

(2.73)

q I
[
2.26(b)]
MOSFET

Vn2 =

K
1
WLCOX f

(2.74)

1/f RF
(Input-Referred Noise)
2.27[10]

2.28(a) M1
2
I D I nD

2.28(b) Vn2 I n2
2
2.28(a)(b) g m2 Vn2 = I nD

2
2
Zin I nD
= 4kT (2 g m / 3)
g m2 I n2 Z in = I nD

 Vn2 = 8kT /(3g m ) I n2 = 8kT (3g m Z in ) Vn In

2

2.27
2.28 aMOS b
Z in , I n2 0 Vn2
Z in 50 Vn2 I n2

I n2
(Noise Figure) (SNR)
RF
SNR

noise figure =

SNRin
SNRout

(2.75)

SNRin SNRout
(noise factor) 10 log10 (noise factor)

2.75
SNR

SNRin = SNRout
1
SNR NF>1
2.75 NF
SNR
SNRin = NF=
NF RF

2.75 2.29
SNRin RS VRS2
Vin P SNR


SNRin =

2Vin2
2VRS2

(2.76)

P Vout A SNR
SNRout =

2 Av2Vin2
[VRS2 + (Vn + I n RS ) 2 ] 2 Av2

Vin2
[VRS2 + (Vn + I n RS ) 2 ]

(2.77)

(2.78)

Vn InRS

NF =

VRS2 + (Vn + I n RS ) 2
VRS2

= 1+

(Vn + I n RS ) 2
VRS2

(2.79)

(2.80)

NF 1Hz
2.80
NF = 1 +

(Vn + I n RS ) 2
4kTRS

(2.81)

Vn In
2.29
2.81 RS
NF NF2.81 RS
RF 50
6 NF

2.81
NF =

4kTRS + (Vn + I n RS ) 2
4kTRS

A2 [4kTRS + (Vn + I n RS ) 2 ] 1
=
4kTRS
A2

Vn2,out
A

1
4kTRS

TV 75

(2.82)

(2.83)

(2.84)

 A = A , Vn2,out 2.29 NF
Vin Vout RS

RP, 2.30(a) RS
2.30(b)
Vn2,out = 4kT ( RS || RP )

(2.85)

A=

RP
RS + RP

(2.86)

2.84

NF = 4kT ( RS || RP )

= 1+

( RS + RP ) 2 1
RP2
4kTRS

RS
RP

(2.87)

(2.88)

RP
(RS=RP)
2.30 a Rp ba
2.31(a)
RS
I1 2.31(b)
Rin=RS

RS =

1
1
g m 2 1 + g m1 RD

(2.89)

M2 RS/2 ( I n 2 Rs / 2) g m1 RD RD
M1 Rin=RS
R
(2.90)
Rout = D (1 + g m 2 RS )
2

1
1
Vn2,out = 4kTRS ( g m2 1 RD2 ) + I n22 RS2 g m2 1 RD2
4
4
2
R
2
+( I RD
+ I n21 ) D (1 + g m 2 RS ) 2
4

(2.91)

2
= kTRS g m2 1 RD2 + kTg m 2 RS2 g m2 1 RD2
3
R2
4kT 8
+(
+ kTg m1 ) D (1 + g m 2 RS ) 2
RD 3
4

(2.92)

g m 2 RS = (1 + g m1 RD ) 1

NF =

= 1+

Vn2,out
A

1
4kTRS

(1 + g m 2 RS ) 2
2
1 2
+ g m1 )
g m 2 RS + (
3
RD 3
g m2 1 RS

(2.93)

(2.94)

2.31 aba
(Noise Figure of Cascaded Stages)
NF 2.32
0 A1 A 2

Vn2,in1 = [ I n1 ( RS || Rin1 ) + Vn1

Rin1 2
Rin2 1
] + VRS2
( Rin1 + RS ) 2
Rin1 + RS

(2.95)

Vn2,in 2 = Vn2,in1 Av21

Rin2 2
( Rin 2 + Rout1 ) 2

(2.96)

Rin 2
]2
+[ I n 2 ( Rout1 || Rin 2 ) + Vn 2
Rin 2 + Rout1

A22Vn2,in 2 RL2 /( RL + Rout 2 ) 2 Vin Vout

Av ,tot =

Rin1
Rin 2
RL
Av1
Av 2
RS + Rin1
Rout1 + Rin 2
Rout 2 + RL

(2.97)

NFtot =

1
RL
1
Av22 (
) 2 Vn2,in 2
2
Av ,tot
Rout 2 + RL
4kTRS

2.952.96

(2.98)

NFtot =
+

4kTRS + ( I n1 RS + Vn1 ) 2
4kTRS

( I n 2 Rout1 + Vn 2 ) 2
Av21
(

1
1
Rin1 2 4kTRS
)
RS + Rin1

(2.99)

RS NF
RS = Rin1 = Rout1 = Rin 2
NFtot = NF1 +

= NF1 +

( I n 2 RS + Vn 2 ) 2 1
4kTRS
2 Av21

(2.100)

NF2 1
2 Av21

(2.101)

NF2 RS
2.32
(available power gain) AP
2.99

2.32

Pout , av = Vin2 (

Rin1 2 2 1
) Av1
RS + Rin1
4 Rout1

(2.102)

Vin2
4 RS

(2.103)

Rin1 2 2 RS
) Av1
RS + Rin1
Rout1

(2.104)

Psource ,av =

AP = (

Rout1
NF2, Rout1 = 1 +

( I n 2 Rout1 + Vn 2 ) 2
4kTRout1

(2.105)

2.99
NFtot = NF1, RS +

NF2, Rout1 1
AP

NF1, RS RS

(2.106)

 m
NFtot = 1 + ( NF1 1) +

NF2 1
+
AP1

NFm 1
AP1 AP ( m 1)

(2.107)

NF Friis [11]

Friis

(Noise Figure of Lossy Circuits) RF

LC [ 2.33(a)]
RF
LNA 2.33(b)

2.33 aLC b
2.34(a)
(reciprocal network) [5] Rout
(Thevenin) 2.34(b) PSD 4kTRout Rout
Vn2 RS
2.34 aba
2.35(a)
L Pin/Pout Pin Pout
Thevenin 2.35(b)
2.34(b)

Pin = Vin2 /(4 RS ) Pout = VTH2 /(4 Rout )

Vin2 Rout
L= 2
VTH RS

(2.108)

RL

2.34(b)
Vn2,out = 4kTRout

RL2
( RL + Rout ) 2

(2.109)

 2.34(b) Vin Vout

Av =

VTH
RL
Vin RL + Rout

(2.110)

Vin2
1
NF = 4kTRout 2
VTH 4kTRS

(2.111)

=L
(2.112)

2.35 aba

2.36 Friis
NFLNA 1
(2.113)
NFtot = NFfilt +
L1

= L + ( NFLNA 1) L

(2.114)

= Li NFLNA

(2.115)

LNA
2.36 LNA

2.4
(Sensitivity) RF

NF =

SNRin
SNRout
Psig / PRS
SNRout

(2.116)

(2.117)

Psig PRS

Psig = PRS i NF i SNRout

(2.118)

B 2.118

Psig ,tot = PRS i NF i SNRout i B

(2.119)

2.119 SNR
dB dBm

Pin,min |dBm = PRS |dBm/Hz + NF |dB + SNRmin |dB +10 log B (2.120)
Pin,min SNRmin B 2.120

RS PRS

PRS =

4kTRS 1
4 Rin

(2.121)

= kT
(2.122)
= 174dBm/Hz
(2.123)
2.120

Pin,min = 174dBm/Hz + NF + 10 log B + SNRmin (2.124)

(noise floor)
Pin,min

(Dynamic Range) (DR)

(full-scale) SNR=1

RF
FS

SNR 12.120 SNRmin

(spurious-free dynamic range)(SFDR)

dBm 2.33
PIIP 3 = Pin +

Pout PIM ,out

2

(2.125)

PIM,out IM3 Pout = Pin + G PIM ,out = PIM ,in + G

G dB PIM ,in IM3
PIIP 3 = Pin +

Pin PIM ,in

2

(2.126)

3Pin PIM ,in

2

(2.127)

Pin =

2 PIIP 3 + PIM ,in

3

IM
2P + F
Pin ,max = IP 3
3

(2.128)

(2.129)

F = 174dBm + NF + 10 log B

SFDR Pin,max Pin ,min dB

2 PIIP 3 + F
( F + SNRmin )
3
2( PIIP 3 F )
=
SNRmin
3

SFDR =

(2.130)
(2.131)

NF=9dB PIIP 3 = 15dBm B=200kHz

SNRmin=12dB SFDR 53dB

SFDR

2.5

3V
P = 32 /(2 50) = 90mW 50
PA

2.37 RC
2.37 RC
Q 1/ RS CS RS 0
Q RP CP Q 5

R C s +1
RP
= S S
RP CP s + 1
CS s

(2.132)

s = j RP CP = 1/( RS CS 2 ) , RP CP + RS CS RP CS = 0 RP

RS

CP CS

RP

1
RS (C ) 2

(2.133)

C = CP CS 2.133
RP QS2 RS QS Q RL

m
m 2

2.38(a) RP
Q RP CP 2.38(b)
CS CP RS 1/[ RP (CP ) 2 ] C1 CS Ceq
2.38(c) 2.38(d)
Ctot C1CP /(C1 + CP ) Rtot 1/[ RS (Ceq ) 2 ] = (1 + CP / C1 ) 2 RP
RP (1 + CP / C1 ) 2
2.38
2.39(a) 2.39(b)
Q Ltot L1 + LP

Rtot (1 + L1 / LP ) 2 RP
2.39
2.40(a) RP CP
2.40(b) CP CS RS 1/[ RP (CP ) 2 ]

 CS L1 1/[ RP (CP ) 2 ]
2.40
Q

[1] D. D. Wiener and J. F. Spine, Sinusoidal Analysis and Modeling of Weakly

Nonlinear Circuits, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.
[2] S. A. Maas, Nonlinear Microwave Circuits, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1988.
[3] L. W. Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th ed., New York:
Macmillan, 1993.
[4] J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication System Engineering, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
[5] A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 3rd ed.,
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
[6] R. W. Bennet, Methods of Solving Noise Problems, Proc. IRE, Vol.44,
pp.609-638, May 1956.
[7] A. van der Ziel, Thermal Noise in Field Effect Transistors, Proc. IRE, Vol. 50,
pp.1808-1812, August 1962.
[8] A. A. Abidi, High-Frequency Noise Measurements on FETs with Small
Dimensions, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol. 33, pp. 1801-1805, November
1986.
[9] B. Razavi, Impact of Distributed Gate Resistance on the Performance of MOS
Devices, IEEE Trans. Circuits and SystemsPart I, Vol. 41, pp. 750-754, November
1994.
[10] P. R. Gray and R. G. Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits,
3rd ed., New York: John Wiley, 1993.
[11] H. T. Friis, Noise Figure of Radio Receivers, Proc. IRE, Vol. 32, pp.419-422,
July 1944.

3.1

(1)(2)
(3)
FCC()
(4)

= 0 0
[1][Fig.3.1(a)]
c 0 [1][Fig.3.1(b)]
1

3.1 ab

()

(3.1)
x(t ) = a(t ) cos[ c t + (t )]
a (t ) (t ) [1]
A cos( c t + ) (3.1) c (t ) + (t )
(t )

 c + d dt d

dt
B

()
ISI 3.2/
()/

3.2
3.2
(
)()

( 9 )

N 0 2 ( 3.3)

(
)
3.3

3.2

3.2.1
x BB (t ) (3.1)
x AM (t ) = Ac [1 + mx BB (t )] cos c t AM m
3.4
cos c t x BB (t ) c x AM (t )
x BB (t ) Ac cos c t (LO)
3.4 ab

3.5(a)
x AM (t )
1 + mx BB (t ) t 3.4(a)
0[ 3.5(b)]

3.5 AM

SNRout =

2
Ac2 m 2 x BB
(t )

2N 0 B

(3.2)

2
x BB
(t ) B x BB (t ) [1]
(3.2)
25dB

2
Ac2 [1 + m 2 x BB
(t )] / 2

3.2.2
(PM)(FM)

(3.1) a (t ) Ac (t )
x PM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t + mx BB (t )] m
x BB (t ) = t x PM (t ) = Ac cos( c + m )t

d dt
t

x FM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t + m x BB (t )dt ] m
;

x BB (t ) = A x FM (t ) = Ac cos( c + mA)t

7
3.6

mdx BB / dt mx BB (t )
x PM (t ) x FM (t ) x BB (t )

3.6

3.7 LC

x BB (t )
3.7

()
( 3.8)
vin (t ) = Ac cos[ c t + m x BB (t )dt ]

vout (t ) Ac R1C1 [ c + mx BB (t )] sin[ c t + m x BB (t )dt ]

(3.3)

c + mx BB (t )
x BB (t ) vin

 3.8
x FM (t ) x BB (t )

m x BB (t )dt << 1 rad

x FM , NB (t ) Ac cos c t Ac m(sin c t ) x BB (t )dt

(3.4)

3.9(a) x BB (t )dt c
x FM (t ) 3.4(a) x AM (t ) 1

3.9 ab

x BB (t ) = Am cos m t
m
(3.5)
x FM , NB (t ) Ac cos c t Am Ac
sin c t sin m t

= Ac cos c t

Am Ac m
cos( c m )t
2 m

Am Ac m
(3.6)
cos( c + m )t
2 m
3.9(b) c ( c m )
+

(3.5) (3.6)
mAm / m << 1 rad m

x FM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t (mAm / m ) sin m t ] mAm
m

mAm / m << 1 rad

x BB (t ) = Am cos m t
x FM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t (mAm / m ) sin m t ]

x FM (t ) = Ac

n =

( ) cos( c + n m )t

(3.7)

J n () n = mAm / m << 1 rad (

) J 0 ( ) 1 J 1 ( ) / 2 J n ( ) 0 ( n > 1 )
x FM (t ) = Ac cos c t + ( Ac / 2) cos( c + m )t ( Ac / 2) cos( c m )t (3.6)

1 n > 1 J n ( )

 c n m 3.10 = 1 = 2
[2]
m Am

m BFM 98%
BFM 2( + 1) B BB BBB [1] Carson
3.10 FM
(3.6)

3.8

()( 3.11)
()

3.11 FM

SNRout
x 2 (t )
= 6 2 ( + 1) BB 2
SNRin
VP
V P x BB (t ) [2]

(3.8)

SNRout
B x 2 (t )
(3.9)
= 2 2 ( + 1)( ) 2 BB 2
SNRin
f1
VP
B f 1 -3dB
(3.9)(3.8) 10 15dB[1]

3.3

(ASK)(PSK)(FSK) 3.12

3.1
(BER)

