WOP (2016) Geohydrology and Deep Tube Well Construction and Operation

Geohydrology and deep tube well
construction and operation
Water Operators Partnership

Dhaka WASA Bhaban
98, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue
11th Floor, Room #1202
Telephone: +8801859556077
Email:
dwasaveiwop@gmail.com
Main Report
Geohydrology and Deep Tube Wells

Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
Reference
Date
Status
:
:
:
Vitens Evides International

Asia/Bangladesh
Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit, Ed Holierhoek,
Sjoerd Rijpkema and Jonne Kleijer
WOP DWASA-VEI
08 November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Geohydrology and Deep Tube
Author
Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Executive Summary
1. At present, the Dhaka aquifers produce the enormous volume of about 2250
Mm3 of -generally speaking- good quality drinking water per year. Of this
volume 1/3 is pumped up by DWASA, 1/3 by legal private DTWs, and an
estimated 1/3 by illegal DTW. The system is pushed to the limits. There
are two major constraints for (further/future) groundwater development,
namely:
The dropping static water levels in the centre area (at present around
75 m below ground level - in some fast developing areas e.g. Banani
and Mirpur, declining with 2-3 m/y);
The short service life of wells (3-5 years), due to fast clogging. Most
likely, the clogging process is strongly accelerated by remnants of
the drilling mud.
2. Ground water modelling. The groundwater situation was simulated by

means of a MODLOW computer model. The model calculations confirm the
fact that Dhaka has an exceptional groundwater potential. The most
conspicuous features are:
The aquifer system consists of sand with a fair (but not very high)
permeability. However, due to the enormous depth of the
system (800-1000 m), a very high over-all capacity is attained;
The aquifers are intensively recharged by rivers around Dhaka.
It is called to mind that the low static water level leads to a relative high
power consumption, but are not a prohibitive factor for groundwater
development (like saline intrusion and/or ground settlement are).
3. Groundwater remains very important for the water supply of Dhaka in
future. The Masterplan foresees a reduction of groundwater abstraction by
DWASA to about 30% of the total production, i.e. 1200 Mm3 in 2030. In
view of the explosive economic development and the strong increase of
(legal and illegal) private and industrial wells it is to be expected that the
net yearly abstraction of groundwater will not decrease substantially, or may
even grow. Generally, groundwater is considered superior to treated surface
water. To allocate the valuable groundwater resources in an optimal way,
the use of a groundwater model is instrumental.
4. DTW Banani 8. Under the WOP project, a "model" tube well was drilled. By
this drilling, an unpreceded depth of 501 m was reached, which extends the
deepest known lithology with approximately 150 m. The bore log confirms
the presence of exploitable aquifers down to the end of the drilling. During
the drilling, state-of-the-art drilling methods and materials were
demonstrated, supported by training sessions and workshops.
Main Report
Page 2
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
5. Well performance. The deep tube wells in Dhaka even new wells do not
have the capacity one may expect based on the lithology (drilling samples)
and model studies. The reason as we see it now is the development of a
hydraulic high resistance zone around the well screen (the skin) during
drilling. The combination of the low water level (causes infiltration of drilling
fluid in the aquifer at the borehole face) and the composition of the sand
(high content of flake-shaped mica's) makes it extremely difficult cq
impossible to wash out the fine materials around the screen. These
remnants are directly a starting point for clogging. This explains the short
lifetime of wells.
6. Clogging. Clogging and the resulting short life time of wells is a real
headache for DWASA. Clogging is still a poorly understood process. There is
consensus that, in the case of Dhaka, the clogging is caused by small
particles. The following factors are supposed to be beneficial for slowing the
clogging process:
Very thorough development of new wells (washing out of fines) to

prevent starting of the clogging process.
Daily interruptions op the operation, to allow particles "on the move"
to settle. We recommend a stop of at least 1/2 hour per 24 hour.
Limitation of the production per well, in order to reduce the flow
velocity and therefor the transport of fines. Any hard limit is
arbitrary. However, taking into account the local circumstances, like
aquifer capacity and power consumption, we recommend a maximum
production of 100 m3/h (1 cu/sec) per well in the current situation.
7. Regenerations. Under the project a number regenerations were executed.

In the last phase of the WOP-project several regenerations were done by
DPHE. Apart from the WOP project there were also regenerations within
other programs of DWASA. The effects of these regenerations were
evaluated in the WOP project. Generally speaking, the results of
regeneration of wells are disappointing. The effect is small and temporary, in
particular when the clogging process has proceeded too far, i.e. decrease of
> 30 % of the original specific capacity.
8. SCADA. From point of view of (preventive) maintenance, reliability and
power consumption, it is necessary to monitor the performance of DTWs.
With SCADA instrumentation, the key performance indicators of DTWs
(production, water levels, and power consumption) are online monitored.
Secondly, operation of the pump and the frequency drive (VFD) becomes
more accessible to the staff, which supports better usage of the electrical
equipment.
Main Report
Page 3
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
9. Monitoring tubes. It is strongly recommended to provide all DWASA

DTW's, from now on, with a monitoring tube beside the top of the
production strainer. Reasons:
More reliable measurement of the pumped- and static water levels;
Less risk to lose or damage measurement equipment (e.g. SCADA sensors);
More insight in the clogging process.
10.Pump selection. Pump selection is difficult under these circumstances, for
the following reasons:
The pump has to deliver a high static pressure and a relatively low
dynamic pressure, resulting in a flat system curve. In other words:
the settings of the pump and the power supply (controlling unit:
VFD) are very sensitive. Even a small change in the specifications of
the pump and/or the setting of the VFD may have a large impact on
the efficiency.
One has to anticipate on a future drop of the static water level and/or
a decrease of the specific capacity, both resulting in an increase of
the required lift.
At present, the selected pumps are generally speaking too large, resulting
in higher-than-necessary power consumption and frequent damage to
pumps. From point of view of power consumption, and reliability it is advised
to limit the production per well to 100 m3/h (1 Cu/sec).
11.Pumping efficiency. Under the WOP program it has been investigated
what reduction of the energy consumption is possible. For Zone 5, a 27%
reduction of the power consumption (509 Lakh Taka) is possible if:
All wells would have a minimum combined efficiency of 55 %

(technically possible, to be realized with appropriate setting of the
VFD and/or replacement of the pump)
The three wells with the worst performance would be replaced by
new wells
Main Report
Page 4
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 1
0
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 6
GEOHYDROLOGY........................................................................................................................ 7
THE GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ................................................................................................................. 7
THE GROUNDWATER OVERDRAFT ................................................................................................................ 7
GEOHYDROLOGICAL MODELLING............................................................................................... 8
MODEL SET-UP ...................................................................................................................................... 8
INPUT AND CALIBRATION .......................................................................................................................... 8
CALIBRATION ......................................................................................................................................... 9
RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 9
SCENARIO'S ......................................................................................................................................... 10
INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................................................... 10
AQUIFER CAPACITY # INDIVIDUAL WELL CAPACITY .......................................................................................... 10
EXPERIENCES WITH THE DESIGN, DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE BANANI 8 DTW ...... 11
GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ..................................................................................................................... 11
TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 12
A LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING OPERATION, DRILLING AND DEVELOPMENT IS INCLUDED IN SECTION 4 WELL
PERFORMANCE. .................................................................................................................................. 12
WELL PERFORMANCE OF DWASA DEEP TUBE WELLS AND POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS ............ 13
WELL LOSSES ....................................................................................................................................... 13
SKIN FACTOR ....................................................................................................................................... 13
WELL DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. ................................................................................................. 14
RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 14
SCADA...................................................................................................................................... 15
BENEFITS ............................................................................................................................................ 15
INSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 16
RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 16
PUMP DESIGN AND SELECTION ................................................................................................ 17

PUMP DESIGN ..................................................................................................................................... 17
PRESENT SITUATION # FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................................ 17
RECOMMENDATIONS: ............................................................................................................................ 18
PUMP ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY .............................................................................................. 19

EXISTING PUMPS AND VFD-ADJUSTMENTS ................................................................................................. 19
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION ...................................................................................................................... 19
PUMP OPERATION ................................................................................................................................ 19
POSSIBLE ENERGY SAVINGS ...................................................................................................................... 20
Main Report
Page 5
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Introduction
Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) and Vitens Evides
International (VEI) have embarked on a Water Operators Partnership (WOP)
programme. Within this partnership, DWASA, VEI and supporting partners cooperate
during four years on a peer-to-peer basis, enhancing DWASAs capacities, operations
and performance in:
Design, construction, operation and maintenance of deep tube wells (DTWs);

Management, operation and maintenance of new distribution networks and
district metered areas (DMAs) in MODS zone 5;
Provision of integrated and sustainable water supply, sanitation and hygiene
promotion (WASH) services to Dhakas low income areas;
Provision of several on-demand services which support effective
implementation of the aforementioned three components and DWASAs
Turnaround Programme at large.
Implementing partners within the WOP are, besides DWASA and VEI, Simavi, a Dutch
NGO that assists through its local partner Dustha Shasthya Kendra (DSK) in WASH
interventions in LIC areas, and DevConsult, a Bangladeshi consultancy firm providing
a range of support services for effective implementation of the WOP.
The duration of the WOP is four years, from September 2012 until December 2016.
The aim of this report is to dissipate the experience and knowledge gained over the
last four years in relation to the geohydrology and deep tube wells abstracting
water from its aquifers. The structure of this report is as follows:
Each of the chapter in the main report summarizes a theme report, which
gives a more detailed elaboration;
Chapter 1 2 are on geohydrology
Chapter 3 4 are on well construction and performance
Chapter 5 is on SCADA
Chapter 6 7 are on pump design and energy efficiency
Main Report
Page 6
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Geohydrology
The groundwater potential
The groundwater potential of Dhaka city is favorable. The large drawdowns (=

drop of the water level) that are presently observed in the center of the town (
75 m below ground level) have to be considered in relation to the enormous
abstractions. In view of these abstractions, the drawdowns are relatively
moderate.
Recent groundwater model (and balance) studies indicate that the
transmissivity ( capacity) of the aquifer system - as a whole- must be in the
order of 12.000 to 16.000 m2/day, which is very high compared to international
standards.
The aquifer consists of rather homogenous medium coarse sand with a fair (but
not very high) permeability. However, due to the very large thickness of the
aquifer system (probably 800-1000 m), a large total aquifer capacity is
attained. The present DTWs penetrate to only the top 25 % of the aquifer.
The drilling Banani 8 has proven that there is a substantial aquifer capacity to a
depth of (at least) 501 m. This is completely consistent with the results of the
groundwater model studies.
The groundwater overdraft

Tentative calculations indicate that the contribution from storage (overdraft) to the
total produced volume is relatively small, in the order of a maximum of 10 %. This
means that the groundwater system as a whole- is close to an equilibrium. The
overdraft is in principle reversible. As far as we can see now, there is no irreversible
overdraft (i.e. mining).
A yearly drop of the water level of 2-3 meter may sound alarming, but one has
to realize that the drop of the groundwater level directly reflects the increased
production, not the depletion of the available groundwater volume. When
abstractions stabilize, the water levels will stabilize after a short period
(months).
It must be noted that no prevailing adverse effects of the declining groundwater
levels (such as soil subsidence, saline intrusion) have been reported.
A drop of the level in the critical areas like Banani to say- 120 meter may be
acceptable from point of hydrology, but will lead to high construction and
operational costs, e.g. energy costs. Furthermore, the problems with poor well
performance will increase.
Despite the problems with the well capacities, groundwater remains a reliable,
sustainable, and relatively cheap drinking water source. For determination of
the optimum scenario, development of a steady-state groundwater model is
instrumental.
Water quality (in Banani 8) down to at least 400 m (and probably much deeper)
is good, low levels of salinity and arsenic have been detected, all within the
acceptable range.
Main Report
Page 7
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Geohydrological modelling
Model set-up
Based on all published hydrogeological and operational information - in particular
from the IWM- a groundwater model study was executed under the WOP project.
The modelling was started by Hoogendoorn (2013), and completed by Rijpkema
(2015). Finally, Hermann refined the model and presented some scenarios (2016).
Among others, a forecast of the effects of realization of DWASA masterplan is
presented. The technical reports of Rijpkema and Hermann are included in the final
report as theme report 2. In the groundwater model study the latest and most
advanced version of the MODFLOW code (iMOD) is used.
Input and calibration
For the input of the model, 320 well logs of DWASA DTWs were evaluated and
processed. This results in a refinement of the hydrological structure compared to
earlier publications. See Figure 1: Processed bore logs of DWASA DTWs
Generally speaking, the aquifers are recharged by rainfall and river infiltration and
discharged by (tube) wells. The massive abstraction causes a cone of depression in
the groundwater level with a maximum depth of some 75 meter.
Figure 1 Definition of geological structure based on

320 digitized borelogs.
The drawdown (drop of the water level) in the discharge area (urban core) is
proportional to the total abstraction. Also water transport from upstream aquifers
increases with larger head differences. Therefore, the actual abstraction is the most
important single input factor for the model. The overdraft (=withdrawal from
storage) as a result of the abstraction remains within 5-13% (Rijpkema, 2015 and
IWM, 2008). The abstraction can be subdivided between DWASA DTWs, legal
private (partly industrial) DTWs and illegal DTWs. Total abstraction is estimated at
2250 Mm3, distributed equally between the three users mentioned.
From the side of the model structure and model parameters is the drawdown
determined (mainly) by the horizontal hydraulic transmissivity of the aquifer
system, the degree of recharge by rivers, and the distance between those two
factors.
Main Report
Page 8
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Calibration
Calibration of the model means that the model parameters are optimized in such a
way that the calculated groundwater levels correspond with the observed
groundwater levels. The most important model parameter to be adjusted is the
regional horizontal transmissivity of the aquifer system. Secondly, the hydraulic
resistance of the riverbeds and the underlying strata is a major factor. Large rivers
are known to have a smaller resistance and therefore a higher recharge
contribution, which increased strongly over the last decades due to the head
differences. In West-Dhaka the Buri Gunga River shows to have relatively short
travel times (5-25 years), which complies with literature.
Results
The groundwater levels, as calculated by the latest version of the model are shown
in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Calculated groundwater heads in Dhaka (Hermann, 2016).
This Figure closely resembles the published maps of the present water level in the
central city area, as published by IWM.
The drawdown of some 70-80 m in the city centre although large compared to
standards in the international drinking water sector is relatively moderate in
relation to the massive abstraction rates. This study shows that the moderate
drawdown can only be explained by a combination a high transmissivity of the
deeper underground (T value in the order 14.000 m2/d1), and favourable recharge
conditions by rivers.
Based on the lithological logs of many DWASA DTWs in Dhaka and data from
literature it can be stated that the k-value of the sand of the Dupa Tila aquifers is
rather homogenous, and lies in the range of 15-20 m/d. Calculating backward
based on the transmissivity, it is concluded that the zone of active groundwater
circulation in Dhaka must be very deep, some 14000/17 = +/- 800 m. This is in
agreement with the geological information that Dhaka is situated on a very thick
alluvial fan.
T = k-value (permability) * Thickness of the aquifer
Main Report
Page 9
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
The groundwater system reacts fast. The equilibrium is reached quickly after
imposing the abstraction rates, which supports the indication of high
transmissivities of the aquifers. The continuing drop of the water level is no sign of
depletion of storage or mining, but simply reflects the fast increasing abstraction
rates.
Scenario's
A beneficial application of geohydrological modelling is to analyse future and policy
scenarios, which support decision making. As part of demonstrating the use of
hydrological modelling, three scenarios were identified as relevant by DWASA and
their effects have been modelled, see the Figure below:
Implementation of the DWASA masterplan to lower use of ground water in
2035 (from 750 to 460 Mm3/year);
A complete stop of the industrial abstractions (150 Mm 3/year);
Artificial recharge scenario based on the proposed quantities of Prodhania
(2016) of 140 Mm3/year).
Figure 3 Effects on static head by i) implementation of DWASA masterplan, ii)

industrial abstractions and iii) implementation of Prodhania (2016) artificial recharge.
As such, the scenarios may provide important input to strategic decisions regarding
the groundwater development. For more details: see the report of Hermann (2016).
It should be noted that a groundwater has to be regarded not as a copy, but as a
simplification of the real situation.
Institutional aspects
The outcomes from the model show interesting implications. To further explore
scenarios and support decision making it is recommended to have several
hydrogeologist positions within Dhaka WASA, who can study the larger
geohydrological situation in Dhaka, as well as develop understanding of the
hydraulics around the individual wells and propose design improvements.
Aquifer capacity # individual well capacity
Although the aquifer capacity is high, the capacity of individual wells, even when
new, is often disappointing. The main reason is thought to be a large skin factor,
i.e. a high resistance zone around the screen of the wells. The presence of this zone
is caused by several factors for more details see the theme report on well
performance.
Main Report
Page 10
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Experiences with the design, drilling and construction of

the Banani 8 DTW
A standard DWASA deep tube well has a service life of 2-4 year only. This is
unacceptably short, both from point of view of economics as well as from a point of
view of sustainability.
The rapid aging of the wells is caused by clogging. The short lifespan of wells was
the main trigger to take up the Banani 8 DTW project.
Under this project a model deep tube well was drilled, constructed and developed.
The project was taken up by DWASA, using Dutch state-of-the-art materials and
know-how. WOP provided technical advice. RFL was the contractor.
The objectives of the Banani 8 DTW project were threefold:
1. Demonstration of alternative DTW drilling design, construction methods,
materials and supervision practices. Parallel training and on-the job sessions
were realized.
2. Exploration of the geohydrology of Dhaka, up to the 4 th aquifer. Original
target depth was 450 m, a depth of 501 m was realized.
3. Installation of one production DTW for DWASA, equipped with state-of theart monitoring equipment (SCADA).
The problem of clogging wells is not new to Bangladesh. Already in 89-90 the Well
Monitoring and Regeneration Project was Initiated by DPHE (supported by the
Dutch Government), focusing on the extension of the life-span of DPHE deep tube
well.
As pointed out in the theme report 4 on well performance, the problem is partly of
a natural origin (caused by the aquifer material - one has to live with it). For a part
however, the problem can -at least- be mitigated by proper well-development. This
means that, immediately after drilling, the fine materials are removed from the
gravel pack and adjacent formation by means of flushing.
Groundwater potential
We consider the fact that has been proven that there is an aquifer down to a depth
of at least 501 meter depth (and probably more) as the most important
achievement of the DTW project. This fact may have important consequences for
the planning of the water supply of Dhaka City, and provides additional evidence
for presence of a large groundwater potential, which was already postulated based
on groundwater modelling.
Main Report
Page 11
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Technical improvement
During design, drilling and construction of the DTW a number of technical
improvements were proposed and effectuated. During the course of the project,
these improvements were intensively discussed with DWASA. Some of the
improvements are useful, and will adopted by DWASA, others are considered less
feasible or too expensive to be introduced in Bangladesh on a large scale. Of
course there are, and will remain, differences in drilling practices around the world.
In the concluding workshop on 31/5/16 and 1/6/16 is was decided which measures
can be proposed to be taken over in DWASA tender documents for drilling.
These
-
measures are:
Use of PVC riser mains (instead of mild steel)
Use of the piezometer tube beside the production screen
Use of tremie pipe for controlled insertion of the gravel pack and clay seals
Application of additional weight (2 ton) in the drilling string (to keep the hole
vertical)
Geophysical logging
A list of recommendations regarding operation, drilling and development is included

in section 4 Well Performance.
Main Report
Page 12
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Well performance of DWASA Deep Tube Wells and

possible improvements
The short lifespan (2-4 years) of DTWs is a major drain on the resources of
DWASA. Apart from the high costs, the frequent replacement of wells causes
interruptions of the water supply and nuisance for the inhabitants. Therefore,
improvement of well performance is an economic and operational necessity.
Well losses
All well records studied so far show that deep
tube wells in the Dhaka area suffer from high
well losses (high hydraulic resistance around
the well). This resistance is most likely caused
by aquifer damage, inflicted to the aquifer
during drilling.
The aquifer damage is the main cause of the
short lifespan of many wells. Furthermore, the
damage increases the energy consumption
and reduces the reliability of the well.
Figure 4 The difference between

well loss and aquifer loss.
Skin factor
The aquifer damage is most probably caused
by penetration of drilling fluid (mud) in the
aquifer. Due to the specific properties of the
sand - in particular the high mica content - it is
very difficult or even impossible to remove the
remnants of the drilling fluid afterwards (the
so-called development of the well). So, the
wells have a high hydraulic resistance (= large
skin factor) right from the start. The
experiences with Banani 8 show that the
aquifer damage is inevitable with conventional
drilling techniques, even when applied with all
possible care.
As groundwater will play a major role in the
Figure 5 Remnants of drilling fluid
water supply of Dhaka anyhow, the problem of are a starting point for clogging.
the short lifetime of wells should be tackled.
Conventional techniques do not solve the problem.
Main Report
Page 13
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Well development and regeneration.