3.12 abc

3.3.1

x BB (t ) = bn p(t nTb )
(3.10)
n

bn [nTb , (n + 1)Tb ] 0 1 -1
1 ()

3.13

M (3.10) bn

3.13
3.13
(3.10)
3.12(c)
(3.11)
x FSK (t ) = Ac cos 1t ,
if
bn = 0
= Ac cos 2 t ,

if

bn = 1

x FSK (t ) = 11 (t ) + 2 2 (t )

(3.12)
(3.13)

= [ 1 2 ] [1 (t ) 2 (t )]
(3.14)
[ 1 2 ] = [0 Ac ] [ Ac 0] 1 (t ) = cos 1t 2 (t ) = cos 2 t x FSK (t )


x(t ) ()

n =0

n =0

x(t ) = a n cos nt + bn sin nt

(3.15)

t 0 < t < t 0 + T = 1 / T
T

cos nt cos mt = 0
cos nt sin mt = 0
sin nt sin mt = 0
0
T

0
T

(3.16)
(3.17)
(3.18)

n m

2
(3.19)
x(t ) = 11 (t ) + 2 2 (t ) + " + N N (t )

Ts

m (t ) k (t )dt = 0

(3.20)

m k Ts N

4
x(t ) = [ 1 2 "] [1 (t ) 2 (t ) "]
[ 1 2 "] 3.12(c)
3.14(a)

3.14 aFSKbASK
3.12(a)

(3.21)
x ASK (t ) = Ac cos c t
bn = 1
(3.22)
=0
bn = 0
x ASK (t ) = 11 (t ) 1 0 Ac 1 (t ) = cos c t

3.14(b)

Tb


3.15 n(t)

3
3.15 aASK b

[ 3.15(b)]
(
)

3.15(b)
Ac / 2
3.14(a)()
3.16

3.16 FSK

Tb 3.17
3.17
3.18
()
h(t ) = (t )
[ 3.19(a)]
3.18


3.19(b) 0 Tb t = Tb

3.19 ab
3.19(b)
p(t)
[1]( 3.20) h(t ) = p * (Tb t )
p(t) Tb
p(t) h(t ) = p (Tb t ) h(t) p(t)

3.20
p(t) 3.21

(3.23)
y (t ) = p(t ) h(t )
+

= p (t )h( )d

(3.24)

t = Tb
( t = Tb )
p(t) N 0 / 2
[1]
SNRmax =

2E p
N0

(3.25)

Ep =

p (t ) dt

(3.26)

E p p(t) E p 1 p(t)
(3.25) SNRmax
SNRmax

3.21

p(t)

y (Tb ) = x( )h(Tb )d

(3.27)

= x( ) p ( )d

(3.28)

x(t ) = p (t ) + n(t ) p(t) [0Tb ] 0

=Tb

y (Tb ) =

x( ) p( )d

(3.29)

(3.29)()
p(t) 3.22 p(t)
3.21
3.22
p(t) 3.12
p(t) x(t)
()

3.23

3.24

3.24 x FSK (t ) cos 1t x FSK (t ) cos 2 t

x FSK (t ) cos 1t cos 2 t

3.23
3.24
cos 1t cos 2 t
x FSK (t )
sin 1t Ac cos 1t Tb
2 / 1 0

3.24 FSK

3.8 3.25
1 2

3.25 FSK

(3.5 )
98%
2( + 1) B 99%
99%

3.26

30kHz-50dBc
30kHz -50dB
3.26

3.3.2

(BPSK)
(BFSK)

3.22
() p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
0
p1 (t ) = Ac cos 1t p 2 (t ) = Ac cos 2 t 0 < t < Tb 3.27(a)

3.27(b) p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
(3.25)
2Ed
(3.30)
SNRmax =
N0
3.27 aba

E d = [ p1 (t ) p 2 (t )]2 dt

p1 (t ) = p 2 (t ) E d

p1 (t ) p 2 (t )

(3.31)

 3.27(b) t = Tb A1

A2 ( A1 +1 A2 = 1 ) x(t ) = p1 (t ) x(t ) = p 2 (t )
( A1 + A2 ) / 2 A1 + n(Tb )
A2 + n(Tb ) n(Tb ) t = Tb n(Tb )

3.28 A1 + n(Tb ) A2 + n(Tb )

A1 + n(Tb ) p1 (t )
A2 + n(Tb ) p 2 (t ) p1 (t )

1/2
(u A1 ) 2
1
1
p e1 =
du
exp
2 ( A1 + A2 ) / 2 2 n2
2 n2

(3.32)

n n(t )

Pe = 2 Pe1
3.28 PDF
v = (u A1 ) / n

( A1 + A2 ) / 2 n

pe =

= Q(

A2 A1
)
2 n

exp

v2
dv
2

(3.33)
(3.34)

Q()

u2
(3.35)
Q( x) =
exp 2 du
2 x
x > 3 (3.35)
1
x2

(3.36)
exp
Q( x)
2
x 2
(3.34) ( A2 A1 ) / (2 n )
1

(3.34) Q ()

()
A2 A1 x(t ) = p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) (
) ( )
p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) x(t ) = p1 (t ) p 2 (t )

( A2 A1 )2 / n2 (3.30)
( A2 A1 )2 / n2 = 2 E d / N 0

Ed

(3.37)
Pe = Q
2N
0

(3.37)
(3.37)
()

BPSK()
3.29(a)
x BPSK (t ) = Ac cos( c t + ) = 0 180
x BPSK (t ) = cos c t = + Ac Ac [ 3.29(b)] p1 (t ) = p 2 (t )
p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) = 2 p1 (t ) = 2 Ac cos c t [ 3.29(c)]
t = Tb
Tb

Vint = 2 Ac2 cos 2 c tdt

0

(3.38)

c Vint Ac2Tb
3.29 BPSKabc
(3.31) (3.37)
+

E d = [ p1 (t ) p 2 (t )]2 dt

Tb

(2 Ac cos c t )2 dt

= Ac2Tb

(3.39)
(3.40)
(3.41)

Ac2Tb
Pe = Q(
)
N0

(3.42)

()
Eb = Ac2Tb / 2

2 Eb

(3.43)
Pe, BPSK = Q
N
0

E b
Eb / N 0


3.29(a) 3.30 +1 1
Ac cos c t

x BPSK = x BB (t ) Ac cos c t

(3.44)

3.30 BPSK
x BB (t ) c x BPSK (t )
+ p(t ) p(t ) 1 0 x(t )

1
2
(3.45)
S x ( ) =
P ( )
Tb
P( ) p(t ) [1] p(t ) Tb
P ( ) = [2 sin (Tb / 2 )] /

Ac2 sin 2 [( + c )Tb / 2] Ac2 sin 2 [( c )Tb / 2]

(3.46)
+
Tb
Tb
( + c )2
( c )2
3.4
BFSK()
[ 3.31(a)] 5
x BFSK (t ) = 1 cos 1t + 2 cos 2 t [ 1 2 ] [0 Ac ] [0 Ac ]
S BPSK ( ) =

Tb

cos 1t cos 2 tdt = 0

(3.47)

3.31 BFSKabc
1 + 2 >> 1 2 [sin (1 2 )Tb ] / (1 2 ) = 0

(1 2 )Tb = n 1 2 (1 2 )Tb =
f1 f 2 = 1 / (2Tb )
3.31(b)
p1 (t ) = Ac cos 1t p 2 (t ) = Ac cos 2 t p1 (t ) p 2 (t )

3.31(c)
p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) = Ac cos 1t Ac cos 2 t

x BFSK = Ac cos 1t t = Tb Ac2Tb / 2 x BFSK = Ac cos 2 t

Ac2Tb / 2
5

FSK

 (3.31) (3.37)
p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
Tb

E d = [ p12 (t ) + p 22 (t )]dt
0

= Ac2Tb

(3.48)
(3.49)

A 2T
c b
(3.50)
Pe = Q
2N 0

Eb = Ac2Tb / 2
Eb

Pe, BFSK = Q
(3.51)
N
0

(3.43) (3.51)
3.29(b)
3.31(b) Ac

SNRmax = 2 E d / N 0 p1 (t ) = p 2 (t )
E d

3-dB (
) Tb Eb
(3.5 )
(3.4 )
[1] Carson 98%
BT = 2(f + 1 / Tb ) f = f 1 f 2 [1] f = 1 /( 2Tb )
BT = 3 / Tb

3.4

3.3.3

bm
bm +1
x(t ) = bm Ac cos c t bm +1 Ac sin c t

cos c t sin c t

(3.52)

 3.32

( )
(3.31 )

3.32
bm bm +1 1
x(t ) = 1 cos c t + 2 sin c t 1 2 + Ac
Ac 3.33

3.33
( / 4 QPSK) (MSK)
QPSK (OQPSK) / 4 QPSK
MSK (GMSK)
RF
BER

QPSK (3.52)
QPSK BPSK
xQPSK (t ) = 2 Ac cos( c t + k / 4) k1357

QPSK 3.34
cos c t sin c t [ 1 1]
P
S

( )

3.34 QPSK
3.29(b) 3.33 QPSK BPSK
3.33 3

x BPSK (t ) = Ac cos c t

xQPSK (t ) = Ac cos( c t + k / 4 ) Ac2 / 2

xQPSK (t ) = Ac / 2 cos c t Ac / 2 sin c t 3.35(b)

QPSK BER

Tb BPSK [ 3.29(c)]

 Tb QPSK ( 3.34)

TS = 2Tb () Ac2Tb / 2

( 2 Ac / 2) 2 (2Tb ) = Ac2Tb BPSK QPSK

3.35 BPSK QPSK

BPSK QPSK

BPSK QPSK
Pe = Q 2 Eb / N 0 [1]

QPSK BPSK QPSK

BSPK
()QPSK (3.46) Tb 2 Tb

QPSK
3.36 [ 1 1]
[+ 1 + 1] 180
3.4

3.36 QPSK

QPSK OQPSK 3.37

A B
90 D 3.38
OQPSK QPSK
3.37 QPSK
3.38 OQPSK QPSK
OQPSK
[4] 3.5
RF
QPSK / 4 QPSK[34] OQPSK
( 4 ) / 4 QPSK
QPSK 45 D

x(t ) = Ac cos c t + k k
(3.53)
4

(3.54)
x(t ) = Ac cos c t + k k
4

 3.39 QPSK

3.39 / 4 QPSK
/ 4 QPSK
QPSK
1 0 2

[ 1 2 ] = [ Ac Ac ]
x1 (t ) = 1 cos c t + 2 cos c t

x 2 (t ) = 1 cos c t + 2 cos c t [ 1

] [

2 ] = 0 2 Ac 2 Ac

3.40
[11,01,10,11,01] 3.41 [1,1] [+ Ac + Ac ]

y (t ) = Ac cos( c t + / 4) [0,1] 0 2 Ac

y (t ) = 2 Ac cos c t y(t)
3.4(a) t
135D QPSK
45 D 3.41(b)
/ 4 QPSK QPSK OQPSK
3.40 / 4 QPSK
3.41 a / 4 QPSK b

/ 4 QPSK QPSK BER 3.4 QPSK

QPSK

2.2 (ISI)

( 3.42)(2.54)
Nyquist
[5]
3.42
MSK
OQPSK MSK
MSK GMSK
(3.52) bm bm +1
bm bm +1

 (3.4
)[67]MSK

OQPSK
3.43 cos 1t
sin 1t 1 = / (2Tb ) [9]

x(t ) = a m cos 1t cos c t a m +1 sin 1t sin c t a m a m +1 + 1 1

2Tb Tb 3.43 x(t)

a m a m +1 t = (2k + 1)Tb t = 2kTb a m +1 = 1 a m

+ 1 1 x(t) 2 cos(1 + t )t 2 cos[(1 + t )t + ]

t = (2k + 1)Tb

= ( c 1 )t + ( c + 1 )t = 21 + = 2k 1 = / (2Tb ) a m a m +1

3.43 MSK
MSK QPSK QPSK
MSK

n n f 2(n +1) [8]

MSK
16 Ac2Tb cos 2 [2Tb ( f f c )] cos 2 [2Tb ( f + f c )]
+
S MSK ( f ) =

(3.55)
2 1 16Tb2 ( f f c )2 2 1 16Tb2 ( f + f c )2 2

4
f (3.46)
MSK
MSK [8]
(GMSK) GMSK
3.43 MSK
t

(3.56)
x MSK (t ) = 2 Ac cos c t + bm p(t mTb )dt

bm = 1 p(t ) Tb

] [

GMSK p(t ) (3.56)

p(t ) FSK
GMSK
h(t ) = exp( t 2 ) p(t ) 3.44
x BB (t ) h(t ) (dx BB / dt ) h(t )

( ) Tb
h(t)
3.44 GMSK
GMSK
p (t ) = 1
99% 1.2/ Tb [10]

GMSK Tb
ISI ISI
0.3 ISIMSK GMSK
3.4
[111213]

3.4

3.4.1
x(t ) = A(t ) cos[ c t + (t )] A(t )

x(t )
A(t ) = Ac
3
y (t ) = 3 x 3 (t ) + "

(3.57)

= 3 A cos [ c t + (t )] + "
3
c

(3.58)

3 3 A
cos[ c t + (t )]
(3.59)
4
4
(3.59) = 3 c
A(t ) cos[ c t + (t )] c Carson cos[3 c t + 3 (t )]
=

3 A

3
c

cos[3 c t + 3 (t )] +

3
c

x(t )
x(t ) = x I (t ) cos c t xQ (t )sin c t
(3.60)

x I (t ) xQ (t )

y (t ) = 3 x I (t ) cos c t xQ (t )sin c t + "

3

(3.61)

cos 3 c t + 3 cos c t
sin 3 c t + 3 sin c t
3 xQ3 (t )
+ " (3.62)
4
4
c x I3 (t ) xQ3 (t )
= 3 x I3 (t )

x I (t ) xQ (t )

sin 2 c Tb

3.4.2
3.45

QPSK
3.45

3.45 QPSK

x(t ) = x I (t ) cos c t xQ (t ) sin c t

x I (t ) xQ (t )

[14
15]
QPSK

9
40() 1W
2.5W

60%

FM
x FM (t ) = Ac cos c t + m x BB (t )dt

 FM FSK

3.45 QPSK

[1716] OQPSK
/ 4 QPSK
QPSK MSK
MSK QPSK

QPSK MSK
( 4 )

3.5
3.31 ()

FSK 3.31 FSK

3.46 ()
1 2 1 2
Q

3.46 FSK
1 2
[1]
Eb
1

(3.63)
Pe = exp
2
2Tb B p N 0
B p ( ) Eb Eb = Ac2Tb / 2 B p = 1 / Tb

Pe =

Eb
1

exp
2
2N 0

(3.64)

 10 3 (3.64) Eb / N 0 FSK
1.5dB[(3.51)]
FSK (
) PSK
QPSK 90 D
PSK
()()