Regeneration of wells (cleaning of wells during service life) and well development
(cleaning directly after drilling) are two sides of the same coin.
However, regenerations have a temporary effect only. It is buying time. Once the
clogging process has started, it accelerates itself. Regeneration can be necessary
when there is an acute water shortage, but is no final solution.
The results of regenerations under the WOP program were rather disappointing, as
in other programs. In fact, there is only one sustainable choice to mitigate the
clogging problem: prevention by very thorough development of the well.
Recommendations
Based on the experiences with Banani 8, but also on geohydrological
considerations, well records, pump tests etc., several preventiveremedial
measures against clogging are recommended:
Regarding operation:
Intermittent operation (including a complete stop of at least hour a day),

allowing the particles on the move to settle and /or aggregate.
Limitation of the flow velocity in the formation by limiting the discharge
and/or adapting the length of the screen. Tentatively, we recommend to
limit the flow velocity (in the formation around well) in new wells to 0,5
mm/sec (corresponds in a 24 well to 3,4 m3/h per meter strainer)
Regarding drilling and development:
Use of biodegradable drilling fluid. Although an established method, the

effectiveness under Dhaka conditions remains to be proven.
Very thorough in depth development of the well, removing all the fines
from the gravel pack and also from the adjacent formation. Section-wise
cleaning, airbursting,
Aggressive development of the wells with dispergents (polyphosphates) and
thinners immediately after drilling. Conventional and proven method. In this
case to be used as a secondary, additional measure combined with sectionwise cleaning.
Improvement of drilling and development techniques is necessary. By their very

nature, experiments with drilling and well construction are costly, time consuming,
and sometimes risky.
Main Report
Page 14
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference

and Jonne Kleijer
WOP DWASA-VEI
Date
08 November 2016
SCADA
SCADA is a trending topic within DWASA after the success of the installations in
zone 5 in the partnership. SCADA supports a consistent monitoring method of the
performance of the wells and pumps and DWASA aims to bring all their DTWs
under SCADA.
Benefits
The benefits of a SCADA system on ground water wells in DMAs encompass very
practical and direct improvements, such as:
Selection of pump in the best efficiency point;

Prevention of pump-motor breakdown;
On-time chlorination cylinder replacement;
Pump/VFD control and scheduling based on pressure.
Furthermore, SCADA allows to understand trends in the DMA and it provides a

valuable analysis tool for water supply, energy consumption, insight in the
development and seasonal patterns of ground water level. Furthermore, monitoring
of well and well performance to support improvement of well design and the
planning of well regenerations and replacements.
a)
c)
b)
d)
Figure 6 Four examples of actual SCADA applications a) implemention of pressure

schedule, b) remote step-draw down test, c) overview of all pump operations in a zone
and d) operational HMI of a DTW location with remote access to pump and VFD.
The SCADA pilot discovered several technical and process improvements of the
implementation of a SCADA system. Installation of simple water level sensors,
wiring through steel pipes in the ground, grounding of the RTU, UPC and a battery
in the panel board are examples of technical recommendations.
Main Report
Page 15
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Institutional and Human Resources

In order to utilize these benefits from a SCADA system within DWASA, skilled staff
is a necessity throughout the organisation:
The SCADA maintenance team in a DMA/Zone will need basic electromechanical understanding to keep the SCADA locations online and the
transmitters operational;
The managers in a DMA need to be able to analyse and interpreted the data
on a daily basis;
The administrators need understanding of the network communication and
the server operations;
Lastly but not least, the management need to be able to make cost-benefit
scenarios for the various systems and request (monthly) reports from the
zonal offices on their performance based on the SCADA data.
Recommendations
Lastly, the most important recommendations for SCADA integration into the
organisation are listed below:
Install SCADA at the deep tube wells to consistently monitor the

performance of the deep tube wells by measuring production, water level,
pressure, water quality and energy consumption;
Remote control of the set point of a variable frequency drive, which will
make it easier to operate pumps at a high efficiency point (i.e. BEP);
Integration of water distribution SCADA systems to prevent inconsistencies
and a proliferation of different data portals, RTUs, network infrastructure
and transmitters, which will make maintenance and operations challenging;
Develop an internal SCADA strategy based on cost-benefit calculations on
integration of (large) customers, water treatment plants and well fields;
A central water distribution unit, which manages the water supply to the
zones throughout Dhaka;
It is expected that -in the short term- SCADA leads to an increase of
maintenance activities. As currently, many pumps are running suboptimal
and wells have a relative short life time;
Specialized and experienced SCADA field and administrator engineers is a
necessity for the SCADA to fully utilize in the future;
Main Report
Page 16
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author

Wells
Reference
and Jonne Kleijer
WOP DWASA-VEI
Date
08 November 2016
Pump Design and Selection
Pump Design
The capacity and head of a pump is determined by the intersection of the system
curve and the pump curve: the working point.
It is essential that the pump specified by DWASA (head and capacity), will operate
in a working point that is referred to as the Best Efficiency Point. This is the
working point where maximum production Q of the pump is obtained at the lowest
energy consumption.
head
eff. curves
80%
BEP
system curve
70%
60%
pump curve
Q
Figure 7 Visualization of the best efficiency point and the
pumps efficiency lines at a specific discharge, Q.
Present situation # future developments

As static levels drop each year, the required head to pump the water to the surface,
increases. This, and the increasing drawdown because of clogging of the well,
moves the system curve upward in the Q-h diagram, causing the working point to
slide along the pump to a point with low production and bad efficiency.
Figure 8 Shift of working point of the pump as a

result of a head difference (e.g. larger drawdown,
static water level.
Main Report
Page 17
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
During pump selection, one has to anticipate on future developments of the water
level. Usually, selected pumps have a too high capacity. This leads to uneconomic
operation after some time.
Recommendations:
To coop with dropping pumped water levels (PWL), the pump should be
installed as low as possible in the well.
The new pump must be specified with the head as required in the end
situation.
A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) has to be incorporated in the installation.
The pump must be specified such, that in the end situation the VFD will run
at a speed of 50 Hz. At start, the VFD will run at a lower speed. As SWL/PWL
drops in time, the drop in head can be overcome by increasing the speed of
the pump.
Main Report
Page 18
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Pump Energy and Efficiency
Existing Pumps and VFD-adjustments

Question: Is it possible to use existing VFDs, installed at existing pumps (and
usually running at 50 Hz), to obtain energy efficiency? It mainly depends on the
installed pump and the present operating point. In Figure 9, the shift of the working
point from a high frequency to a lower frequency is shown. In one case (green)
improvement is obtained, in the other case (red) the efficiency will deteriorate.
Figure 9 Shift of the working point of the pump by reducing the frequency.
Electrical Installation
Part of the efficiency of the pump installation is the quality of the electrical
equipment.
Electrical cabinet: execution of the distribution board with busbars and
grounding.
Connections: Cable connections by heavy duty connectors and by triple
shrink sleeve insulation.
Output load reactor: provide an output load reactor to protect the motor.
Dust and cooling: a VFD is vulnerable for dust and overheating which
shortens the lifetime. Provide cooling fans in the cabinet and the building.
Pump Operation
Stopping the pump at least once a day will benefit the well lifetime.
It is essential that the pump/well performance must be checked, at least
every month.
SWL and PWL, production and power consumption should be monitored,
preferably by SCADA.
A lower SWL must be compensated by increasing the speed of the pump.
An increased drawdown must preferably not be adjusted with the VFD, but
by regenerating the well.
To coop with decreasing production of a well, a certain overcapacity in wells
must be created. Suggestion: create well field in parks. The disadvantage of
mutual influence (1-3 m head loss) is amply compensated by the
advantages of combined operation.
Main Report
Page 19
of 20
Title
Main Report
Subtitle
Author
Wells
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

and Jonne Kleijer
Date
08 November 2016
Possible energy savings

In order to quantify the possible theoretical energy savings, three pumping
scenario's for Zone 5 were developed:
1. Replace/adjust pumps to an installation efficiency of 50 % is reached
2. Replace / adjust the pumps to an installation efficiency of 55 % is reached.
3. Replace / adjust the pumps to an installation efficiency of 55 % is attained,
and replace the three well with worst performance (specific capacity) with
wells with a S.C. identical with Banani 8.
In these three scenarios the following savings could (in zone 5) be realized:
Measures
Unit
Saving
Saving potential in
zone 5
(%)
(Lakh taka)
Installation efficiency 50 %
5.8
106
Installation efficiency 55 %
8.7
159
27.8
509
Inst. Eff. 55% + 3 new wells
Main Report
Page 20
of 20
1.
Geohydrology
Some remarks on the geohydrology of Dhaka

Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Gertjan de Wit (Folkert de Jager, Jonne Kleijer)
WOP DWASA-VEI
3 November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
geohydrology of Dhaka
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Table of Contents
1
GEOHYDROLOGY........................................................................................................................ 3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
GEO-HYDROLOGICAL STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................... 3

AQUIFERS AND AQUITARDS ............................................................................................................ 3
GROUNDWATER FLOW .................................................................................................................. 7
RELATION UPPER/DEEPER DUPI TILA AQUIFER SYSTEM. ...................................................................... 11
ESTIMATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF STORAGE TO THE TOTAL WATER BALANCE. ..................................... 12
GROUNDWATER QUALITY........................................................................................................ 14
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
NATURAL GROUND WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................... 14

SALINITY. ................................................................................................................................ 14
PENETRATION OF HUMAN-INFLUENCED WATER IN THE AQUIFERS. .......................................................... 14
NATURAL ATTENUATION OF POLLUTANTS. ........................................................................................ 14
ANNEX A - REVIEW OF THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE ON THE DHAKA GEOHYDROLOGY ....................... 15

ANNEX B - BASIC DATA DRILLING DTW BANANI 8 ............................................................................... 17
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL DEEP TUBE WELL BANANI 8. .............................................. 17
OBSERVED GEOHYDROGICAL PROFILE. ............................................................................................. 17
CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP TUBE WELL BANANI 8 ................................................................................. 18
CALCULATION OF THE TRANSMISSIVITY VALUES OF THE AQUIFER SYSTEMS ................................................ 18
ANNEX C - GEOHYDROLOGICAL PROFILE AND SCREEN POSITION AS-BUILT ......................................... 19

ANNEX D - GRAINSIZE DISTRIBUTION DTW BANANI 8 ......................................................................... 20
1. Geohydrology
Page 2
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Geohydrology
1.1
Geo-hydrological structure
Review of available data and publications

The mission report of Jan Hoogendoorn (VEI, Dec. 2013) contains an extensive
review of available data and publications (see Annex A). The mission report also
contains a tentative MODFLOW groundwater model.
1.2
Aquifers and aquitards
Geological setting, nature of aquifers, lateral extension of aquitards

From geological point of view Dhaka is situated on the northern part of an
enormous deltaic complex originating from the Himalayan mountains. The
Himalayan mountains rise tectonically (due to movements of the earth crust), and
produce huge amounts of erosion products. These products are transported to sea
by the large rivers e.g. the Padma, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and their predecessors.
Meanwhile, the Bengal basin sinks, and is being filled up with these erosion
products (sediments). The depth of the sedimentary basin at Dhaka is in the order
of 5000 m.
The sediments are relatively young (Plio-Pleistone age), see Figure 1-1.
Sequences of course and finer sediment reflect periods of increased orogenetic
(mountain forming) activity and/or an increased rate of subsidence of the Bengal
basin. During the ongoing sedimentation process, the course of rivers transporting
the sediments shifts constantly, distributing the sediment more or less evenly over
the delta surface.
What is the meaning of this geological structure on the present day groundwater
flow in the Dhaka region?
In this very dynamic sedimentary environment it is to be expected that the lateral
extension of thin clay layers (with a few meters thickness) is limited, possibly to a
scale of tens or hundreds of meters. The clay layers are interrupted, either by
primary causes (layer is not deposited), or secondary erosion and dissection
afterwards. For these reasons it is expected that these small lenses have no
regional influence on the groundwater system.
On a local scale however (e.g. in the vicinity of a pumped well), even small clay
lenses can induce significant vertical differences in hydraulic head. Near a pumped
well, details in the geohydrological structure become important.
Based on the published geohydrological data it seems that the aquitard (clay layer)
at a depth between 154 m to 185 m is more or less continuously present in the
Dhaka region. This layer may reflect a period of transgression (increased marine
influence). However, even in this clay layer there may be short-cuts, created by
river intersections. The presence of these shortcuts could be traced by means the
comparison of piezometric maps of the upper and lower aquifer system.
Latest data on the piezometric heads show that there is anyway at DTW Banani 8
only a small difference in hydraulic head. The difference between the upper (2)
and lower aquifer system (3) is only 38 cm.
1. Geohydrology
Page 3
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
WOP DWASA-VEI
Reference
Figure 1-1 Generalized geologic map of Bangladesh.

Adapted from Shamsaddin and Abdullah (1967).
Main features:
Depth of the sedimentary cover: about 5000 m.
Dhaka is situated in the sandy zone of the fan, tectonic movements
(movements of the earths crust) in the different blocks in the subsurface,
cause differences in the sedimentary facies of the deposits (sand/clay)
Figure 1-2 - Schematic large- scale geological cross-section of the Dhaka

region.
1. Geohydrology
Page 4
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Burgess et al (2011) present a review of the hydrogeological situation:

Unit
Covering layer
thickness
ca 10 m
Geology
Madhupur
clay
Upper Dupi Tila

aquifer
30 - 50
Dupi Tila
Formation
(discontinuous)
clay layer
Lower Dupi Tila
aquifer
0-5
Do
80 - 100
Dupi Tila
Formation
Basal clay
Deeper Dupi
Tila aquifer
system
10 - 40
>300 m
Do
Dupi Tila
Formation
Composition
Reddish/brown
silty clay,
probably deeply
weathered
Mainly fine
micaceous,
quartzofeltspatic sand,
containing
weathering
products
Clay
Remark
brittle,
composition
Like the upper

DT aquifer but
coarser, gravels
near base
Clay
Medium coarse
grained sand,
composition like
Upper DT
aquifer.
Do
Do
Explored in
the new DTW
Banani 8.
Figure 1-3 Schematic hydrogeological cross-section of Dhaka. Modified after Hoque (2004).
1. Geohydrology
Page 5
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Geohydrological parameters
Up to date, quantitative information on the geohydrological parameters is very
scarce. The same parameters are found in every publication.
In short, the following data are available:
Reference
Model
calibratio
n (in:
Burgess
2011)
Covering layer
kv =
0.005 0.03 m/d
kh =
9-20m/d
kv =
0.9-2.0
m/d
kv= 0.02
m/d
31 - 48
m/d
Nd
Nd
Upper Dupi Tila

aquifer
(discontinuous)
clay layer
Lower Dupi Tila
aquifer
Basal clay
Deeper Dupi
Tila aquifer
system
Total combined
transmissivity
Method not
known,
Hoque 2004
Combined
transmissivity
Model
calibration (in
Hoogendoorn,
2013)
Tentative
1000 days
and 1000
m2/d
1000 m2/d
Lithological
description
DTW Banani 8
(2015)
Combined
transmissivity
3600 m2/d
620 2235
m2/d
1000 days
2000 m2/d
Nd
2000-3000
m2/d
1000 days
2000 m2/d
5400 m2/d
2620-5235
m2/d
6000 m2/d
9000 m2/d
The preliminary conclusion is that the total combined transmissivity, as calculated

from the lithological descriptions from the Banani 8 well is 1.5 higher than
mentioned in previous studies.
Of course this is a "point measurement" and should be confirmed by other bore
holes. However, the high permeability is in line with the results of the groundwater
modelling.
This factor is of paramount importance for the calculation of the water balance and
for the prospects of the public water supply of Dhaka.
1. Geohydrology
Page 6
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
1.3
WOP DWASA-VEI
Groundwater flow
Abstraction rates
Total abstraction rates are estimated at 2250 * 106 m3 /year, specified as 750 *
106 m3 /year by DWASA, 750 * 106 m3/year by legal private parties and 750 * 106
m3 /year by illegal DTW's (indicative).
Other sources estimate the total abstracted volume (including the industry) in
greater Dhaka at 1500 * 106 m3/year.
Taking into account a total population of 16,000,000 people, this correspond with
an over-all consumption of 257 liter per person per day.
Partial penetration
Total aquifer depth amounts to about 800-1000 meter. Typical DWASA DTWs
penetrate to about 200-250 m depth, so only the top 25 % of the aquifer is
covered by the wells.
This phenomenon is called partial penetration and has several hydrological
consequences:
Most produced groundwater originates from deeper layers, which is
favorable from point of view of possible pollution (on the long run), which
penetrates from the surface
The dropping groundwater level hardly affects the effective transmissivity, because
the decrease of the saturated aquifer depth is limited (In case of a -theoreticaldrop of the water level of 100 meter the loss of transmissivity is limited to some 10
%)
Figure 1-4 Relation between T-covered, Teffective and T-total
1. Geohydrology
Figure 1-5 Position of the unsaturated

zone.
Page 7
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Recharge and recharge areas:

The following recharge flows can distinguished:
1. Direct infiltration in urban areas consisting of precipitation and leakage of
WS.
2. River infiltration (in particular from the Buriganga)
3. Recharge from the less urbanized/rural areas north and east of the town (in
particular floodplains between Dhaka and the river Balu).
Ad 1. The urban waste water may amount to 25 % to 45 % of the distributed
water supply (van Wonderen, 2003). Direct infiltration yields a substantial
contribution to the groundwater balance. Of course, the urban pollution enters the
soil with this recharge, so it is a mixed blessing.
As there is nowadays an aerated gap between the covering clay and the water
table (see Figure 1-5), the recharge is not proportional to the difference in head
between the phreatic and deeper water level anymore. The recharge is a fixed
quantity determined by the volume of leakage and available effective precipitation,
and is not influenced by the level in the underlying aquifer.
PS. From the side of DWASA (Mr Afanur) it is remarked that in almost every well
drilled, there is a clay layer of 10-15 meter (Madhupur clay). The risk on
penetrating pollution is considered low.
4 shows the unsaturated gap" between the Madhupur clay and the underlying
aquifer.
Ad 2. River infiltration.
Recharge by river infiltration is one of the big issues in the hydrology of Dhaka. The
steep gradient of contour maps of the groundwater, as observed by the IWM,
(2008) suggests that there is a substantial bank infiltration from the Buriganga,
with all hydrochemical implications (pollution) thereof. Of course, the river
infiltration is induced by the low groundwater heads due to the abstractions. There
is much uncertainty regarding the contact between the river and the aquifer, both
about the actual hydraulic resistance (any filter resistance?), the composition of the
subsurface, and the relation between the level of the river and the level in the
aquifer.
In the situation as shown in Figure 1-6, the rivers constitute an effective boundary
of the cone of depression, and the recharge is proportional to the difference in
head. In case the flow underneath the river is not saturated (Figure 1-7), the flow
from the rivers is not related to the level anymore, and the water simply falls
vertically into the saturated part of the aquifer.
1. Geohydrology
Page 8
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
The volume of the flow does not depend on the level in the aquifer, only of the level
in the river.
Figure 1-6 Saturated bank

infiltration. Recharge proportional
the head difference.
Figure 1-7 Unsaturated bank infiltration.