(DPSK)
1
() 3.47(a)
(XNOR) Dout (mTb ) Din (mTb )

Dout [(m + 1)Tb ] = Din (mTb ) Dout (mTb )

(3.65)

3.47 abc
Din (mTb ) 1 Dout [(m + 1)Tb ] = Dout (mTb ) Din (mTb ) 0
Dout [(m + 1)Tb ] = Dout (mTb )

DPSK 3.47(b)

()
[12] DPSK

Eb
1

(3.66)
Pe = exp
2
N0
Eb = Ac2Tb / 2 10 3 DPSK Eb / N 0
PSK 3dB[(3.43)]

[1] L. W. Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th ed., New York:
Macmillan, 1993.
[2] H. E. Rowe, Signals and Noise in Communication Systems, Princeton, NJ: Van
Nostrand, 1965.
[3] P. A. Baker, Phase-Modulated Data Sets for Serial Transmission at 2000 and 2400
Bits per Second, Part , AIEE Trans. Communication Electronics, pp. 166-171,
July 1962.
[4] Y. Akaiwa and Y. Nagata, Highly Efficient Digital Mobile Communication with a
Linear Modulation Method, IEEE J. of Selected Areas in Communications, Vlo. 5,
pp. 890-895, June 1987.
[5] R. D. Gitlin, J. F. Hayes, and S. B. Weinstein, Data Communications Principles, New
York: Plenum Press, 1992.
[6] C. E. W. Sundberg, Continuous Phase Modulation, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 24, pp.
25-38, April 1986.
[7] J. B. Anderson and C. E. W. Sundberg, Advances in Constant Envelope Coded
Modulation, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 29, pp. 36-56, December 1991.
[8] R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Digital Communication and Spread Spectrum
Systems, New York: Macmillan, 1985.
[9] S. Pasupathy, Minimum Shift Keying: A Spectrally Efficient Modulation, IEEE
Comm., Mag., Vol. 19, pp. 14-22, July 1979.
[10] K. Murota and K.Hirade, GMSK Modulation for Digital Mobile Radio Telephony,
IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. 29, pp. 1044-1051, July 1981.
[11] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Principle and Practice, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
[12] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
[13] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,
1995.
[14] D. H. Morais and K. Feher, The Effects of Filtering and Limiting on the
Performance of QPSK, Offset QPSK, and MSK Signals, IEEE Trans.
Communications, Vol. 28, pp. 1999-2009, December 1980.
[15] J. F. Sevic and J. Staudinger, Simulation of Adjacent Channel Power for Digital
Wireless Communication Systems, Microwave J., pp. 66-80, October 1996.

[16] S. Ariyavisitakul and T. P. Liu, Characterizing the Effects of Nonlinear Amplifiers

on Linear Modulation for Digital Portable Radio Communications, IEEE Trans. Veh.
Tech., Vol. 39, pp. 383-389, November 1990.
[17] J. Boccuzzi, Performance Evaluation of Nonlinear Transmit Power Amplifiers for
North American Digital Cellular Portables, IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., Vol. 44, pp.
220-228, May 1995.

 4
3

RF
FDMATDMACDMA
NADC
GSMCQualcomm CDMADECT
4.1 RF

RF

RF

RF
900MHz 25MHz

FM
88-108MHz

6 [ 4.1(a)]
f1 6
f1
4.1(b)
4.1 ab7
4.1(b)
MTSO

CCI
4.1(b)
4.6[1] 18dB[1]

 4.2
A B A
B

hand off MTSO A

MTSO B

4.3

[1]

d
4.4
d2 d4

4.4
4.4
4.4

4.5

4.5

(4.1)
(4.2)
n A B

(4.3)
4.6 Rayleigh
= tan ( B / A) Am =
1

A2 + B 2 Rayleigh 4.6

[2] 6% 10dB
RF
d4

x(t ) = A cos (t 1 ) + A cos (t 2 ) = 2 A cos ( 2t 1 2 ) / 2 cos ( 1 1 ) / 2

= 1 2
4.7

mS kHz
4.7 (a)(b)

[1]

4.2
4.2.1

TDD
TxRx
4.8 TDD

FDD 4.9
Tx Rx

4.8
TDD
1dB RF Tx Rx

 100dB
TDD

TDD

FDD FDD

50dB
TDD Rx 3dB
3dB( 2 ) Tx
50% Tx Rx
2-3dB
4.9
FDD

TDD

FDD RF

4.2.2

4.10

FDD FDMA

4.10
FDMA
FDMA

4.2.3

TDMA 4.11 TDMA Tsl

( TF ) TF
Tsl
4.11

TF Tsl Tsl
TDMA

TDMA A/D

TDMA FDMA

FDD TDMA

TDMA A/D FDMA

VLSI DSP
TDMA TDMA FDMA
4.10
4.2.4
FDMA TDMA

[3]

FDMATDMA

CDMA

/
4.12(a)
8 Walsh
(4.4)
(4.5)
Wn
(4.6)
4.12(b) 8 Walsh W8
4.12 (a) DS-CDMA (b)Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
CDMA
CDMA x1 (t ) x2 (t )

xBB1 (t ) W1 (t ) xBB 2 (t ) W2 (t ) W1 (t ) W2 (t ) Walsh

 y (t ) = [ xBB1 (t ) W1 (t ) + xBB 2 (t ) W2 (t )] W1 (t ) W1 (t ) W2 (t )
y (t ) = xBB1 (t ) W1 (t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
xBB 2 (t ) y (t )
4.12(a)
CDMA
4.13 FDMA TDMA CDMA
[4]
4.13

CDMA

CDMA SS
CDMA SS
DS-SS

4.14 W1(t)
W1(t)

Gaussian
4.14
CDMA [1] FDMA TDMA
CDMA
[1]
DS-CDMA 4.15
1

FDMA TDMA CDMA

1dB

 4.15 CDMA
CDMA RF CDMA FHCDMA
4.16 FDMA
DS-CDMA

PN

4.16 CDMA
CDMA FDMA
CDMA 4.16
8
4.3

SNRBER
2

4.3.1 AMPS
AMPSFM
FDD FDMA 824-849MHZ 869-894MHz
30-KHz/[ 4.17(a)] 830 3
20MHz[ 4.17(b)]
4.17 (a)AMPS (b)
AMPS
[1]
4.3.2 NADS
NADC /4-DQPSK FDD
TDMA[ 4.18(a)] AMPS NADC
30KHz 6 AMPS 48.6Kb/s
4.18 NADC(a)(b)(c)TX RX
NADC TDMA 4.18(b)[1] 1994 40mS
6 260 64
2

 4.18(c) 1.85ms[5]

LNA
AMPS NADC
AMPS/NADC TIA
54IS-54
IS-54 [1]
4.3.3 GSM
GSM 4 Groupe Speciale Mobile
GSM
ISDN[1]
GSM GMSK TDMA/FDD 890-915MHz
935-960MHz[ 4.19(a)] 8 200KHz
270kb/s TDMA 4.19(b) 4.615ms
8 114 NADC
TX RX 3
25MHz 1000
4.19 GSM(a)(b)
4.3.4 Qualcomm CDMA
CDMA Qualcomm IS-95
FDD IS54 9.6kb/s
1.23MHz OQPSK
QPSK 3

IS-95

4.20 IS-95
IS-95

[367]
4.2.4 CDMA
1dBIS-95

dB -73dBm
k dB Pbs Pm
Pbs k + Pm = 73 dBm Pm k Pm k

= 73dBm Pbs Pbs

 85dB

1.25ms
4.1
kHz IS-95 1.23MHz
25%
IS-95
4.21
j

4.21
CDMA

IS-95 4 960048002400 1200b/s
9600b/s
2400b/s 50%
50%

4.1
IS-54 GSM
CDMA

make-before-break

4.3.5 DECT
DECT
DECT
GSM
DECT TDMA/FDMA 1800MHz~1900MHz TDD [
4.22(a)] 1.73MHz 8 120
GFSK GMSK
4.22(b) DECT TDMA 24 12 12

10ms 32 388
60
DECT
8

 4.22 DECT(a)(b)

[1] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1996.
[2] L. W. Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th ed., New York: Macmillan,
1993.
[3] D. P. Whipple, North American Cellular CDMA, Hewlett-Packard Journal, pp. 90-97,
December 1993.
[4] A. Salmasi and K. S. Gilhousen, On the System Design Aspects of Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) Applied to Digital Cellular and Personal Communications Networks, Proc.
IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., pp. 57-62, May 1991.
[5] T. W. Baker and P. E. Bronner, Create a Low-Cost Cellular Telephone, Wireless Systems
Design, pp. 23-33, January 1996.
[6] R. Kerr, et al., The CDMA Digital Cellular System, An ASIC Overview, Proceedings of
IEEE CICC, pp. 10.1.1-10.1.7, May 1992.
[7] J. Hinderling et al., CDMA Mobile Station Modem ASIC, Proceedings of IEEE CICC, pp.
10.2.1-10.2.5, May 1992.

51

IS-54 30kHz
GSM 200kHz

5.1

5.1 ab
900MHz
30kHz 60kHz 5.2
7

LC 45kHz 60dB Q 10
Q SAW
Q
5.1(b) 2dB
LNA 2dB 4dB

5.2

GSM 935MHz 960MHz

GSM 200kHz

5.3
5.3
5.4
20MHz 30dB
30dB 8

 5.4

5.5

IP3

5.5
1W
2dB 370mW

100dB
FDD
5.6 TX
1W 50 20V 5.4
30mVpp-26dBm LNA
1-dB -25dBm LNA
NADC GSM
FDD AMPS
5.6 PA LNA

AGC

5.2
5.2.1

Q 1
5.7(a)
1

heterodyne hetero dyne

 1 2 A0 cos 0t
0 = 1 2 2 21 2

[ 5.7(b)]
LO = 5.7 0
5.7 a b LNA
2 (IF)

x1 (t ) = A1 cos(1t ) x2 (t ) = A2 cos(2t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t ) )
cos(1 2 )t cos(1 2 )t
5.8
1 ( = LO IF ) 2LO 1 ( = LO + IF )

5.8

5.9
2IF
5.9

2IF
2IF
Q IF 5.10

Q LNA 15dB
dB
5.10 a IF b IF

 5.9

SAW
10.7MHz71MHz

LNA 50
FDD
LNA
LO
2

LO
[3] 5.11
in (in + LO ) / 2

in + LO 2LO = IF (in LO ) = IF / 2

5.11

50% (in + LO ) / 2
5.7

5.12
Q
IS-54
455kHz DECT

5.12


IP3
5.12 A G 40dB
IP3 LNA IP3 40dB
30dBm

5.12
C
BPF3

BP F4

IQ 5.13

ISI I/Q
AGC A/D
4 10
NFIP3

5.13

5.2.2

5.14
5.14a

[ 5.14b] FM QPSK

IF = 0 LNA 50 IF

Homodyne homo dyne

SAW
5.14 ab
RF

-- 5.14
b 5.15[6]
5.15
5.15a A1
ADC 4 8
RF
-

5.15b

LPF ADC
5.15cADC

5.16
LPF ADC
5.16 ab [5]
LNA
LO A B [ 5.16a]LO
LO LO
LNA LO C
self-mixing LNA
LO [ 5.16b]
X 80dB 100dB
ADC LNA/
25dB 30dB

5.16a LO 0.63V 50 0dBm

A 60dB LNA/ 30dB
10mV 30uVrms
50dB 70dB

LO


[4]

200kHz 0 20Hz
3

10 [5]

DC DC-free coding

DECT kHz
5.17
TDMA
TDMA

5.17 TDMA
5.17 S1 kT/C
C1 1 Vrms
30dB C1 200pF kT/C kT C
15dB I Q 4
[ 5.15b]

LO

TDMA

LO
[ 5.16b]
IF FM IF
IF
I/Q 5.14b
RF LO 90 5.18
RF -- 5.18b
90 I Q
5.19 I
Q
5.18aRF bLO
5.19 I/Q

 I/Q

xin (t ) = a cos C t + b sin C t a b 1 1 LO I

Q

xLO , I (t ) = 2(1 + ) cos(c t + )

2
2

5.1

xLO ,Q (t ) = 2(1 ) sin(ct )

2
2

5.2

5.20 I/Q QPSK ab

2 xin (t )
LO

xBB , I (t ) = a(1 + ) cos b(1 + ) sin

2
2
2
2

5.3

5.4
xBB ,Q (t ) = a(1 ) sin + b(1 ) cos
2
2
2
2
5.20 QPSK
5.21 1
I Q

5.21 I/Q QPSK ab

1dB 5
[7]
I/Q 5.13

I Q
IC

I/Q 50 60dB

I/Q 5.2.4
I/Q

5.22 LNA
y (t ) = 1 x(t ) + a2 x (t ) x(t ) = A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t
2

y (t ) 2 A1 A2 cos(1 2 )t
cos LO t

 RF IF
vRF (t )(a + A cos LO t ) a
vRF (t )
30 40dB

xin (t ) = ( A + cos mt )(a cos C t + b sin C t ) cos m t

(a + b ) A cos mt
2

AM

5.22
LNA RF
LNA

IP2 IP3

IP2
LNA

LNA

LNA 30dB

1/f
MOS RF

TDMA 1/TC
TC 4 DC

LO DC LO
FCC
LO -50 -80dBm
5.2.3
RF
4


90
G ( ) = j sgn( ) sgn( ) 90 5
5.23 sin t cos t cos t sin t
t t-T/4 T

90 5.24 RC-CR
Vout1(t) Vout2(t) / 2 tan ( RC )
1

tan 1 ( RC ) Vout1 Vout2 90

5.23 ab 90

LO
5.24 90
Hartley 5.25 Hartley 1928 [8]
SSBHartley RF sin LO t cos LO t
90
x(t ) = ARF cos RF t + Aim cos imt
RF LO = LO im
x(t) LO A B

A
ARF
sin(LO RF )t + im sin(LO im )t
2
2
Aim
ARF
xB (t ) =
cos(LO RF )t +
cos(LO im )t
2
2
xA (t ) =

5.5
5.6

5.4

xA (t ) =

A
ARF
sin(RF LO )t + im sin(LO im )t
2
2

5.7

5.23(a)

xC (t ) = +

A
ARF
cos(RF LO )t im cos(LO im )t
2
2

5.8

xC (t ) xB (t ) ARF cos(LO RF )t RF
B C

G ( )

 90 LO RC < 0

LO im > 0
5.25 Hartley
Hartley
5.26 sin LO t cos LO t
A B X A ( ) X B ( ) X A ( ) j
90 X A ( ) +j-j
X C ( ) X C ( ) X B ( )
5.26 Hartley
90 +45
-45 5.27
5.27
Hartley LO
5.27
5.8
LO ALO sin LO t ( ALO + ) cos(LO t + )
5.25 A B 6

x A (t ) =

ALO ARF
A A
sin(LO RF )t + LO im sin(LO im )t 5.9
2
2

ARF
cos[(LO RF )t + ]
2
A
+ ( ALO + ) im cos[(LO im )t + ]
2

xB (t ) = ( ALO + )