Recharge independent of level in under
laying aquifer.
It is strongly advised to investigate the recharge mechanisms along the river

Buriganga in more detail both quantitatively, and qualitatively. At the moment the
situation is one of uncontrolled aquifer recharge. As far as we know there are no
quality data of the infiltrating water.
In Dhaka center the annual decline of the water level amounts to about 2-3 m/y. In
Banani a drop of some 4 m/y is observed, probably caused by the increased water
Figure 1-8 The course of decline in Dhaka for several location over the past 18
years (BWDB, 2015).
consumption in this part of town (in particular through use in multi storied buildings
instead of villas).
1. Geohydrology
Page 9
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
The drop of the SWL has two aspects:
Water is drawn from storage (overdraft);

As groundwater flow is in principle proportional to the head difference, the drop
of the water level leads to an increased flux to the center area of the town. In
the long run, a new equilibrium will be reached, provided that the abstractions
remain the same. However, it is doubtful to which extend the recharge (in
particular from rivers) will increase by the dropping level (due to the formation
of a filter resistance and/or dry zone underneath the river).
Hydrological investigations, in particular to the actual recharge mechanisms is

urgently recommended.
1. Geohydrology
Page 10
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
WOP DWASA-VEI
Reference
1.4
Relation Upper/Deeper Dupi Tila aquifer system.
Tentative groundwater modelling by (Hoogedoorn, 2013) indicates that the regional
vertical resistances in the geohydrological profile are limited.
In the study mentioned, the hydraulic resistance between the upper (< 200 meter
depth) and the lower Dupi Tila system (> 200 m depth) is estimated to be not
more than 1000 days.
In the MODS zone 5 the static water levels of newly constructed wells were
recorded, both in the upper DT and lower DT aquifer (DWASA & J. Kleijer, 2015).
The results of these observations is shown in the Figure 1-9.
The declining levels in the upper and lower aquifer systems clearly converge to a
value of about 70 m below ground level. The combined declination will probably
continue in the coming years at a pace of about 4 m/y (in Banani).
Figure 1-9 Decline of the static water levels after construction

over time for the wells of WASA MODS zone 5 for with a
distinction between wells with a screen < 200m and > 200m.
It is remarked that in MODS zone 5 there are many wells with two production
screens, one in the upper aquifer system and one in the lower system. These wells
have a large shortcutting and levelling effect, both in un-pumped as in pumped
conditions.
Although there is much uncertainty about the effective (natural) hydraulic
resistance between the aquifer systems, the convergence of both aquifers makes it
likely that both systems will show a parallel development. The actual natural
resistance is difficult to determine, and even may be not that important anymore
for quantitative studies (regarding recharge and forecasting the water level).
For these studies the whole sequence may be regarded as one thick aquifer. For
qualitative studies the clay layer remains important, as the clay layers determines
the flow pattern around the wells.
1. Geohydrology
Page 11
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
1.5
Estimation of the contribution of storage to the total water balance.
The contribution of storage change can be (gu)estimated as follows:
Assumptions:
Core area. There is an average drop of the water level of 2 meter over an
area of 113 km2 (circle with radius of 6 km, core area )
Fringe area. There is an average drop of the water level of 0.5 meter over
an area of 452 113 = 339 km2 (circle with radius of 12 km, fringe area,
minus core )
Drainable capacity (= specific yield) = 20 %
In that case the yearly volume released from storage amounts to:
= +
Where A is area (m2) and SWL the change of the static water level over one year
and the drainable capacity of the sediment. The total yearly volume is thus
estimated on 79 * 106 m3/year. This corresponds to a relative contribution to the
total abstraction of 79/2250 = 3.5 % only.
Figure 1-10 Visualization of the estimation of the water balance in Dhaka City.
A comparable calculation was carried out by the IWM (Water Resource Assements
2006). The IWM estimates the yearly drop of the groundwater level at 2-3 m/y. The
total yearly volume is caculated per Thana at 96 Mm3. As IWM uses a much lower
value for the total abstractions (700 Mm3/y, no illegal abstractions taken into
account?) the yearly overdraft comes to 700/96 = 13.7 %
Of course, some of the assumptions are doubtful. However, based on this
estimate, it seems very likely that the contribution from storage to the
total groundwater budget is less than 10 %
Even if the estimated would be doubled or tripled, the contribution the change of
storage is of minor importance to the water balance.
A yearly drop of the water level of 2-3 meter sounds alarming, but one has to
realize that the drop of the groundwater levels reflect the increased production, not
the depletion of the available groundwater volume.
1. Geohydrology
Page 12
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
We must conclude that replenishment from river(s) plays a major role in the
hydrology of Dhaka. More than 95 % of the increased production is compensated
directly by increased recharge, both from rivers and as well as from the northern
boundary.
As a reference: In the Netherlands surface infiltration rates in of the order of
magnitude of 0.2 m /day may occur (in infiltration ponds). Should those rates occur
in the Buriganga River, a daily infiltration in the order of magnitude of 0.4 0.6 *
106 m3 may take place in the stretch of the river along Dhaka.
The yearly overdraft (= change of storage) must not be confused with mining.
Mining is the irreversible exploitation of resources.
In the case of Dhaka the (accumulated) overdraft would be completely replenished
in the (hypothetical) case that groundwater abstraction would be stopped.
1. Geohydrology
Page 13
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Groundwater quality
2.1
Natural ground water quality
The natural groundwater quality of the DT aquifer is good. The water is

oxygenated, low in iron, low in arsenic, and has normally a dissolved solids content
of less than 350 mg/l (Davies, 1995 in WG Burgess et al, 2011).
These properties are a result of the fact that the original Dupi Tila sediments were
deeply flushed (and weathered) in periods of low sea level in the Quaternary.
2.2
Salinity.
As a result of the flushing, no saline ground water has been observed in the Dhaka
region up till now.
In the Banani 8 DTW well an Electrical Conductivity value of 539 S/cm was
observed at a depth of 398 m, which means that the water is completely fresh.
For more details, we refer to the report on the Banani 8 DTW.
2.3
Penetration of human-influenced water in the aquifers.
The groundwater under Dhaka experiences an increasing influence of human
activity. Generally chlorine, nitrate and sulphate contents rise. The rise of dissolved
solids content is reflected in an increase of the Electrical Conductivity (EC). The
natural value of this parameter amounts to about 200-400 S/cm, strongly
influenced water can show a value of around 1200 S/cm (Hassan 1999 in Burgess
et al., 2011).
River infiltration strongly influences the water quality of the DTWs in the old city.
Particle tracking by a calibrated MODFLOW model suggest a transport time form the
river to the nearest PS boreholes of 18 -20 years only!
Monitoring of the EC of the DTWs is recommended. It is cheap, reliable and
reproducible. If a water turns out to have an abnormal value (say > 800 S/cm) or
is rapidly increasing, additional investigations to the cause can be undertaken.
2.4
Natural attenuation of pollutants.
In the past, it has been suggested that the aerobic nature of the aquifer may
stimulate the natural attenuation of organic pollutants (Burgess 1999). Detection of
micro pollutants is extremely critical with respect to sampling and analyzing
procedures. A state of the art survey may reveal the occurrence of micropollutants in many well.
Occurrence of DNAPLs. In many cities the presence of Dense Non Aqueous Phase
Liquids (Halogenated organic agents like Tri) form a major threat for the
groundwater quality. These agent may penetrate deep into aquifers through density
flow. The occurrence of DPAPLs in Dhaka should be investigated.
1. Geohydrology
Page 14
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex A - Review of the available literature on the Dhaka

Geohydrology
No
1
Year
1999
Title
The vulnerability of the Dupi
Tila aquifer of Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Authors
M. Kamrul
Hasan,
William Burgess,
Jane Dottridge
and Jane
Dottridge.
2000
W.G. Darling,
W.G. Burgess
and M.K. Hassan
2003
Isotopic evidence for induced

river recharge to the Dupi Tila
aquifer in the
Dhaka urban area, Bangladesh
Response of the Dupi Tila
aquifer to intensive pumping in
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2007
Declining groundwater level and

aquifer dewatering in Dhaka
metropolitan area,
Bangladesh: causes and
quantification.
2008
2009
2011
Resource assessment
and monitoring of
water supply sources
for Dhaka City
Controls on groundwater flow in
the Bengal Basin of India
and Bangladesh: regional
modeling analysis
Groundwater quality trends in
the Dupi Tila aquifer of Dhaka,
Bangladesh: sources of
contamination evaluated using
modelling and environmental
isotopes.
1. Geohydrology
Brian L. Morris,
Ashraf
Ali Seddique and
Kazi
Matin Ahmed.
Mohammad A.
Hogue,
M. Mozzammel
Hogue
and Kazi Matin
Ahmed.
Published in
Impacts of Urban
Growth on Surface
Water and
Groundwater
Quality
(Proceedings of
IUGG 99
Symposium HS5,
Birmingham, July
1999). lAHS Publ.
no. 259, 1999.
International
Atomic Energy
Agency Journal
(2000) 37: 95-107.
Hydrogeology
Journal (2003)
1:496-503.
Hydrogeology
Journal (2007) 15:
1523-1534.
IWM. Dhaka
H.A. Michael and

C.I. Voss
Hydrogeology
Journal (2009) 17:
1561-1578.
William Graham
Burgess,
Muhammed
Kamm! Hasana,
Emma
Rihania, Kazi
Matin
Ahmed,
Mohammad
Abdul Hogue and
William George
Darling.
International
Journal of Urban
Sustainable
Development
(2011) 3: 56-76.
Page 15
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
2012
2013
2014
WOP DWASA-VEI
Monitoring groundwater storage

changes in the highly seasonal
humid tropics: validation of
GRACE measurements in the
Bengal Basin
Hydrogeological analysis of the
upper Dupi Tila Aquifer,
towards the implementation of
a managed aquifer recharge
project in Dhaka City,
Bangladesh.
Tracing recharge to aquifers

beneath an Asian
megacity with Cl/Br and stable
isotopes: The
example of Dhaka, Bangladesh
1. Geohydrology
M.
Shamsudduha,
R.G. Taylor and
L. Longuevergne
Water Resources
Research (2012)
48: 1-7.
Mohammad
Azizur
Rahman, Bettina
A. Wiegand, A.
B. M.
Badruzzaman
and Thomas
Ptak.
M.A. Hoque, J.M.
McAthur,
P.K.Sikdar, J.D.
Ball, T.N. Molla
Hydrogeology
Journal (2013) 21:
10711089.
Hydrogeology
Journal (2014) 22:
1155-1163.
Page 16
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex B - Basic data drilling DTW Banani 8

For more detail data the reader is referred to the dedicated report on DTW Banani 8
Deep Tube Well at Road 6, block C, Banani, Dhaka
23/7/2015, updated 15/10/15
B.1
Drilling and construction of the model deep tube well Banani 8.
The model tube well Banani 8 was drilled by RFL on behalf of DWASA, in close
cooperation with the WOP program.
Drilling took place in the period June July 2015
B.2
Observed geohydrogical profile.
The observed geohydrological section is shown in Annex 1.