5.10

xC (t ) = ALO [

A
ARF
cos(LO RF )t im cos(LO im )t ] 5.11
2
2

xB (t ) xC (t )

x A (t ) xB (t ) 2

xsig (t ) =

xim (t ) =

( ALO + ) ARF
cos[(LO RF )t + ]
2
A A
+ LO RF cos(LO RF )t
2

5.12

( ALO + ) Aim
cos[(LO im )t + ]
2
A A
LO im cos(LO im )t
2

5.13

xim (t ) Pim xsig(t)

Psig
2
Pim
Aim2 ( ALO + ) 2 2 ALO ( ALO + ) cos + ALO
|out = 2
2
Psig
ARF ( ALO + ) 2 + 2 ALO ( ALO + ) cos + ALO

5.14

Aim / ARF
IRR Pim/Psig
2

Aim / ARF

IRR =

A2 2 AB cos + B 2
A2 + 2 AB cos + B 2

5.15

A = ALO B = ALO +  ALO  1rad

5.15

IRR =

(A / A) 2 + 2
4

5.16

A / A = / ALO
LO 5.25
LPF 90
(5.16) A / A 30
40dB 0.2 0.6dB 1 5

Hartley 90 5.27
IF = 1/( RC ) IF R
C

R + R C + C
A
( R + R)(C + C ) 1
1
=

A
1 + ( R + R) 2 (C + C ) 2 2
1 + R 2C 2 2

5.17

 IF RC 1

A
R / R + C / C
1

A
2 + R / R + C / C
2

5.18

R C
5.19
+
R
C
R / R = 20% 20dB

5.27
IF = 1/( RC ) IF
IRR
RF 60 70dB
IF
IF 5.19

Hartley 5.25

- 90 5.24

Weaver Hartley 90
5.28 Weaver [11]
90
2  1 5.29 A j[ ( + 2 ) ( 2 )] / 2
C j B [ ( + 2 ) ( 2 )] / 2
D C

+2 + IF 2 IF

5.28 Weaver
5.28 LO 1 2 5.29

22 in + 21 ( 5.30)
22 in + 1 2
LO1 5.28


LO 1 2 = in
1 in LO

5.29 Weaver
5.30 Weaver
Hartley Weaver
Weaver 5.19
LO
IF IF
5.2.4
5.12
5.31 IF
IF
I Q
5.31
ADC 5.31 A
ADC
IF ADC
ADC
7ADC IF
IF Nyquist ADC
50 200MHz IF 100 400MHz
14
ADC
ADC ADC
IF 5.32 ADC
fIF f IF f S

5.32
ADC

ADC IF IF
[12,14,13]
5.2.5
LO RF
RF
7

AGC


f 2f
5.33
5.33 ab

RF

5.34(a)
f0 Ron
f0 5.34b
5.33(b) m
2m
5.34 ab
m2
[15]
5.3
RF
RF

RF

/RF 5.35 FM /RF

VCO
/
VCO

5.35 FM /
RF
QPSK 5.36
/ GMSK

5.37 [1617]
ROM
A B
5.36 /
5.38 GMSK
GMSK xGMSK (t ) = A cos[C t + k (t )] k (t ) =

h(t ) p(t kT )dt

h(t) h(t)

ROM

cos k

sin k

xGMSK (t ) = A cos C t cos[k (t )] A sin C t sin[k (t )]

5.37
5.36 5.37 I Q
I/Q
I/Q V0 sin int V0 cos int
I Q

vout (t ) = V0 sin in t sin LO t + V0 cos in t cos LO t = V0 cos(LO in )t

vout (t ) = V0 sin in t sin LO t

5.20

+ V0 (1 + ) cos int cos(LO t + )

V0
[1 + (1 + ) cos ]cos(in LO )t
2
V
0 (1 + ) sin sin( LO in )t
2
V0
+ [1 + (1 + ) cos ]cos(in + LO )t
2
V0
(1 + ) sin sin( LO + in )t
2

5.21

LO + in LO in

P+ 1 (1 + ) cos +
=
P 1 + (1 + ) cos +

5.22

I/Q 30dB

5.38 GMSK
PA/ 4.1
TDD 2 3dB
30% 50% PA PA 1W
300mW PA 50%
600mW
TDD 0.5 1dB FDD
5.3.1

 5.36 5.37
5.39
8

5.39
5.39 5.40
PA LO
VCO PA

PA
5.40 PA
PA LO
5.36 5.37 LO
[18] 5.41 VCO1 VCO2
1 + 2 1 2
5.41 LO
5.3.2
LO
PA VCO 5.42 I Q
1

1 + 2 BPF IF 1 2

5.42
I Q
IF

50 60dB

5.4
100

GSM -120dBmMDS 9 12dB SNRSNR
3dB 10-3
BER 2.4
8

PMDS = 174 dBm + 10 log B + NF + SNR 5.23

7 10dB
IIP3

GSM 5.43 [19]

-98dBm
5.43(a)-49dBm -50dBm GMSK

[C/(N+I)] 9dB
5.43(b)-45dBm -35dBm
IF IF C/(N+I)
9dB
5.43c-23dBm
C/(N+I) 9dB
5.43

GSM ab
c

FCC

GSM 5.44

IS-54 IS-95 ACP 26dBc 42dBc[1]

5.44 GAM

PA
FDD AMPS
50 60dB
[2] NADC GSM

5.5

RF [20-26]
5.5.1 Motorola
MC3362 Motorala FM [27] 5.45

50MHz LC
LNA

10.7MHz LC VCO IF

 10.245MHz 455kHz IF
FM

FM

5.45 MC3362
5.45
25 2V
0.7uVrms SNR 20dB 5mA
5.5.2 Philips
Philips UAA2080T FSK
[28] 5.46 LC
5.2.2
LC RF LO
LO
FSK
I Q FSK
LO 470MHz 235MHz
78.3MHz overtone

RF

5.46 UAA2080T
5.2.2 UAA2080T FSK

I/Q LO
LNA

1FSK
SNR2BER
3%
UA2080T 2V 2mA
BER=3% 1.2kb/s-125dBm(0.126uVrms)
60dB 30
5.5.3 Philips DECT
Philips DECT 5.47 1.89GHz
TDD [29]
LNA/UA2077 30dB
DAC I Q IF
110MHz SAW 9.8MHz IF
FM
IF 5.45 DECT 1.7MHz

5.47 Philips DECT

 VCO
VCO 5.48
VCO
250us
VCO

5.48
5.47 VCOtx VCO

VCO
250mA VCO
50kHz 1.9GHz 26ppm
[29]
30kHz
5.5.4 LucentGSM
Lucent Microelectronics AT&T Microelectronics
GSM
5.49 900MHz 71MHz IF
SAW
5.45 5.47
IF SAW

900MHz VCO
VCO1 117MHz VCO2 5.3.1

0dBm 50
5.49 Lucent Technologies GSM
VCO VCO3

12GHz GSM 2.7 60mA

5.5.5 Philips GSM
Philips semiconductor RF IF GSM 5.50
[30] LNA
LNA +21dB -38dB
1.3GHz VCO 400MHz IF 1.7GHz
LNA 30dB
IF
IF SAW

5.50 Philips GSM

400MHz
LC 1.3GHz

 20dB
900MHz
5.50

GSM 3

VLO2 400MHz DC
VLO2 800MHz IF
5.50 DCS1800[30]
GSM 1.8GHz VLO1 GSM DCS1800
400MHz IF
LNA

13GHz BiCMOS GSM 2.7V

105mA 50mA

[1] J. S. Kenney and A. Leke, Power Amplifier Spectral Regrowth for Digital Cellular and PCS
Applications, Microwave J., pp.74-92, October 1995.
[2] B. Maoz and A. Adar, GaAs IC Receivers for Wireless Communications, Microwave J., pp.
102-114, January 1996.
[3] R. C. Sagers, Intercept Point and Undesired Responses, IEEE Trans. Vehicular Tech., Vol. 32,
pp. 121-133, February 1983.
[4] J. F. Wilson et al., A Single-Chip VHF and UHF Receiver for Radio Paging, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 26, pp. 1994-1950, December 1981.
[5] A. A. Abidi, Direct-Conversion Radio Transceivers for Digital Communications, IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp. 1399-1410, December 1995.
[6] B. Razavi, Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers, IEEE Trans. Circuits
and Systems, Part II, Vol. 44, pp. 482-435, June 1997.
[7] K. Anvari, M. Kaube, and B. Hriskevich, Performance of a Direct Conversion Receiver with
/4-DQPSK Modulated Signal, Proc. IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf., pp. 822-827, 1991.
[8] R. Hartley, Modulation System, U.S. Patent 1,666,206, April 1928.
[9] M. D. McDonald, A 2.5 GHz BiCMOS Image-Reject Front End, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers,
pp. 144-145, February 1993.
[10] J. W. Archer, J. Granlund, and R. E. Mauzy, A Broadband UHF Mixer Exhibiting High
Image Rejection over a Multidecade Baseband Frequency Range, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 16, pp. 385-391, August 1981.
[11] D. K. Weaver, A Third Method of Generation and Detection of Single-Sideband Signals,
Proc. IRE, Vol., 44, pp.1703-1705, December 1956.
[12] A. Hairapetian, An 81 MHz IF Receiver in CMOS, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 56-57,
February 1996.
[13] J. E. Eklund and R. Arvidsson, A 10 b 120 MS/s Multiple Sampling Single Conversion

CMOS A/D Converter for I/Q Demodulation, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 294-295,
February 1996.
[14] S. Jantzi, K. Martin, and A. Sedra, A Quadrature Bandpass Modulator for Digital
Radio, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 126-127, February 1997.
[15] D. H. Shen et al., A 900MHz RF Front End with Integrated Discrete-Time Filters, IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, pp. 1945-1954, December 1996.
[16] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
[17] R. Steele, ed., Mobile Radio Communications, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1992.
[18] T. D. Stetzler et al., A 2.7-4.5 SV Single Chip GSM Transceiver RF Integrated Circuit,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp. 1421-1429, December 1995.
[19] J.Fenk, RF Heterodyne Receiver Design Techniques, MEAD Short Course on RF
Integrated Circuit Design, April 1996.
[20] J. Sevenhans et al., An Integrated Si Bipolar RF Transceiver for a Zero IF 900 MHz GSM
Digital Radio Frong-End of a Hand Portable Phone, Proc. CICC, pp. 7.7.1-7.7.4, May 1991.
[21] V. Thomas, J. Fenk, and S. Beyer, A One-Chip 2 GHz Single Superhet Receiver for 2 Mb/s
FSK Radio Communications, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 42-43, February 1994.
[22] J. Crols and M. S. J. Steyaert, A Single-Chip 900 MHz CMOS Receiver Front-End with a
High-Performance Low-IF Topology, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp.
1483-1492, December 1995.
[23] T. Antes and C. Conkling, RF Chip Set Fits Multimode Cellular/PCS Handsets,
Microwaves & RF, pp. 177-186, December 1996.
[24] J. C. Rudell et al., A 1.9 GHz Wideband IF Double Conversion CMOS Integrated Receiver
for Cordless Telephone Applications, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 304-305, February
1997.
[25] S. Heinen et al., A 2.7 V 2.5 GHz Bipolar Chip Set for Digital Wireless Communications,
ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 306-307, February 1997.
[26] R. G. Meyer, W. D. Mack, and J. E. M. Hageraats, A 2.5 GHz BiCMOS Transceiver for
Wireless LAN, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 310-311, February 1997.
[27] Motorola Semiconductor, Motorola Communication Device Data, 1996.
[28] Philips Semiconductor, Philips RF/Wireless Communications Data Handbook, 1996.
[29] R. Mohindra, Isolator for DECT Open-Loop Modulator, RF Design, pp. 30-42, January
1996.
[30] C.Marshall et al., 2.7 V GSM Transceiver ICs with On-Chip Filtering, ISSCC Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp. 148-149, February 1995.

VLSI

CMOS LNA
CMOS

6.1
6.1.1
RF
6.1 LNA
LNA
6.1 LNA

NF

2 dB

IIP3

-10 dBm

15 dB

50

-15 dB

20 dB
>1

LNA
NF 2dB duplexer

 4dB 200KHz
SNR 8dB -109dBm 2.4
2dB 6.1

NF = 1 + Req Rs

1
Vn2 = 4kT rb +

2 gm

6.1

V
= 4kT rb + T . 6.2
2IC

I C Req = rb + VT

( 2 IC ) NF = 2dB, Req

29 Q1
rb + VT

( 2 I C ) 29

6.1

6.1 IIP3 -10dBm NF = 2dB

floor

2.4

SFDR =

2
( IIP3 F ) 12dB
3

= 61dB.

6.3

6.4

LNA
IIP3 4 5dB
10dB IP3 +5dBm 20 dB LNA
IIP3

 LNA 50
LNA
RF

LNA
LNA
LNA NF
LNA

LNA 50

50 50

20 log
R0

Z in R0
.
Z in + R0

6.5

Z in = R0 + R

R
.
2 R0 + R

6.6

-15 -20 dB 50 R 15 9
R
LNA 50

LNA LO
IF
-
LO

 LNA
LNA

SPICE
LNA

Stern

1 + S11 S22
,
K=
2 S21 S12
2

6.7

= S11S22 S12 S21 K > 1 < 1

K
S K
1 SPICE K
6.7 S12
RF -
6.2(a) L1 Cu
IC C1
6.2(b)

6.2 ab

K
LNA


LNA 900MHz

LNA

NF

6.1.2
50
6.3 CF M 1
RL (1 g m )
50
CGS

{Yin } = RLCF 2
{Yin } = CF

CF + g m RL ( CL + CF )
RL2 ( CL + CF ) 2 + 1
2

RL2CL ( CL + CF ) 2 + 1 + g m RL
RL2 ( CL + CF ) 2 + 1
2

6.8

6.9

g m RL  1 CL  CF 1 ( RLCL )

g m CF
2 CL

6.10

g R
{Yin } = CF 1 + m L
2

6.11

{Yin } =

2CL

( g mCF ) 50

 6.3

6.4(a) 50
6.4(b)
RP RS

NF = 1 +

RS
RP

6.12

RP = RS LNA 3dB

50 50

6.4 ab

6.5(a)
50 6.5(b) M 3

[ 6.5(b) LNA
]

6.5 aba

6.6(a) 50
1 ( g m + g mb ) = 50

M 1 I n2 = 4kT g m = 2 3 6.6(b)
6.6(c)

NF = 1 +

6.13

 = 2 3 6.13 NF = 5 3 = 2.2dB
RS

I n2 = 4kTg m 2 NF = 3 2 = 1.77dB

6.6 abcb

MOSFET 2 3 [1]

6.7 50 --

Z in

g m L1
1
+ L1s +
CGS
CGS s

6.14

g m L1 CGS 50

L1

M 1

6.7

6.1.3 LNA
6.8(a)
Q2 I1 Q1 R1 Q2

R2 Q1 R1
R1 RS LNA

6.8 a LNAb

6.2Q1
C je C jc
Q1 RC -
--
g m F
Q1
6.2
[ 6.8(b)]

I n2 = 4kT

IC
2VT

6.15

RS RS

g R2
1
Vtot2 = 4kT RS + rb +
+ m S
2 gm
2

6.16

NF =

Vtot2
4kTRS

= 1+

rb
g R
1
+
+ m S
2
RS 2 g m RS

6.17

6.18

RS ,opt = (1 + 2 g m rb ) g m
NFmin = 1 +

(1 + 2 g m rb )


fT f [2] NF
RS ,opt LNA
RS ,opt

6.8(a) CE IP3 Q1

I C I S exp

VBE 0 + Vin
VT

V
= I S exp BE 0
VT

2
3
V

1 Vin 1 Vin
in
1 +
+ + + "
VT 2 VT 6 VT

6.19

6.20

6.20 2.11 1 = (1 VT ) exp (VBE 0 VT )

3 = 1 ( 6VT3 ) exp (VBE 0 VT ) 2.28 IP3 = 2 2VT

50 12.7dBm
IP3 10dBm
Q1 LNA
50

IP3

LNA
6.9(a) 900-MHz LNA
[2]
Le
Cu r

Z in = rb +

g m Le
1
+ Le s +
C
C s

6.21

g m Le C rb + g m Le C = 50
6.21

Q2 IP3

6.9 a[2] LNAbLNA

6.9(a) LNA
6.9(b)[2] A1

RB1 Q1 VX 1.2 V
VPTAT VBE Q3 Q4
Vb1 = VPTAT + 2VBE
Q1 I C (VPTAT + 2VBE VBE 3 VBE 2 ) R1 = VPTAT R1
RE

Av1 = g m1 R1 = I C1 R1 VT = VPTAT VT 900MHz Le

13-GHz BiCMOS 5-V 6.9

2.2dB IP3 -10dBm 900MHz 16dB[2]
50 LNA 6.10 LNA
VBE


L1 C1

6.10 LNA

11-GHz BiCMOS 6.10 1.9-V

2mA 2.8dB1.9GHz 9.6dB

IP3 -3dBm
LNA 6.11

( g m + C s ) I C 0.5 mA
1

50 C

6.11 LNA

RS -

RS = g m1 ( = 50 ) 6.11
IP3 -6.8dBm

6.1.2

6.1.3 CMOS LNA

MOSFET

 MOSFET

CMOS LNA MOS

Rg
2
vng
= 4kT Rg 3 [4]

LNA
RF

MOS
CMOS LNA 6.12(a)

C1 M 1 MOSFET
RD
RD 6.12(b) M 2
g m1 ( C1s )
M 2 [ 6.12(c)][5]
M 2
[ 6.12(c)]
g m1 + g m 2

6.12 a
b
c
d[5] LNA

6.12(d) 50
g m RL
g m RL (1 + g m RL ) [5] g m 1 RL 1

 2
0.5- m CMOS 2.7-V 6.12(d)

900-MHz LNA 1.9dB 15.6dB

IP3 -3.2dBm 20mW
6.13 1.5-GHz CMOS LNA
6.7 LNA LS L1
1.5GHz LD Q 4

6.13 [6] LNA

M 2 LNA

(1) LO (2)

6.13 LNA 50
10mA 0.6- m CMOS 1.5-V 3dB
20dB IP3 -10dBm
6.14 LNA MESFET [7] COMS
[8] M 1 M 2
M 1 C1 M 2 M 2
C2
C1 X Y RF

6.14 [7] LNA

6.2
6.2.1

RF LO

RF LO
6.15(a) S1 RF
S1 2

RF RF
LO

6.15 ab NMOS

LNA
RF
LNA
6.15(a) MOS [ 6.15(b)]
RF M 1 -
M 1 RL
6.2 12dB

I I P3 +5dBm 15dB LNA

2
6.2

NF

12 dB

IIP3

+5 dBm

10 dB

 50

10-20 dB

6.15(b)

LO
50% RF 0 1
LO sin ( 2 ) = 1 IF
1 1
6.16 RF
M 1 M 2 M 3 LO
M 1 M 1 R1 R2
MOS

6.16

RF

IF RF
RF
IF
IF

RF
50

IF 500 1000 2
50

6.3

SSB DSB

1 6.17 RF
RS
IF
SNR
SNR 3dB

6.17 RF

SSB NFSSB
LO
AM 6.18
0dB

IF 100MHz

DSB NF LO

6.18 AM

RF
SSB DSB 3dB

DSB NF SSB NF DSB NF 3dB

RF LO

50% RF LO
RF 3 RF 5 RF
IF
(1)(2)

LO-RF

LNA LO RF-LO RF
LO-IF

LO IF
RF-IF RF IF
( 5 )

LO RF
6.19(a)
LO RF Gilbert
[ 6.19(b)]

 6.19 ab

6.2.4 LO

LNA
RF
6.19(b) M 1

M 2
6.19(a) LO-IF
M 2 M 3
LO IF LO
IF LO
LO IF 6.19(b)
M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 LO
LO-IF

6.19
RF IF
6.20
I RF 6.20(a)
0 +1 6.20(b)-1 +1
Vout ( t ) = I RF R a + bS ( t ) 6.20(a)
a = b = 0.5 6.20(b) a = 0 b = 1 S ( t ) 6.20(b)

0.5I RF R

6.20 ab

I RF IF
I RF
5 RF LNA

IF

6.20(a) I RF Vout I RF

RF IF I RF
6.20(b)
LO 50%
IC

IF SAW
LC
[9] 6.21 [10] LC L1 L2 C1
I out SAW
IF

6.21

RF LO

m RF + n LO m n
LO RF

IF RF LO

 m n

6.2.2
6.22
RF Q1
Q2 Q3 6.22(a)

50 6.22(b) RE + 1 g m1 50 [2]
6.1.3
RS 6.22(b) RF 6.22(a)

6.22 RF ab

6.22(b)
Q2 Q3 VLO Q1
I c1 ( t ) = VRF ( t ) ( RS + RE + 1 g m1 ) LO 50%
I c 2 I c 3 I c1 -1 +1

Vout ( t ) =

VRF ( t ) RC
4
cos LO t
RS + RE + 1 g m1

6.22

LO VRF ( t ) cos LO t VRF ( )

LO 2 IF
VIF ( ) =

VRF ( 0 ) 2 RC
RS + RE + 1 g m1

6.23

 IF VIF RF X

AV =

( 2 RC )( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )
( RE + 1 g m1 ) / ( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )

RC
RE + 1 g m1
2

6.24

6.25

RS = RE + 1 g m1

AV =

1 2 RC
RS

6.26

IF

PIF =

VIF2 ,rms

6.27

2 RC

2 VIF ,rms 2 RC 6.23

PIF =

2
2
VRF
, rms RC

( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )

2
VRF
, rms RC

1
2 RC

6.28

6.29

( RS + RE + 1 g m1 ) 2
2

Pin =

2
VRF
, rms

6.30

4 RS

AP =
=

PIF
Pin

6.31

RS RC

( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )

6.32

RS = RE + 1 g m1

AP =

1 2 RC
2 RS

6.33

6.266.33 AP AV2

2 RC RS AP = AV2

AP =

2
Vout
RL
2
Vin RS

= AV2

RS
RL

6.34

6.35

AP AV2 10 log ( RS RL )

6.2.4 6.22

6.22(a) 6.22(b) Q1 RE RS
IIP3

6.22 Q2 Q3 Q1 [11] LO
Q2

Q3 Q2 Q3 - Q1
Q2 Q3 LO
slew rate[11]
6.22(a) 6.22(b) LO-RF
LO Q2 Q3 P
LO 2 LO

 6.22(a) Q1 - RF
6.22(b)

LO
LO
LO
RF 6.22(b) LO
RF -33 dB[2] Q1

P
6.22(b) 6.22(a) LO-RF
LNA

Gilbert Gilbert
LO-IF Schmook RF [12]
6.23(a)
A nA -
VT ln n [ 6.23(b)]
6.23(c)

Gm n 4 Gm [12]

6.23 a
bSchmook
c

Gm

6.23(b)

IIP3
6.24


I EE C1 C3
11-GHz 1.9-GHz
IIP3 +2.3dBm SSB NF 10.9dB 1.9-V
5mW

6.24 RF

[1314]

6.2.3

CMOS

6.19 CMOS
CMOS
RF -

6.25 LO
MOS M 2 M 3
M 2
M 3 M 1 RF
6.2.4 M 2
M 3

6.25 CMOS

LO M 2 M 3

 M 2 M 3 P
RF 3 M 2 M 3
RF P
M 2 M 3 LO
RF -

CMOS 6.26(a)
LO M 1 M 2
M 1 M 2

- VRF
IP3

6.26 a CMOS b

6.26(a)
1 VRF
6.2.2
2 ( 4 dB ) LO M 1 M 2

M 1 M 2 LO IF
6.26(b)
LO MOS RF
3

M 2 M 3 P

6.2.4
6.27
RF
IF RF SPICE

SPICE

6.27

6.28(a)

RF Q1
RE Q1
IF RC1 RC 2

6.28 ab Q3 Q2

Q2 Q3
6.28(b) LO
P CP
Q2 Q3 - Q1 -
-
Q2 RF
IF
LO

 Q2 Q3

Q2 6.28(b)
Q2 ( 1 g m 3 )
Q2 Q3 I C1
Q2 Q3
I C1
Q2 Q3
(1) LO Q2 Q3 (2) CP
Q1 Q3 (3) Q2 Q3
CP (4) Q2 Q3
Q2 Q3

I n2 = 2qI C I C
Q1

Vn2 = 2kT g m = 2kTVT I C I C

Q1 Q2 Q3

Q1 Q2 Q3
6.29 [15] I S 0.8I C1 Q2 Q3
5 Q2 Q3
RC1 RC2 5
Q2 Q3

 Q1 RF
CP I S RF
I S

6.29 IS Q2 Q3

6.28(a) LO

LO 6.30 LO
Q2 Q3
LO
X
Q1 6.2.1
IF I C1 VX
RF

6.30 LO

MOS MOS
6.25 MOS M 2 M 3 1V LO
LO

MOSFET

M 2 M 3 RF
MOS

 LO
MOSFET

6.31(a)

RF IF
(1) IF
(2)
IF (3)
Vni2 (4) NF = Vni2 ( 4kTRS )

6.31 a
b RF c

6.31(a) RF

900MHz LO 50MHz 6.31(b) SPICE

RS M 1 I S I RF RF I im
I IF 50MHz I RF I im
I n , RD RD IF
I RF = I1 cos 1t

I im = I 2 cos 2t I IF = I 3 cos 3t LO M 2 M 3
(FFT) IF
1 2 3 IF
I n , RD
M 2 M 3

[ 6.31(c)
] M 2 M 3 ( I D 2 = I D 3 )
IF LO
[16]
IF

A
4kTRS
[17]

6.3
Friis

6.32 50
500 NF

6.32

(1) AIF
NF AIF 6.2.4

 AIF
(2) Friis
NF
(1) IC IF
(2)
AIF
AIF NF 6.32 NF
RS = 500 50
NF
6.33
NFA = 1 + Vn2 ( 4kTRSA )

NFB = 1 + Vn2 ( 4kTRSB )

( NFA 1) RSA = ( NFB 1) RSB

6.36

6.33 RSA RSB

6.36
6.34
2
2
VnA2 ,tot = Vn2 + RSA
I n2 VnB2 ,tot = Vn2 + RSB
I n2 Vn I n

6.34

( NFA 1) 4kTRSA RSA2 I n2 = ( NFB 1) 4kTRSB RSB2 I n2

6.36

I n2 NF NF
50MHz IF I n2 6.36

 I n2

Friis
Friis
NF2 Rout1 NF2 1
6.32 IF
500 NFIF 1
50 IF
NFIF 1
6.35
A B C D 50 IF
500 NF6 500

E NFE = NF6

dB

+ L5

dB

= 15 dB = 31.6

D NF NFD = NF4 + ( NFE 1) AP 4 = 15.85 + 9.68 25.53 = 14.1 dB

C NF NFC = L3

dB

+ NFD

dB

= 20.1 dB = 102.3

6.35

LNA

NF

NFB = NF2 + ( NFC 1) AV2 2 = 1.58 + 3.2 = 4.78 14.1 dB

NFtot = L1

dB

+ NFB

dB

8.79 dB LNA

6.36 6.35

6.36 6.35


IP3
IP3 +100 dBm
IF IF
IP3 2
IP3 50
I P3 dBV IP3

NF
IP3 IP3 IF
30 dB 5 dB E IP3
6.37 IF E 30 dB

1
1
M2
= 2 + 2
IP3,2E IP3,filt
IP3,amp

6.38

6.37 IF

M = 1 31.6 (= 30 dB)

IP3, E =

IP3,amp
M

= 22.1 Vrms

6.39
6.40

D I P3

Av24
1
1
=
+
2
IP3,2D IP3,mix
IP3,2E

6.38

IP3, D 398 mVrms +5 dBm IP3,D

 IP3,C +11 dBm IP3, B 12.6 dBm IP3, A 10.6 dBm

[1] A. A. Abidi, High-Frequency Noise Measurements on FETs with Small

Dimensions. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol.33, pp. 1801-1805, November 1986.
[2] R. G. Meyer and W. D. Mack, A 1-GHz BiCMOS RF Front-End Integrated
Circuit, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.29, pp. 350-355, March 1994.
[3] J. R. Long and M. A. Copeland, A 1.9 GHz Low-Voltage Silicon Bipolar
Receiver Front-End for Wireless Personal Communication Systems, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp. 1438-1448, December 1995.
[4] B. Razavi, R. H. Yan, and K. F. Lee, Impact of Distributed Gate Resistance on
the Performance of MOS Devices, IEEE Trans. Circuits and SystemsI, Vol. 41, pp.
750-754, November 1994.
[5] A. N. Karanicolas A 2.7 V 900 MHz CMOS LNA and Mixer, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, pp.1939-1944, December 1996.
[6] D. K. Shaeffer and T. H. Lee, A 1.5 V 1.5 GHz CMOS Low Noise Amplifier,
VLSI Circuits Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers, pp.32-33, June 1996.
[7] Triquint Semiconductor, TQ9203, Low-Current RFIC Downconverter, in
Wireless Communication Products, 1995.
[8] A. R. Shahani, D. K. Shaeffer, and T. H. Lee, A 12 mW Wide Dynamic Range
CMOS Front End for Portable GPS Receivers, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp.
368-369, February 1997.
[9] Philips Semiconductor, Philips RF/Wireless Communication Data Hand book,
1996.
[10] A. K. Wong, S. H. Lee, and M. G. Wong, Current Combiner Enhances Active
Mixer Performance, Microwaves and RF, pp. 156-165, March 1994.
[11] R. G. Meyer, Intermodulation in High-Frequency Bipolar Transistor
Integrated-Circuit Mixers, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.21, pp. 534-537,
August 1986.
[12] J. C. Schmoock, An Input Stage Transconductance Reduction Technique for
High Slew Rate Operational Amplifiers, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.10,
pp,407-411, December 1975.
[13] B.Razavi, A 1.5-V 900-MHz Downconversion Mixer, ISSCC Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp48-49, February 1996.
[14] J. Durec, E. Main, and D. Lovelace, Motorolas MOSAICV Silicon Bipolar
Building Blocks Fill Gaps in High Performance Low Power Wireless Chip Sets,
Proc. Fourth Annual Wireless Symp. , pp. 218-223, February 1996.
[15] W. H. Sansen and R. G. Meyer, Distortion in Bipolar Transistor Variable Gain
Amplifiers, IEEE of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 8, pp.275-282, August 1973.
[16] B. Razavi, A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, pp.331-343, March 1996.