Clearly the following elements can be distinguished:
Depth (m)
Unit
Geohydrological characteristics
09
Madaripur clay
Sandy clay, plastic texture
High hydraulic resistance expected
9 154
Upper Dupi Tila aquifer
Rather homogenous sequence of
system
sand layers. Medium to coarse
sand. D50 = 250 / 450 m.
Occasional thin clay deposit.
154 185
Aquitard
185 499
Lower Dupi Tila aquifer

system
499 -501
Hydrologic basis ??
Calculated T-value
3621 ( 20 %) m2/day
Hard, solid, gray clay, with iron
spots.
High hydraulic resistance
expected,
Rather uniform sequence of sand
layers. Predominantly medium
grained sand. D50 =200 / 350 m.
Occasional thin clay beds.
Calculated T-value
5376 ( 20%) m2/day
Soft, sandy clay.
The observed profile of Banani 8 complies reasonably well with the regional profile
of Dhaka, as published by Hoque, which is shown below.
In the Banani well, there is no clear distinction between a 1e, 2e and 3e aquifer, only
between an upper and lower aquifer system, separated by a thick compact clay
layer with a depth between 154 and 185 meter.
A major difference with published data is that the T-value (transmissivity) of both
aquifer systems, as calculated from the grainsizes observed in the Banani well, is
definitely higher than published before. Of course, this has major implications for
the result of any groundwater-calculation or model in this area.
The hydrological basis is uncertain. It is very well possible that the observed clay is
in fact only a thin layer, and that the aquifer extends beyond 501 m.
1. Geohydrology
Page 17
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
B.3
Construction of deep tube well Banani 8
The position of the production screen and observation screens is as follows:
Production filter new well
315.76 347.00 m
(327.10 328.60 blind)
Observation screens:
7
466-470 m
6
397-398 m
5
344-347 m
4
315.76-318.76 (adapted to the top of the
production screen)
3
206-207 m
2
108-109 m
1
32-33 m
Depth reference: top metal casing
NB. Production screen old well Banani 8: 117/140, 198/233
B.4
Calculation of the transmissivity values of the aquifer systems
The transmissivity of the aquifers is calculated based on the method described in
the publication: Correlations of Permeability and Grain Size 1. In this publication
statistical relations between grain sizes and permeability are quantified. These
relations are derived from a large number of geo-hydrological investigations in
different types of sediments and geological conditions.
For channel deposits (generally immature and poorly sorted alluvial deposits),
Shepherd mentions the relation:
= 142 (50 )1.65
in which
k = permeability (m/d)
D50 = medium grainsize of the sample (mm)
By means of this relation the permeability of each sample (per meter) was
calculated and added per aquifer system (see annex 2). This calculation results for
the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer system (9-154 m) in a transmissivity value of
rounded- 3600 m2/day and for the lower Dupi Tila aquifer system (185 499 m) in
a value of 5300 m2/day.
Correlations of Permeability and Grain Size, R.G. Shepherd,

Groundwater, Vol.27, no.5 Sept-Oct 1989
1
1. Geohydrology
Page 18
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex C - Geohydrological profile and screen position as-built
1. Geohydrology
Page 19
of 20
Title
Subtitle
1. Geohydrology
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Some remarks on the
Date
16 August 2016
WOP DWASA-VEI
Reference
Annex D - Grainsize distribution DTW Banani 8
D50 Banani 8
0
0
100
200
300
400
-50
500
600
700
T calculated
for this
section 3621
20 %
m2/day
-100
-150
Depth
-200
-250
T calculated for this

section 5376 20 %
m2/day
-300
-350
-400
-450
-500
1. Geohydrology
Medium grainsize
Page 20
of 20
2.
Ground water model Dhaka

First set-up and preliminary results
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Sjoerd Rijpkema (Jonne Kleijer, Gertjan de Wit)
WOP DWASA-VEI
3 November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
Subtitle
2. Ground water model Dhaka
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
First set-up and preliminary
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Table of Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3
MODEL DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................. 3

2.1
2.2
GEOLOGICAL MODEL .................................................................................................................... 3

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, NESTING ................................................................................................... 8
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
VALIDATION AND CALIBRATION ..................................................................................................... 10

CONE OF DEPRESSION ................................................................................................................. 12
FLOW LINES ............................................................................................................................. 15
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................... 18
4.1
4.2
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL .......................................................................................... 18

FINAL REMARKS ........................................................................................................................ 19
ANNEX A FOLDER STRUCTURE OF THE MODEL ................................................................................. 20

Page 2
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Introduction
Groundwater is the most important source used by Dhaka Water Supply and
Sewerage Authority (DWASA) for water supply. Nowadays DWASA uses about 750
deep tube well (DTW) and has licensed about 2000 private wells (PTW). The total
amount of abstracted groundwater by these wells is estimated at 750 million
m3/year both for the DTW en PTWs. So the total (legal) abstraction is estimated at
1500 million m3/year. In the model, a total abstraction of 2250 Mm3 was taken into
account.
This abstraction, together with illegal abstractions, has caused a large decline in the
groundwater levels. Measurements show a decline of 2-3 meter per year with a
total drawdown of 70meter at certain places.
This decline raises questions, for example; what is the consequence of such decline
and how much water can be abstracted under Dhaka. In different researches the
decline and some consequences are quantified. However these results show the
current state of the system, and are mainly focused on one specific issue. To get a
more overall view of the problem and quantify future effects or even think of
mitigation a groundwater model is essential.
In this report the development of such a preliminary model is described and some
first results are shown.
Model development
2.1
Geological model
Starting point for the model is the development of a geological model. A large effort
was put in digitalizing the paper bore logs of many of the DTWs. For 323 logs there
are now digital logs available, however not for all the DTWs the exact location is
known. For 231 wells the location is known, the depth of the DTWs ranges from
100 to 500 m. The remaining 92 wells are not used in the model. For an area of
approximately 200 km2 this a dense set. In Figure 2-1 below the locations can be
seen.
Besides this set, a second large set of bore logs were also acquired from the IWM.
This set was less dense in Dhaka and gave in particular information of the
geohydrological structure in the surroundings of the city.
If the DTW are viewed in 3D, Figure 2-2, already a clear outline of the different
geological formations and layers can be observed. In the table below a
representation is given of the hydrogeological situation as described in the paper of
Burgess et al (2011);

Page 3
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Table 1 Geological situation
Unit
Covering layer
thickness
ca 10 m
Geology
Madhupur
clay
Upper Dupi Tila

aquifer
30 - 50
Dupi Tila
Formation
(discontinuous)
clay layer
Lower Dupi Tila
aquifer
0-5
do
80 - 100
Dupi Tila
Formation
Basal clay
Deeper Dupi
Tila aquifer
system
10 - 40
>300 m
do
Dupi Tila
Formation
Composition
Reddish/brown silty
clay, probably deeply
weathered
Mainly fine micaceous,
quartzo-feltspatic
sand, containing
weathering products
Clay
Remark
brittle,
composition
Like the upper DT

aquifer but coarser,
gravels near base
Clay
Medium coarse
grained sand,
composition like Upper
DT aquifer.
Do
Do
Explored in
the new DTW
Banani 8.
Figure 2-1 Location of the digital bore logs

Page 4
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 2-2 3D-view of the bore logs.
The next step is to simplify/aggregate the stratigraphy in the bore logs so they can
be represented into model layers. This was done in three steps;
1. Adjacent layers of the same type in the bore logs (aquifers or aquitards) are
combined in one unit.
For the k-values of the different types the following assumption is made,
based on standard literature;
Table 2. kv and kh used for the bore logs
Type of
aquitards
Top soil
Plastic clay
Hard clay
Loose clay
Silty clay
Clay
Silt
Type of aquifers
Very fine sand
Fine sand
Medium sand
Coarse sand
Sand
Gravel
Kv [m/day]
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Kh
(m/day)
5.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
15.0
40.0

Page 5
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
2. Next the smaller clay and sand layers in between larger ones are
aggregated. If a small aquitard (or aquifer) is in between two large aquifers
(or aquitards), the resistances (or transmissivity) is added to the larger
aquitard (or aquifer) on top or below. This was done in such a way that the
total thickness, transmissivity remains the same. The threshold thickness
was chosen to be 2.6m by trial and error.
Figure 2-3 Aggregation of a small clay layer in between to large sand layers.
The result of step 1 and 2 is a bore log with only large aquifers and aquitards.
3. The next step is to find the depth of the different geological layers in the
bore logs, since this will not be at the same depth in the different bore logs.
First a hypothetical depth is initialized for the different layer. The initial
interface was chosen in such a way that the depth corresponds with the
geology in table 1. For respectively model layer 1 to 6 that was; 10, 70,
150, 210, 300 and 500 meter below surface level. The initialized interfaces
will never exactly correspond with one of the geological interfaces. So from
the initialized interfaces the bore log is scanned for a thick clay layers
indicating the real geological interfaces. The scan depth is maximized to
25m above and below an initialized interface.
The result of this simplification and aggregation can be seen in the Figure below.
From the Figure it can immediately be seen that the deepest model layer is based
on only one bore log, Banani 8.

Page 6
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 2-4 Simplified and aggregated bore logs into model layers.
After these steps the thickness and k-values per bore log is known. With an natural
neighbor interpolation this was converted to thicknesses and k-values for the whole
of Dhaka. In the table below a summary of the results is given;
Table 3 Initial model layers and transmissivity and resistance
Model
layer
Thickness
[m]
Aquifer 1
Transmissivity
/resistance
[m2/day]/ [days]
0
Aquitard
1
Aquifer 2
10
1000
40
550
Aquitard
2
Aquifer 3
500
75
1200
Aquitard
3
Aquifer 4
10
1000
35
550
Aquitard
4
Aquifer 5
20
2000
65
2000
Aquitard
5
Aquifer 6
18
1800
200
6000
Aquitard
6
300
Unit
Remarks
Covering
layer
Covering
layer
Upper Dupi
Tila aquifer
Clay layer
Some small
spots show sand
Present
everywhere
Many
discontinuities
Lower Dupi
Tila aquifer
Clay layer
Lower Dupi
Tila aquifer
Clay layer
Lower Dupi
Tila aquifer
Basal clay
Deeper
Dupi Tila
aquifer
Deeper
Dupi Tila
aquifer
Only Banani 8
Only Banani 8
In the Figure below a south to north cross section is shown from the model layers;
Page 7
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 2-5 Cross section south-north.
2.2
Boundary conditions, nesting
The extent of the model is chosen as 158500x215700m with a resolution of 100m,
the lower left corner of the model is 153500, 2562600 (UTM N46). The east, south
and west boundary of the model are assumed to be formed by the Padma an
Meghna river. To the north there is no clear boundary, so an open boundary is
chosen far away enough to have no influence in Dhaka, 150 km.
As mentioned earlier, the density of bore logs is high in the city, and low outside
the city. Especially to the north are very few bore logs. Also the deeper aquifer
beneath Banani 8 is unsure. To solve this, the Dhaka model was nested in a bigger
model for the whole of Bangladesh (Michael & Voss, 2009). This simple model
consist of one aggregated lithology for the whole of Bangladesh, with a horizontal
k-value of 17 m/day and a vertical anisotropy of 1/10000. The thickness of the
model was determined by seismic data and deep bore logs from the gas industry.
Around Dhaka thicknesses up to 1000 m are found.
In the Figure below the extent of the detail model and the larger parent model are
shown.
Underneath the detail model, the parent model is also depicted.

Page 8
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 2-6 Extent of the detail (light grey) and parent (dark grey) model.
Recharge
The recharge is modeled by a given recharge flux to model layer 1 of 0.5 mm/day.
Although the net precipitation is closer to 1.5 mm/day, the University of Dhaka
advised to use a lower recharge, taking into account some interception and direct
drainage. Because the first aquifer has a high resistance and a low transmissivity
the groundwater will rise quickly and a large part will not infiltrate but will leave the
system via drainage. To incorporate this, over the whole model a drainage level
equal to the surface level was used. If the groundwater rises above this level the
groundwater is topped to this level and the water leaves the model.
Rivers
The location of the rivers was derived from a polygon shape file received from IWM.
The water levels where calculated by taking the minimum value of the surface level
within a polygon. Because the water level is also measured by the satellite the
lowest value usually indicates the surface water level.
As a first assumption, the bottom height of the river is assumed to be 10 meter
below surface water level. This is in accordance to some cross sections of the river
depth. Since the covering clay layer is also 10m thick, this means that the rivers
Page 9
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
cut through covering layer. For depth class three, an exception is made and it is
assumed that this is in the clay.
The resistance of the river is divided into three classes, as in the received shapefile.
For each class a different resistance was chosen. In accordance with the earlier
study by Jan Hoogendoorn the deepest rivers get a resistance of 1 day, medium 5
days and smallest 50 days.
Wells
The exact amount of abstracted water is difficult to determine. There are different
numbers in different researches and publications. For now the annual report of
DWASA was used for 2012 (latest entry). In that year it was estimated that the
total abstracted amount is 750 million m3.
From earlier years it is known that about the same amount is produced by the
private tube wells.
Some of the researches show that an equal amount of water produced by DWASA is
abstracted illegally as well.
This means that the total abstraction from groundwater would be about 2250
million m3 per year. This amount is used in the groundwater model. This Figure is
however really uncertain.
The exact location, as mentioned earlier, of the DTWs is uncertain. A shapefile was
provided by DWASA and this was used to determine the depth and the location of
the wells. However the location of the PTW and illegal wells is not known. It is
plausible that there is a correlation between the DWASA well density and the
population density. It is also plausible that this same correlation holds for the
private tube wells and illegal wells. The amount of groundwater abstracted by
private wells (750 million m3) and illegal wells (750 m3) is therefore added to the
known DWASA DTWs.
Results
3.1
Validation and calibration
From the BWDB a set 69 monitoring wells where acquired with measurements from
sometimes 1980 to now. Some of the wells show strange jumps and peaks in the
data caused by mixing up ID-numbers. However the set is still useful to validate
the model. In a recent study, Hoque et al (2014), the contour maps of the
groundwater level where computed, Figure 3-1.

Page 10
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 3-1 Estimated groundwater levels based on monitoring wells. (Hoque et al,
2014)
Based on a comparison between the measurements and model results, using trial
and error, the model was roughly calibrated. It resulted in the following
adjustments;
K-value horizontal. For all aquifer model layers the value was increased by a
factor 1.5.
K-value vertical. For all aquitard model layers the value was reduced with a
factor 4.0.
Vertical anisotropy. This value is in particular relevant for the large scale
model in which the detailed model is nested. This model does not contain
separate aquitards, the vertical resistance is represented in the KVA. For all
aquifer layers the model the value was increased by a factor 5.0.
Recharge. The value was restored to the original 1.5 mm/day.
The resulting characteristics of the model layers are summarized in the table
below;

Page 11
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Table 4 Model layers, transmissivity and resistance after calibration.
Model
layer
(-)
Thickness
Unit
Remarks
(-)
(-)
Transmissivity
/ resistance
(m2/day) /
(days)
0
Aquifer 1
Covering layer
Aquitard 1
Aquifer 2
10
40
250
825
Aquitard 2
Aquifer 3
5
75
125
1800
Aquitard 3
Aquifer 4
10
35
250
825
Aquitard 4
Aquifer 5
20
65
500
1500
Aquitard 5
Aquifer 6
18
200
450
9000
Aquitard 6
75
Covering layer
Upper Dupi
Tila aquifer
Clay layer
Lower Dupi
Tila aquifer
Clay layer
Lower Dupi
Tila aquifer
Clay layer
Lower Dupi
Tila aquifer
Basal clay
Deeper Dupi
Tila aquifer
Deeper Dupi
Tila aquifer
Some small spots

show sand
Present everywhere
3.2
(m)
Many discontinuities
Only Banani 8
Only Banani 8
Cone of depression
In Figure 3-2 the (calculated) drawdown can be seen caused by the abstraction of
groundwater. It can be seen that the draw down is greatest in the middle of Dhaka
and close to the rivers there is less to no draw down. The maximum drawdown is
around 70m and is concentrated in the middle of the city. The order of magnitude is
comparable to field observations.

Page 12
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 3-2 Calculated drawdown due to the abstraction of groundwater.
In the Figures below some representative monitoring wells are shown with the
calculated heads for the situation with and without pumping, it is assumed that
these calculation are representative for 1980 and 2015. Overall, it can be seen that
the calculated levels are in the same range as the measurements. However, some
remarks can be made:
Near the Padna River the calculated levels are somewhat high, the small
effect of the pumping seen in the measurements is also observed in the
calculations.
Near the Megna River the level without pumping is calculated near the levels
in the measurements, however the effect of pumping is over-estimated a
bit. To the north of Dhaka the levels are calculated a bit too high and the
effects are under-estimated.
Further improvement of the transmissivity, resistance and recharge can probably
improve the accuracy. However it is also important to further improve the
knowledge about the abstractions by industry and irrigation. For example in the
north it is known that there are large amount abstracted by industry. This may be
the reason that the effect to the north is now underestimated.