[17] C. D. Hull and R. G. Meyer, A Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Noise in

Mixers, IEEE Trans. Circuits and SystemsI, Vol. 40, pp. 909-919, December 1993

CMOS

7.1

RF 7.1(a)

Y (s)
H (s)
=
X ( s) 1 H ( s)

(7.1)

s0 H ( s0 ) = +1 s0
H ( s0 = j 0 ) = +1
0 (1) H ( j 0 ) 1(2)

H ( j 0 ) 0 180
7.1 aba
Barkhausen

LC
H(s) 7.1(b)
7.4
Barkausen [2]

360

7.1(a) H(s)

[ 7.2(a)]
LC 7.2(b)
7.2(c)
R p
R p
R p

7.2 abLC cb
7.1(a) 7.2(a)

7.2(a) LC

[1]
1
1
(ALC, automatic level control) 7.3

VREF VREF
ALC
ALC

7.3
6
50%

LC
7.4

7.4

7.9
50%

7.2 LC
(1)
;2

7.1(a) LC
LC ( 7.5) ( FET )
7.6(a)
0 0

7.5 ab

1/ g m Q
1
[ 7.6(b)]
7.6 a
b
c

7.6(c)
2

n n / g m
2 7.7(a)
7.7(b) Colpitts Hartley 2
(1 + C1 / C2 ) / g m [ 7.7(a)] (1 + L2 / L1 ) / g m [
2

7.7(b)] Q
7.7 aColpitts bHartley
Q1 r =

LeqCeq

Leq

Ceq 7.7(a)(b)
Q
R p = ( Leq r ) / Rs Rs
2

Leq Rs Leq

 m R p R p

1GHz

7.4
Q1 7.7

X Q1
Colpitts Hartley

Colpitts Hartley
7.8(a)
M 1 Z in
7.8(b) I D1 C2

IX
g m + X + VX C s s = I X
C1s
C1s

(7.2)

gm
1
1
VX
=
+
+
2
I X C1C2 s C1s C2 s

(7.3)

s = j g m /(C1C2 )
2

[ 7.8(c)]
7.8 abc

7.9
7.9 7.8(c)

7.3
5

IS-54
30kHz

Q
LC ()
7.10

7.10
VCO
VCO

Vcont : out = FR + KVCOVcont FR KVCO VCO (

rad / s / V ) FR Vcont out 0
Vcont FR
VCO

y (t ) = A cos FR t + KVCO Vcont dt

(7.4)

Vcont V0 y (t ) = A cos ( FR + KVCOV0 ) t + 0 0

Vcont KVCOVcont
(7.4) VCO 3.2
vcont (t ) = Vm cos m t

K
y (t ) = A cos FR t + VCO Vm sin mt
m

VCO KVCOVm / m

(7.5)

( 3 ) FR FR m

7.4

x(t ) = A cos [ c t + n (t ) ] n (t )
n (t )

n (t )

1 rad x(t ) A cos c t An (t ) sin ct n (t )

c
c

( 7.11) c
()-2 dBm
1-MHz 1-kHz -70 dBm

-70 dBm+2 dBm-30 dB=-98 dBc/Hz dBc dB

7.11

7.4.1
7.12

7.13
7.12
7.13(a)

7.13(b)
reciprocal mixing

7.13(c)
2 1

 1 2 kHz
900MHz 1.9Ghz IS-54
60 kHz -115 dBc/Hz
7.13 a
breciprocal
c

7.14
30 kHz 60 kHz 60dB 60 kHz
15 dB

Pn ,tot =

fH

S ( f )df
n

(7.6)

fL

S n ( f ) f L f H
S n ( f ) S0 Pn ,tot = S0 ( f H f L )

SNR =

Psig
S0 ( f H f L )

(7.7)

10 log( S0 / Psig ) = 15 dB 10 log( f H f L ) Pint

Psig 60 dB 10 log( S0 / Pint ) = 15 dB 10 log( f H f L ) 60 dB
60 kHz -120 dBc/Hz-120 dBc/Hz
30-kHz -70 dBc

f L f H
(7.6)
7.14

QPSK 7.15[4]

7.15 QPSK

7.4.2 Q
LC Q
Q

 Q
Q 2(/) LC
Q
Q
7.16 Q -3-dB
LC
7.16 Q
Q 7.17
( ) Q

Q=

0 d
2 d

(7.8)

Q Q
0 0

0 Q
7.17 Q
(7.8) 7.18(a) Colpitts Q
M 1 M 1 7.2
Q 1/ g m1 7.18(b)

VX
1
= Ls
Rp
I in
Ceq s
Ceq = C1C2 (C1 + C2 ) RP (1 + C1 C2 )

g m1 (C1 + C2 ) s

(7.9)

g m

M 1 VX [C2 (C1 + C2 ) ]
I out = g mVX [C2 (C1 + C2 ) ]

I out
C2
1
(s) = gm
Rp
Ls

I in
C1 + C2
Ceq s

(7.10)

 ( ) =
= 0 = 1

tan 1

L
R p (1 LCeq 2 )

(7.11)

LCeq
d
d

=0

= 2Ceq R p

(7.12)

Q = R p Ceq0 = R p / ( L0 )

7.18 a Colpitts b

R p
Q Q Q
Q

7.4.3
[5,6,7]
LC
[6,7]

VCO
7.19
x(t )
7.19 ab

7.19(a)

y (t ) x(t ) H(s)
Y (s)
H (s)
=
X ( s) 1 H ( s)
= 0 +

(7.13)

H ( j )
H ( j ) H ( j0 ) +
H ( j 0 ) = +1

dH d

dH
d

1 (7.13)

(7.14)

Y
1
(0 + ) dH
X

d
= 0 +

(7.15)

( dH d ) 7.20 [25]
1

Y
[ j (0 + )] =
X

1
dH
( )2
d

(7.16)

7.20
dH d H ( ) H ( ) = H exp( j )
2

dH d H
d
=
+jH
exp( j )
d d
d

(7.17)

d H
dH
=
d
d

d
d

(7.18)

(7.18) Q [25]
LC LC
2

d H d d d H 1
2

dH d d d (7.16)
2

2
Y
1
( j ) = 0 2
X
4 0 d 2

2 d
2

(7.19)

(7.8)

Y
1 0
( j ) =

X
4Q 2
2

(7.20)

Leeson [6] Q
(7.20)
(7.20)

X ( j ) VS 7.7

 Q1 I C1
RP I C1 VS I C1 RP
I C1
LC Q

1(7.20)
2
(3) RP Q
VS I C1 Q Q I C1
I C1
Q [10,11]
7.1
7.21
n
20 n [25]
Leeson [8,9]

Y
A 0
( j ) =

X
4Q 2
2

(7.21)

A
1A 2 3
7.21

VCO

[ 7.22(a)]
7.22(b)
Vm cos mt KVCO VCO

vout (t ) A0 cos 0t +

A0Vm KVCO
[ cos(0 + m )t cos(0 m )t ]
2m

0 m ( KVCO

(7.22)

m ) Vm2 4 KVCO
2


m
1 f

7.22 aVCO b
VCO

7.7 Q1

7.4.4
N
2

( 7.23) N
N
N
7.23 N
0 P
(0

) P
2

7.4.5
N
N x(t ) = A cos [c t + n (t ) ] n (t )
N

(t )

x1 / N = A cos t + n
N
N

(7.23)

N N


7.7 LC N
Q 7.20
N2

7.4.6

7.24

[12,13]

7.24
5

7.25

LO int VCO 6

7.25
7.26 GFSK DECT
[14]VCO 8
VCO VCO
VCO
VCO VCO
PA [14]
7.26
7.10

7.5 CMOS LC

SAW LC

Q 20 LC
7.4.3

VCO

LC KVCO

7.5.1 Gm
7.2
7.7 Colpitts Hartley
7.27(a) B1
7.27(b)
Q2 Q1 VCC
[ 7.27(c)]

7.27 a Colpitts
b
cb
7.27c 7.28 Q1 Q2
Rin = 2 g m Rin
Gm
7.28

7.27(c) Q1 Q2 X Y 400 mV
( 7.29)
X Y Q1 Q2
7.29

Gm MOS 7.30 [15,16,17]

7.30c
I1 I 2
7.30 CMOS a VDD bc

7.31(a)

D1 D2 Vcont CMOS D1 D2
7.31(b)

L1 = L2 = 10 nH (W L )1 = (W L )2 = 100 m 0.6 m I DD = 2 mA VDD = 2.7 V

1.8 GHz M 1 M 2 I DD Q 4

L1 L2 5 pF 0.25 pF
M 1 M 2 X Y
0.25 pF D1 D2 p- 0.1 pF
7.31 ab CMOS
0.6 pF f=1.8 GHz
=10 nH 0.18 pF
VX VY 0.5 V Vcont
1.2 V D1 D2
Vcont Vcont
C j 50%
23 Cj
50 10
7.31(a) X Y
Vcont L1 L2

7.5.2
VCO

7.32 H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s )

1 2

H ( s ) = 1 H1 ( s) + 2 H 2 ( s ) 1

1 = 0 2 = 0 c H1 ( s) H 2 ( s) 1
2 c H1 ( s) 1 = 0

7.32
7.33 [18]
R1 R2
1

Gm1 R1 L1s
Gm 2 R2 L2 s
+ 2
1 = 0
2
R1 L1C1s + L1s + R1
R2 L2C2 s 2 + L2 s + R2

(7.24)

(7.24)

7.33
1 2 7.34
[18] 1
1 2
(1 + 1 ) (2Q ) Q [18]

7.34

7.6

Q
( 7.35)
[19]
7.35
[20][21,22] 5nH
50nH 10%[17]

L 1.3 107

Am5 / 3
1/ 6
Atot
W 1.75 (W + G )0.25

(7.25)

Am 7.35 Atot 7.25 S

W G
Q 7.36
[23]
Q CMOS

7.36 a
bc
7.37

45 Q
7.37

f SR
f SR
f SR
CMOS Q 5

7.7 VCO
Barkhausen
/

7.38 M
2 MTd Td 1
1
[24]
7.38

7.39 C1
M 1 M 2

X Y [25]
X-Y 2 g m 1 C1s
R1 R2 X Y
7.39
Q 1
Q
1.3 9 6
[25]

7.8
5
90

7.8.1 RC-CR
RC-CR 45 7.40 5.2.3
Vout1 Vout 2 90 = 1 ( RC )
RC

 GHz
I Q
7.40 RC-CR
AM-PM

slew rate[26]
7.41

7.41

1 tan ( R1C1 ) M 1 M 2 Vin
1

R1C1 ln 2
2 = R1C1 ln 2
R1C1 ln 2 tan ( R1C1 )
1

AM-PM

7.40 90
= 1/ ( RC )

=
=

tan 1 R (1 + )C (1 + ) tan 1 RC

(7.26)

RC (1 + )(1 + ) RC
1 + RC (1 + )(1 + ) RC

(7.27)

tan 1

tan 1

+
2

(7.28)

+
2

(7.29)

= 1% 3.6 2 0.6

7.40 Vout1 Vout2

C 2% 1

 7.40 vin

vin (t ) = A1 cos t + An cos nt vin (t ) 90 t T / 4 t

T = 2 vin (t T 4) = A1 cos ( t 2 ) + An cos ( n t n 2 ) n
T = n 2 RC-CR 90
Vout1 Vout2

vout1 (t ) =
=

A1
R C +1
A2
2

cos t tan 1 ( RC )

4 R 2C 2 2 + 1

(7.30)

cos 2t tan (2 RC )
1

A1 RC

cos t tan 1 ( RC ) +
2

R C +1
2 A2 RC

=
cos 2t tan 1 (2 RC ) +
2 2 2
2

4R C + 1

vout 2 (t ) =

(7.31)

RC =
1

A1
A

cos t + 2 cos ( 2t tan 1 2 )

4
2
5

(7.32)

A1
2A

cos t + + 2 cos 2t tan 1 2 +

4
2
2
5

(7.33)

vout1 =

vout 2 =

1 A2 < 1.4% A1
1 1.2%
RC-CR
7.40 C C 5CL
C 1/ Cs

7.8.2 Havens
7.42(a)Havens 90 V1 V2

 Vout1 Vout 2 [27] 7.42(b) V1 V2

Vout1 Vout2 90 v1 (t ) = A cos t

v2 (t ) = A cos ( t + )

v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) = 2 A cos cos t +
2
2

(7.34)

v1 (t ) v2 (t ) = 2 A sin sin t +
2
2

(7.35)

7.42 aHavens b
v1 v2 90
AM-PM

7.42(a)
v2 (t ) = ( A + ) cos( t + )
7.42(b)[ 7.43(a)] cos( t + ) vout1
1 vout 2 2 7.43(b)

tan 1 =

sin( / 2)
2 A cos( / 2) + cos( / 2)

(7.36)

tan 2 =

cos( / 2)
2 A sin( / 2) + sin( / 2)

(7.37)

sin( / 2) cos( / 2)
+
2 A cos( / 2) sin( / 2)

(7.38)

1 + 2

1
A sin

(7.39)

90 (7.39) 1% 0.6
7.43 a Havens
ba
90
v1 (t ) v2 (t )


v1 (t ) v2 (t ) a cos 2 t a cos ( 2 t + 2 )
2 90 7.8.1
vout1 vout 2 n n 2
90
v1 (t ) = A cos t + a cos ( 2k + 1) t

v2 (t ) = A cos ( t + ) + a cos ( 2k + 1) t + ( 2k + 1) k

vout1 (t ) = 2 A cos cos t +

2
2

(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)

+ 2 cos
cos (2k + 1)t +
2
2

(7.40)

vout 2 (t ) = 2 A sin sin t +

2
2

(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)

+ 2 sin
sin (2k + 1)t +
2
2

(7.41)

vout1 vout 2 2 vout 2 (t ) = vout1 [t (2 ) ]

vout1 (t

) = 2 A cos sin t +
2
2
2

(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)

k
+ 2 cos
sin (2k + 1)t +
2

(7.42)

(7.41)(7.42)

Haven 7.44
v1 v2
I Q
7.40 vout1 vout2

7.44

7.8.3
1

21 7.45 Vin 50% Vout1 Vout2 90

8
7.45
21
50%
Vin Vout1 Vout 2 7.40
RC-CR

7.9
5.3.1
5.49 GSM
7.46(a)

7.46(b)
cos 1t cos 2t sin 1t sin 2t = cos (1 2 ) t

5.3

7.46 a
b SSB
6

7.46(b)1 2

-30 dB SSB
7.46(a)


[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]

[18]
[19]

[20]

B. van der Pol, The nonlinear Theory of Electric Oscillations, Proc. IRE, Vol.22, pp.
1051-1086, September 1934.
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Oscillators, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 27, pp. 810-820, May 1992.
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John Wiley, 1980
B. Law and M. Groh, Identifying RF-Related Impairments in Full-Service Digital
Networks, Microwave J., pp. 88-94, March 1996.
E. Hafner, The Effect of Noise in Oscillators, Proc. IEEE, Vol.54, pp.179-198,
February 1966.
D. Leeson, A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum, Proc. IEEE,
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Fully-Integrated Tank and Tuning Circuits, ISSCC Dig. Of Tech. Papers, pp. 392-393,
February 1997.
C.A.M. Boon, Design of High-Performance Negative Feedback Oscillators, Ph.D.
Thesis, Delft University, The Netherlands, 1989.
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IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 25, pp. 1028-1031, August 1990.
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Proc. IEDM, pp. 38.7.1-38.7.4, December 1995.
K. Kurokawa, Injection Locking of Microwave Solid-State Oscillators, Proc. IEEE,
Vol. 61, pp. 1386-1410, October 1973.
R. Adler, A Study of Locking Phenomena in Oscillators, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, pp.
351-357, June 1946.
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January 1996.
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pp. 388-389, February 1997.
B. Razavi, A 900-MHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Receiver, VLSI Circuits Symp. Dig.
Of Tech. Papers, June 1997.
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Prescaler, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.
30, pp. 1474-1482, December 1995.
N.M. Nguyen and R.G. Meyer, A 1.8-GHz CMOS Monolithic LC Voltage-Controlled
Oscillator, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 27, pp. 444-450, March 1992.
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VCO Set with Prescaler for GSM and DCS-1800 Systems, Proc CICC, pp. 403-406,
May 1997.
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Trans. On Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging, Vol. 10, pp. 101-109, June 1974.

[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]

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Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1996.
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Mobile Terminals, ISSCC Dig. of Tech. Papers, pp.140-141, February 1993.

PLLs1
N N

[1, 2, 3]

8.1

900MHz
1.9GHz 30kHz
30kHz
Hz 8.1

8.1

8.2
LO S
int

f S = 0 LO ( = IF )
60dB LO S 0 int

8.2 Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock recovery

Circuit, B. Razavi, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 4-32, 1996 IEEE.

 8.2
8.3
8.3.1

8.3

8.2
8.2.1

out = FR + KVCOcont y ( t ) = AC cos FR t + KVCO cont ( t ) dt

t

out ( t ) = KVCO cont dt

out
K
( s ) = VCO
Vcont
s

(8.1)

2 t < t0
8.4
cont t = t0 V
t = t1
cont

8.4

cont
PLL
(PD)

 8.5

out = K PD

(8.2)

V / rad
K PD
K PD

8.5
8.6

8.6

x1 ( t ) = A1 cos 1t x2 ( t ) = A2 cos (2t + )

y ( t ) = A1 cos 1t A2 cos (2t + )

A1 A2
2

cos (1 + 2 ) t + +

A1 A2
2

cos (1 2 ) t

(8.3)
(8.4)

1 = 2 /

y (t ) =

A1 A2
2

cos

(8.5)

8.7 / 2
8.2

y (t )

A1 A2
2

(8.6)

K PD = A1 A2 2 1 2
8.7
Gilbert

8.2.2

8.8

LPF
x ( t ) y ( t )

8.8

8.9

t < t0 t = t0
8.10
in
out x ( t ) y ( t )
LPF
in out
t = t0
8.9

8.10

8.10

(1)
in (2)

out

in out [4]

in

(1) (2)
(3)

8.11
out ( s ) in ( s )
GLPF ( s )

H O ( s ) = K PD GLPF ( s )

KVCO
s

(8.7)

H (s) =

out ( s )
in ( s )

K PD KVCO GLPF ( s )
s + K PD KVCO GLPF ( s )

8.11

(8.8)

(8.9)

 8.12

GLPF ( s ) =

1
1+

(8.10)

LPF

LPF = 1 ( RC ) (8.9)

K PD KVCO

H (s) =

LPF

(8.11)

+ s + K PD KVCO

K = K PD KVCO rad sec

8.12
(8.11)

s 2 + 2n s + n2 n 3
H (s) =

n2
s 2 + 2n s + n2

(8.12)

n = LPF K

(8.13)

1 LPF
K
2

(8.14)

n -3dB

0.5 2 2
K LPF =

2 2 K = LPF 2

(8.12)

s 0 H ( s ) 1

s 0

 8.11 H e ( s ) = e ( s ) in ( s )

He ( s) = 1 H ( s)

(8.15)

s 2 + 2n s
= 2
s + 2n s + n2

(8.16)

s 0 0
(8.12)(8.16)
(8.12)

(8.12) 8.10
u ( t ) u ( t ) 8.13
rad sec

out ( s ) = H ( s ) in ( s )

n2

2
2
s + 2n s + n s 2

(8.17)

(8.18)

e ( s ) = H e ( s ) in ( s )

(8.19)

s 2 + 2n s
= 2
s + 2n s + n2 s 2

(8.20)

e ( t = ) = lim se ( s )

(8.21)

s 0

(8.22)

(8.23)

8.13

K
KVCO ( KVCO K PD )
8.13
< 1


1
y ( t ) = 1
exp ( nt ) sin n 1 2 t +
2
1

= sin

u (t )

(8.24)

1 2

[4, 5, 6]

8.2.3
/

/(PFDs)
8.14 PFD A
B PFD QA QB A < B
QB QA = 0 A = B PFD QA QB
QA QB
QA QB A B QA
QB
8.14 / (a) A > B (b) A B
QA = QB = 0

QA = 0, QB = 1 QA = 1, QB = 0
A B
8.15
PFD
QA = QB = 0 A I
QA = 1, QB = 0 B PFD 0
0 II

 8.15 PFD
A > B B
A PFD II
0 I [7]
8.16[7] PFD
D D 1 A B D DFFA

DFFB QA = QB = 0 A QA
A QA B
QA QB
8.17 PFD
8.16 PFD
8.17 PFD
8.16 D CMOS
CMOS
8.18[8] D
PFD [9, 10]
PFD

8.18 8.16 D
8.12

/ 8.19
QA T
I1 CP IT A > B A = B A B
CP PFD
QB I 2 CP Vout
QA = QB = 0 Vout
PFD/ IT

( 2 CP )

 A B
CP
PFD/
[5, 9]
8.19 PFD
(CPPLLs) PFD
8.20 /
PFD (1)
(2)

8.20
PFD
PFD/

K PFD s PFD/

K PFD KVCO
s
s
H (s) =
K PFD KVCO
1+
s
s
=

K PFD KVCO
s + K PFD KVCO
2

(8.25)

(8.26)

= j K PFD KVCO

8.21
8.21

[11]
[11]
in out = e I e 2

Vcont ( s ) =

Ie
1
R+

2
CP s

out ( s ) = Vcont ( s ) KVCO s

(8.27)

I
( RCP s + 1) KVCO
2 CP
H (s) =
I
I
s2 +
KVCO Rs +
KVCO
2
2 CP

(8.28)

z = 1 ( RCP )

n =
=

R
2

I
KVCO
2 CP

(8.29)

ICP
KVCO
2

(8.30)

n R
(8.24) (n 2 )

= RIKVCO ( 8 )

CP
n
n (8.29)(8.30)
I KVCO n

Gardner [11]

n2 <

in2
( RCPin + )

(8.31)

n R [10]

[11]S1 S 2 I1 I 2 R
S1 S 2

Gardner [11]

8.2.4

I II

RC PFD

I II
K = K PD KVCO

I K (1 + s

LPF ) s

K = 0 s1 = 0 s2 = LPF [ 8.22(a)] K s1

s2 K = LPF 4 K
= cos K
8.22 (a) I (b) II
II I P R + 1 ( CP s ) KVCO 2 s I P KVCO

IKVCO = 8

( R C ) = 1
2

II RC
[4, 11]

8.2.5
jitter
x ( t ) = A cos c t + n ( t )
n ( t )

[15]
(1) (2)

8.2.6
8.23 x ( t ) = A sin c t + in ( t )

y ( t ) = B sin c t + out ( t ) II out ( s ) in ( s )

n2 (1 + s z )
H (s) = 2
s + 2n s + n2

(8.32)

in ( t )
s = 0 H ( s ) = 1 in ( t ) (8.32)
n H ( s )
2

in ( t ) 8.23 (8.32)
out ( t ) y ( t ) = B sin c t

8.23

8.2.7
8.24 VCO VCO in
in VCO out 4 in ( t ) = 0

II in = 0

out ( s )
s2
= 2
VCO ( s ) s + 2n s + n2
4

(8.33)

(8.32)

VCO out

8.24
VCO 8.25(a)(b)
VCO
out 0 VCO K PD s KVCO s

8.25
(8.33) s out VCO
VCO

8.2.8

8.26(a)

()[ 8.26(b)] F = in
out = M in M

8.26 (a) (b)

8.26 M
M
K M K
8.26(b)

-3db M

8.3
f out = f 0 + kf ch f 0
k 0 f ch
IS-54 f 0 = 869MHz k = 0,...,833 f ch = 30kHz 8.1 k

f 0 f ch

8.3.1 -N
8.26 f out = f 0 + kf ch
8.27
f out = Mf REF M 1 ML MH Mf REF f 0 + kf ch
( k = 0 ) M L f REF = f 0

( M L + 1) f REF =

f 0 + f ch f ch = f REF f out = M L f REF + kf REF

8.27 -N
8.27 M = M L + k k = 0,1,...N
8.28

(1)
N + 1 N (2) P (3)
S S 1
f out = ( NP + S ) fin
N + 1
S
( N + 1) S

 f in N
S
S P S
(P S) N

( N + 1) S + ( P S ) N = PN + S

8.28
-N

PFD
CMOS

-N
8.27
8.2.3
UP DOWN
8.29 S1 S 2
X

8.30 S1 S 2 X

VX
8.29

t V 8.31 g ( t )

out = V0 cos FR t + KVCO g ( t ) dt + KVCO V1dt

8.30

g ( t )

(8.34)

g (t ) =

V t
+ an cos ( nREF t + n )
TREF n 0

(8.35)

V1

out ( t ) V0 cos FR + KVCO

V t
+ KVCOV1 t
TREF

a
KVCO V0 n sin ( nREF t + n )
n 0 nREF

V t
+ KVCOV1 t
sin FR + KVCO
TREF

(8.36)

REF
REF
8.31
REF C REF
V

KVCO

8.32 REF

(1) (2)

1 f

8.27 -N f REF
IS-54 30kHz GSM 200kHz 8.2.3
II f REF 10 f REF = 30kHz

8.32

8.33
8.34

8.33
8.34
8.27
M 8.35
t = 0 A
t = 0

Y (s) =

H (s)
X (s)
1+ ( A + ) H ( s)

(8.37)

H (s)
1

X (s)
1 + AH ( s ) 1 + A

(8.38)

H (s)
1 X ( s )
1 + AH ( s ) A

(8.39)

A X ( s ) (1 A )
t = 0 x ( t ) (1 A ) t = 0 x ( t )
(1 A ) x ( t )
8.35
8.36

8.36
( NP + 1) f REF
( NP + S ) f REF M M + k

k  M A =1 M

A + = 1 ( M + k ) f REF f REF (1 + k M )
(8.24)

1
exp ( nt ) sin n 1 2 t + sin 1 1 2
f out ( t ) = Mf REF + kf REF 1
2
1

u (t )

(8.40)
( M + k ) f REF f out (1 )( M + k ) f REF

(1 )( M + k ) f REF

= Mf REF + kf REF

1
exp ( n tS ) sin n 1 2 tS + sin 1 1 2
1
2
1

(8.41)

( M + k ) =

1 2

exp ( ntS )

(8.42)

tS

ln

k
M 1 2

f REF = 200kHz Mf REF = 900MHz =

(8.43)

2 2

k = 128 10ppm tS 8.3 (n )

8.3 (8.43)
8.2.3 RC

8.2.5
GMS
20kHz
MOS 1 f

IS-54 30kHz 900MHz 30000

20 log 30000 90dB [16]

8.3.2 -N
-N
f REF -N

-N 8.37(a) f1
x ( t ) TP y ( t ) TP f1TP 1
y ( t ) f1 1 TP
y ( t ) x ( t ) TP
[ 8.37(b)] f1 k TP

8.37 (a) (b) r ( t )

8.38 -N PFD

f REF f out = f REF + 1 TP TP

f P = 1 TP f REF f out

f REF f REF 8.38(b)

-N
-N [17]
8.39
8.38(b) A
N B N+1 ( A + B ) A N + B ( N + 1)
A B N N+1
N . f N f
8.39 -N
8.40 f REF = 1MHz N = 10

 9 10 1 11
10 9 10 + 11 = 101
10.1 f out = 10.1MHz
8.40 -N
f REF -N

-N

8.40
f out = 10.1MHz 8.41

f REF 11

8.41 -N
( N + ) f REF
8.40 = 0.1 1

( f REF )

f REF 2 f REF

f REF f out

20db 30db[17, 2]
8.41,

f out = ( N + ) f REF 1/ ( N + ) f REF

( N + ) f REF
( N + ) f REF

[18]
N +

8.42
8.43

8.42
[19] 8.44

[19]
8.43
N N+1 N +
b ( t ) N + b ( t ) b ( t )
0 1 xF ( t ) f F ( t ) = f out N + b ( t ) b ( t )
q ( t ) f F ( t ) = f out N + + q ( t ) f F ( t )

n f (t ) = fF (t )

=
q ( t )

f out
N +

(8.44)

q (t )
f out

N + N + + q (t )

(8.45)

( N + )  1  N
S nf ( f ) =

Q( f )

2
f out

(N + )

N2

(8.46)

Q ( f ) q ( t ) [19] Q ( f )

 Q ( f )
[20, 21]-N
8.44

8.3.3
-N

8.45 (a) (b) (a)

8.45 PLL1 f REF 1 f c

PLL2 f REF 2 PLL2
f REF 1

-N VCO1
f REF 1 VCO 2 VCO1

VCO 2 VCO1

( Mf REF 2 )

f c2

8.45
PLL1 PLL 2
60dB
70dB
VCO 2 8.45

PLL 2 f 2

f 2 = f 0 + kf REF 2 f 0
8.46(a) 8.45

 f out f 2

f out = Mf REF 1 + f 2

8.46(b)
8.46 (a) (b)

8.3.4

(DDS)

8.47(a) 0 N

8.47 (a)
(b)
f CK
[ 8.47(b)]
P[
8.48] M
P YR
X R ( k ) = YR ( k 1) + P P
YR X R ( k ) = YR ( k 1) + P2
M

8.48
8.49 M = 3
P 1[ 8.49(a)] 000 111

2 8 P 2[ 8.49(b)] 110
2 4

P = 3 000 110111 101

8.49(c)

P = 4 [ 8.49(d)]

 8.48

f out = P
P 2

f CK
2M

f out f CK 2

(8.47)
M

f CK 2

8.49 3
M

f CK f out
2

fCK 2M P

P 2

fCK P

2 M j fCK j P 2

22( k 1) 3 [22] fCK = 2 f out k = 12 71db

10 12

8.47 M

16 10

216 10 6.55 105

B 1

)
2

B [3]

[23]

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)


(5)

900-MHz 1.8GHz
f CK f out
8.48
DAC

8.46 8.46

8.4

prescaler

[24]

8.4.1
(DTCs)

8.50
f out
f REF

8.50
8.51(a)

CMOS [ 8.51(b)]

8.51(a) CK CK

 X Y 5
CK CK

8.52
CK CK

8.51 (a) (b)

8.52
MOS 8.53

8.53 MOS
CMOS 8.54 8.54(a)
CMOS CK CK
8.54(b)(TSPC, true
single-phase clocking)[25]
CMOS [26, 27]
8.54 CMOS (a) (b) TSPC
Miller 8.55 [28]

f in + f out f in f out
f in f out = f out f out = f in 2
fT [29]
Miller
8.55 Miller

8.4.2

2/3 3 [ 8.56(a)]
D Q1 Q2 = 01,10,11
Q1 Q2 = 00 Q2 G

8.56 (a) (b) 2/3

 8.56(a) 2 3
Q1 8.56(b) MC 2
MC 3
8.56(b) Q2
G1
FF2 8.57
2 8.56(a) FF2 G1 FF1
3 2
8.57 8.56(b)
2 3 3 4

15 16 8.58 FF1 FF2 G1 G2

3 4 MC MC MF
FF3 FF4 G3 FF2

Q3 Q4 = 11 MF MC
16 MC 0000 Q3 Q4 = 00 3 4
011011 8.58 G1 G2
8.56(b)
8.58 15/16
8.58 15
FF3 FF4
MC 16 Q1 Q2 01111000
Q3 Q4 8.59(a)Q1 Q2 10 00 Q3
Q1 Q2 CK in FF3 G3
CK in

 8.59 FF3 FF4 (a) (b)

8.58
FF3 FF4 8.59(b)
Q3 Q4 00 3 4 00 FF3 FF4 G3
CK in

[1]. W. L. Rhode, Digital PLL Frequency synthesizer, Theory and Design, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1983.
[2]. W. F. Egan, Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, New York: John Wiley, 1981.
[3]. J. A. Crawford, Frequency Synthesizer Design Handbook, Norwood, MA: Artech House,
1994.
[4]. F. M. Gardner, Phaselock Techniques, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley, 1979.
[5]. B. Razavi, ed., Monolithic Phase-Locked Loop and Clock Recovery Circuits, Piscataway, NJ:
IEEE Press, 1996.
[6]. R. E. Best, Phase-Locked Loop, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[7]. C. A. Sharpe, A 3-State Phase Detector Can Improve Your Next PLL Design, EDN, pp.
55-59, September 20, 1976.
[8]. I. Shahriary et al., GaAs Monolithic Phase/Frequency Discriminator, IEEE GaAs IC Symp.
Dig. Of Tech. Papers, pp. 183-186, 1985.
[9]. I. A. Young, J. K. Greason, and K. L. Wong. A PLL Clock Generator with 5 to 110MHz of
Lock Range for Microprocessors, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-27, pp.
1599-1607, November 1992.
[10]. D. K. Jeong et al., Design of PLL-Based Clock Generation Circuits, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-22, pp. 255-261, April 1987.
[11]. F. M. Gardner, Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops, IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM-28, pp.
1849-1858, November 1980.
[12]. S. Barab and A. L. Bride, Uniform Sampling Analysis of a Hybrid PLL with a Sample-and
Hold Phase Detector, IEEE Tran. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 11, pp. 210-216,
March 1975.
[13]. J. Crawford, The Phase/Frequency Detector, RF Design, pp. 46-57, February 1985.
[14]. J. Blake, Design of Wideband Frequency Synthesizers, RF Design, pp. 26-34, May 1988.
[15]. V. F. Kroupa, Noise Properties of PLL Systems, IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM-30, pp.
2244-2252, October 1982.
[16]. B. G. Goldberg, Reviewing Various Techniques for Synthesizing Signals, Microwaves &
RF, pp. 181-185, May 1996.
[17]. J. Gibbs and R. Temple, Frequency Domain Yield Its Data to Phase-Locked Synthesizer,
Electronics, pp. 107-113, April 27, 1978.

[18]. Philips Semiconductor, Philips RF/Wireless Communications Data Handbook, 1996.

[19]. T. A. D. Riley, M. A. Copeland, and T. A. Kwasniewsky, Sigma-Delta Modulation in
Frequency Synthesis, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits
[20]. , Vol. 28, pp. 553-559, May 1993.
[21]. B. Miller and R. J. Conley, A Multiple modulator Fractional-N PLL Synthesizers,
Microwave J., pp. 124-134,September 1996
[22]. J. Tierney, C. M. Rader, and B. Gold, A Digital Frequency Synthesizer, IEEE Trans. Audio
and Electroacoustics, Vol. 19, p. 48-57, March 1971.
[23]. H. T. Nicolas and H, Samueli, A 150-MHz Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer in 1.25-um
CMOS with 19dBc Spurious Performance, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 26, pp.
1959-1969, December 1991.
[24]. W. Egan, Modeling Phase Noise in Frequency Dividers, IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics,
Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 37, pp. 307-315, July 1990.
[25]. J. Yuan and C. Svensson, High-Speed CMOS Circuit Technique, IEEE J. Solid-State
Circuits, Vol. 24, pp. 62-70, February 1989.
[26]. B. Razavi, K. F. Lee, and R. H. Yan, A 13.4-GHz CMOS Frequency Divider, Dig. of
International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 224-225, February 1994.
[27]. P. Larsson and C. Svensson, High-Speed Architecture for a Programmable Frequency
Divider and a Dual-Modulus Prescaler, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, pp. 744-748,
May 1996.
[28]. R. L. Miller, Fractional Frequency Generators Utilizing Regenerative Modulation, Proc.
IRE. Vol. 27, pp. 446-457, July 1939.
[29]. M. Kuriso et al., A Si Bipolar 28 GHz Dynamic Frequency Divider, ISSCC Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp. 92-93, February 1992.

PA PA E F

9.1
1W 50
VPP 20V 200mA
9.1(a)(b) VPP
9.1(b)RFC
VX 0 2VDD RFC
RFC
M1 VDD 10V

9.1
1W 50
9.2(a) 9.2(b)X
5VPP 14 20VPP
RL

9.2 ab
9.2(b)
800mA VX0 M1
RFC 1.6A
40%

900MHz 10A/ns
10pH 100mV
RFC

 9.1 PA

PAE
PAE
FCC

4
LNA[26]

-130dBm/Hz
9.1

+20 30dBm

30 60%

IMD

-30dBc

3.8V 5.8V

20 30dB

-50 -70dBc

/ 1dB

>1

IS-54
GSM TDMA
4 IS-95 1dB
9.1.1
3 /4QPSK
IS-54
26dB[1]
[2]
9.3
IM
IM
6dB IM
[3] 1W
+24dBm 50
9.3

/4 QPSK

9.2

A B C D E F [4]
9.3

A C

9.2.1

A B

9.4 A

A
9.4 aMOS b A
9.4(b)
[4]
[4]-
CD=gmF
-
A
1 9.4
2VDD
VDD2/(2Rin)
2
VX 2VDDRFC VDD/Rin RFC
VDD2/Rin
50%
9.4 VX 2VDD VDD 0
0 2VDD/Rin VX 2VDD
50% A
A 40%A
360 0

A 4
IS-95
9.4(a) VDD/Rin
VDD2/Rin =Vout2/(2VDD2)


B A 180
[5] 9.5 Vin
Q2 Q1 Vin Q2
Q1 B
9.4 A
9.5
p
9.5 Q1 Q2 -
n
9.6 [4]
M1 M2 T1
9.6 B
9.6 B X Y
2VDD VDD n2RL n
T1 Pin = VDD /(2n RL ) VDD
2

I DD,avg =

2 T / 2 VDD
sin tdt
T 0 n 2 RL

(9.1)

2 M1 M2

I DD,avg = 2VDD /( n 2 RL ) Psupp = 2VDD 2 /( n 2 RL )

= Pin / Psupp = / 4 79% T1

A B
9.5 B

9.6 B T1

B 9.6
180
/4
9.2.2

B C

 9.4 A 9.7 C
Vin>|Vb|+VTH M1 Vb

9.7 C
C B

VDD
[4]

1
sin

4 sin( / 2) / 2 cos( / 2)

(9.2)

=360A =50% =180B =79% =0C

=100%
C 100%
[4]

Pout

sin

1 cos( / 2)

(9.3)

0 Pout 0C
C

9.3

A B C
A B C

A 9.4 A 9.2

9.8(a) A L1C1 C2 50
f=850MHz Z1=9+j0 2f=1.7GHz Z2=330+j0[7]
9.8(b) 2.9W 73%
-25dBc[7]termination[8]
9.8 ab

E E 100%
C E
9.2(a) 9.9
9.9

1 M1

2 M1
3
[9]13 M1
M1 VX
2

9.9

0
[9]
E 9.10
E M1 C1 C2L1 RFC
M1 C1 [9] C1C2L1 RL
VX 9.11

1VX
0
2 VX 0
3dVX/dt
0
9.l0 E
9.11 E
C1 C1
Vin VX M1

dVX/dt=0
VX

C1C2 L1 9.12[9] Q
9.12
VX 0 0

E Q

[10]
E
3.56VDD-2.56VS VS [9] VDD=3V VS=200mV
10V
E [9]
F 9.8 A
9.9

F [411]
9.13 F L1 C1 2fin 3fin
X 9.13
M1

I/V
F
88% 85%[11]
9.4

9.14(a)
RL=RO 9.1 RL
RL<<RO RL=RO RL
RO A 50% 25%
RL RO
RL<<RO
9.14 ab
cb

9.14(b)
XO
XO 9.14(c)
L1 CO C1 L2 RL


[12
13]
Smith 9.15(a)
Z1

9.15(b) Z1 Zin
50
9.5 a
bSmith
Z1 Zopt
Z1 Z1 Zopt
Pmax Z1
Pout Z1

[13]
Zopt

[14] SPICE

9.5

3 QPSK /4 QPSK

OFDM[15]
30% 40%
A

9.5.1

[16] 9.16(a) VM VN VM
1/AVVN AV VM VM=AVVin+VD
VD VN=Vin+VD/AV VP=VD/AVVQ=VD Vout=AVVin
9.16(b) 1
2
Vin M P

9.16 ab

2
[17]
[1718] Vin
A/A Vout IM

E = 1 2(1 +

A
A 2
) cos + (1 +
)
A
A

(9.4)

A/A=5%=5 E=0.102 IM 20dB

[19] 9.16(b)

9.5.2

IF

 9.17(a) A1
VPA Vin
180
LO
9.17 a
b
I Q
9.17(b)
[20]

9.17

9.5.3

3 v(t ) = a (t ) cos[ C t + (t )]

a(t) (t) v(t)

9.18(a)ERR[21]
a(t)
b(t)=b0cos[Ct+(t)] 9.18(b)
M1 RFC ka(t) M1
M1 ka(t)
ID1(t)
9.18 ab
ERR

9.18(a)

7
9.18(a) b(t) ka(t)
9..19(a) A1 VX ka(t)
M2M2 9.19(b)
M2
VX ka(t)M2 M2

9.1
C1 M2
9.19 a
b PA

 9.18(b) M1 ka(t) M1

9.5.4

LINC

LINC, linear amplification with nonlinear components[2223] 9.20

vin (t ) = a (t ) cos[ C t + (t )]
v1 (t ) = 0.5V0 sin[ C t + (t ) + (t )] v 2 (t ) = 0.5V0 sin[ C t + (t ) (t )]

(t ) = sin 1 [a(t ) / V0 ] v1(t) v2(t) vin(t)

vin(t)
9.20
vin(t) v1(t) v2(t) (t)
(t) a(t)
[2224] 9.17 [25]
v1(t) v2(t)

v1 (t ) = v I (t ) cos( C t + ) + vQ (t ) sin( C t + )

(9.5)

v 2 (t ) = v I (t ) cos( C t + ) + vQ (t ) sin( C t + )

(9.6)

v I (t ) = a (t ) / 2 vQ (t ) = V0 2 a 2 (t ) / 2 vQ(t)
ROM

v1(t) v2(t)
LINC 9.20
[25]
9.21
M1 M2
9.21 PA
9.6

9.22 10dB
+30dBm1W
9.22 25 30dB 0 +5dBm

0 +5dBm

 9.22 PA
9.22 N1 50 N3
RL
50

50
9.22

N2

N2

III-V GaAs GaAs

InP HBT
III-V

III-V
CMOS

9.23 900MHz MESFET [27]

5.6V AB +36dBm
M2 4
50 A Rin1=10 B Rin2=4
9.23 [27]
Rin3 2.7+23dBm M2
Rin3 Rin4=53 5.6V
+23dBm [27] M1
Rin5=50
5.6V 9.23 3.3V
+31.5dBm 50%[27]
9.24 900MHz [10] 0.8m GaAs
F E
X
M2
9.24 [10]
9.10 E 9.24 M2
[28] E
M2
Q

 2.5V 250mWPAE 50%

1.5 [10]
9.25 900MHz AMPS/CDMA PA [29]
CDMA
AMPS +31.5dBm
55% CDMA +28dBm 35%
9.23 [29]

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