Page 13
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Figure 3-3 Monitoring well near Padna, GT5646008
Figure 3-4 Monitoring well near Megna, GT6702001
Figure 3-5 Monitoring well to the north of Dhaka, GT3386018
The Figures below show monitoring wells in the city of Dhaka. It can be seen that
the calculated effect and measured groundwater levels are in reasonable
agreement. Near the Buriganga River the effect is predicted accurate, however the
overall levels are too low. To the north a, Banani, there is only a small dataset
available. It can be seen however, that effect is underestimated. It should be noted
that in Dhaka it is difficult to find monitoring wells which are representative for an
area. Nearby wells can show a different picture then presented here. This is
probably because of the many pumping wells in Dhaka which influence the
groundwater, this causes the levels to be less homogenous.
Page 14
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
To further improve the model the hydraulic and recharge parameters can be further
calibrated. However the location and abstracted amount by wells is probably a
more important parameter to optimize.
Figure 3-6 Monitoring well in the centre of Dhaka, GT2650012
Figure 3-7 Monitoring well near the Buriganga river, GT2688021
Figure 3-8 Monitoring well near Banani, GT2626900
3.3
Flow lines
Based on the calculated fluxes and ground water levels flow lines can be calculated.
In the Figures below the result of two different flow line calculations can be seen. In
Figure 3-9 the flow lines from surface level to the wells can be seen and in Figure
3-10 the flow lines from the Buriganga and Shitalakshya rivers.
In Figure 3-9 can be seen that there are roughly three factors that contribute to the
groundwater abstracted from the wells:
Page 15
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
infiltration from the nearby rivers Buriganga, Shitalakashya (travel time 5100 years),
infiltration from the more distant rivers Padna and Megna (travel time 1,000
to 5,000)
groundwater flow from the higher area far to the north (travel time 10,000
to 100,000 years)
Depending of the location the wells the amount of the contributions may differ.
This flow pattern is different from the situation without abstraction. Before the large
abstraction the deep water was predominantly regional flow from the higher areas.
The shallower aquifers where more locally recharged and where drained by the
rivers. Now the rivers infiltrate near Dhaka due to the large drawdown under de
city.
Figure 3-9 Flow lines to the wells under Dhaka
The travel times from the Megna, Padna and higher areas is much larger than the
time that water is abstracted in Dhaka. So in wells which are predominantly
influenced by the older water no influence of human activity may be expected and
the water quality is probably good.
However the contribution of the closer river is now already influencing water quality
in some wells. In Figure 3-9 the flow from the Buriganga and Shitalakshya is
shown. It can be seen that the travel times from especially the Burigunga are much
shorter than the time of abstraction. In the wells in this area it can be expected
that there is influence of river water.
In Figure 3-10 measurements show a more or less similar picture as the flowlines.
Interesting to see is that in the middle and north of the city there is an area which
is not reached by the flowlines from the river. This area is more or less protected
from river influenced water, the wells closer to the river shield the wells in the
middle. This result may be used in the planning of new wells. Maybe the city can
Page 16
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
even be divided in zones, where the zone closer to the river are used by industry
and more to the center for water supply.
Figure 3-10 Flow lines from the Buriganga and Shitalakshya rivers
The water quality along the Buriganga varies strongly from North to South. Figure
3-11 c) shows the variability along the river path, which impacts the water quality
near the Buriganga. These measurements verify the flow paths as shows earlier.
Similar conclusions were made based on electrical conductivity variability by
Burgess et al. (2011).
Figure 3-11 a) Distribution of Cl/Br in well water across Dhaka. b) Cl/Br in groundwater
as a function of distance eastward of the Turag-Buriganga river system. c) Cl/Br mass
ratio in the Turag-Buriganga river system as a function of distance downriver from site
Tu to Bu3 as in a) (Hoque et al, 2014).
Page 17
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Conclusions and recommendations
The section below highlights points, which are recommended to further develop.
4.1
Further development of the model
Implementation of the model. The preliminary calculations already produce

some interesting results and give a direction in which the model can be
used. For example: long term planning, securing the source for water
supply and creating clear starting points for the decision process.
However, this can only be done when this model is embraced and also
further developed and maintained by DWASA. Since there is no real
hydrology department in DWASA this means that somebody has to be
appointed and educated in how to use the model.
Scenario. This study was mainly focused on creating the model and less on
doing computations. It would be good that -in a further study- some more
scenarios are developed and calculated to get a better insight in the
hydraulic situation.
Further improvements of the model;
o Calibration. A first rough calibration of the model was done. This
should be done more thoroughly to further improve the performance
of the model.
o Improve surface water. There is a shape file available of the detailed
water bodies in Dhaka it would be good to incorporate this in the
model. Now the river levels are computed from the minimum of the
surface level. It would be more accurate to base this on the levels in
the measurements. The same holds for the elevation of the bottom
of the rivers.
o Wells. As mentioned earlier, the exact location of only a few wells is
known. For at least the (DWASA) DTWs it should be possible to get
a better insight in the location. Also the accuracy of the amount of
abstracted water should be improved, especially the amount
abstracted by the private and illegal wells. Also irrigation and
industrial uses can have great influence and should be incorporated
in the model better.
o Recharge. One of the most determining and also difficult parameters
is the recharge to the aquifer. In this model some simplifications
have been made. A more thoroughly study on the recharge
mechanism would certainly improve the model.
o Transient modelling. The model developed now is a steady state
model, everything is assumed to be balanced. Preliminary
calculations show that the effect of storage is relatively small.
However, this should be confirmed by transient calculations.

Page 18
of 20
Title
Subtitle
4.2
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Final remarks
The drawdown of some 70 m in the city center although large compared to

standards in the international drinking water sector- is relatively moderate
in relation to the massive abstraction rates. This study shows that the
moderate drawdown can only be explained by a combination of favorable
recharge conditions (by rivers) and a high transmissivity of the deeper
underground. The total (summarized) value for the transmissivity of the
aquifers in the calibrated model amounts to almost 14.000 m 2/d. Taking into
account the uncertainties in this type of calculations, it can be stated that
the actual transmissivity will be for sure in the range on 12.000 to 16.000
m2/d, which is internationally seen- an exceptionally high value.
Another remarkable feature is that the aquifer is completely fresh and has a
relatively low iron content, at least down the deepest observation screen of
Banani 8 (Electric conductance of 539 S/cm at 398 m), and is probably
much deeper1. Obviously, the aquifer is deeply flushed in the Pleistocene
periods during low sea levels. This is another indication for a high aquifer
transmissivity.
The topographical elevation of Dhaka is 4-9 m above sea level. This means that the depth of the cone
of depression is far below the sea level. Hypothetically: in case of a Ghijben-Herzberg equilibrium (fresh
water floating on saline waters, difference in density 2.5 %) the depth of the fresh/saline interface would
be at a depth of some 120 320 m. Obviously the aquifer is deeply flushed in Pleistocene time.
Page 19
of 20
Title
Subtitle
Reference
Sjoerd Rijpkema
Author
3 November 2016
results
Date
Annex A Folder structure of the model

+---Data
| +---Literature (pdf & pptx)
| +---Recharge (IDF & xlsx)
| +---Rivers (png, IDF & shp)
| +---SWL (xlsx & shp
| +---Water_levels_calibration (xlsx)
| \---Wells (xlsx & shp)
+---imod
| +---IMOD_USER (exe)
| \---TUTORIALS (imod files)
+---Input_model
| +---bot (IDF)
| +---boundary (IDF)
| +---calibration (IPF)
| +---khv (IDF)
| +---kva (IDF)
| +---kvv (IDF)
| +---recharge (IDF)
| +---rivers (IDF)
| +---starting_heads (IDF)
| +---top (IDF)
| \---wells (IPF)
+---Legends
+---Output_Model
| +---bdgrch (IDF)
| +---bdgriv (IDF)
| +---bdgwel (IDF)
| +---head (IDF)
| \---mf2005_tmp (lists input)
\---Run_Model
+---calibration
| +---2_Kh (RUN)
| +---2_Kv (RUN)
| +---3_KVA (RUN)
| \---4_kh_kv (RUN)
\---Scenarios
+---Scenario_1_Master_Plan_DWASA (IDF)
+---Scenario_2_Industry_Stop (IDF)
\---Scenario_3_Artifficial_Recharge (IDF)

Page 20
of 20
3.
Construction of Banani 8
Experiences with the design, drilling and

construction of the Banani 8 DTW
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Gertjan de Wit
WOP DWASA-VEI
November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
3. Construction of Banani - 8
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Experiences with the design,
Date
16 August 2016
Reference
drilling and construction

WOP DWASA-VEI
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION / SCOPE OF THE DTW BANANI 8 PROJECT ........................................................ 3
DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL DEEP TUBE WELL BANANI 8 ............................. 4
2.1
2.2
PRE-SET DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 4

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS (AS BUILT)....................................................................................................... 4
OBSERVED GEOHYDROGICAL PROFILE. ...................................................................................... 5
3.1
3.2
3.3
CALCULATION OF THE TRANSMISSIVITY VALUES OF THE AQUIFER SYSTEMS BASED ON GRAINSIZE. ....................... 6
PIEZOMETRIC HEADS. ......................................................................................................................... 6
WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................................................... 7
WELL DEVELOPMENT. ................................................................................................................ 8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
SECTION-WISE CLEANING .................................................................................................................... 9

AIRBURSTING ................................................................................................................................... 9
SPECIFIC CAPACITY TEST OF BANANI 8 IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER DTW IN BANANI AND GULSHAN. ............ 10
RECOVERY TEST OF THE WELL BANANI 8............................................................................................... 11
STATUS BANANI 8 PER NOVEMBER 2016 ............................................................................................. 12
DIFFERENCES IN DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION BANANI 8 # CONVENTION DTW DESIGN....... 13
SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP ...................................................................................................... 14
RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................. 16
ANNEX A - PRE-SET DESIGN: ................................................................................................................ 17

ANNEX B - GEOHYDROLOGICAL PROFILE AND SCREEN POSITIONS ASBUILT ........................................ 18
ANNEX C - GRAINSIZE DISTRIBUTION DTW BANANI 8 ......................................................................... 19
ANNEX D - MAIN DIFFERENCES STANDARD DTW CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND THE NEW DTW
BANANI 8. ........................................................................................................................................... 20
ANNEX E - CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DTW BANANI 8. ........................................................................... 23
3. Construction of Banani 8
Page 2
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Introduction / Scope of the DTW Banani 8 project

A standard DWASA deep tube well has a service life of 2-4 year only. Replacing a
well causes a lot costs, nuisance for the people living around, and interruptions of
the water supply. This is unacceptable, both from point of view of economics as
well as from a point of view of sustainability.
The rapid aging of the wells is caused by clogging. The short lifespan of wells was
the main trigger to take up the Banani DTW 8 project. Under this project a model
tubewell was drilled.
The objectives of the project were threefold:
Demonstration of alternative DTW drilling design, construction methods, materials
and supervision practices. Parallel training and on-the job sessions were realized.
Exploration of the geohydrology of Dhaka, up to the 4 th aquifer. Original target
depth was 450 m, a depth of 501 m was realized.
Installation of one production DTW for DWASA, equipped with state-of the-art
monitoring equipment (SCADA).
Page 3
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Drilling and construction of the model deep tube well Banani

8
The model tube well Banani 8 was drilled by RFL on behalf of DWASA, in close
cooperation with the WOP program (Mr. Mario van Emmen was full time involved in
the project).
Drilling took place in the period June July 2015. The construction was completed
in July 2015, just before Eid-al-Fitr.
Development took place in November 2015. From March 2016 the well is in full
swing operation.
Drilling was executed by means of a 28 ton Australian rotary rig, using the reversed
circulation method with air injection.
A drill pipe with flanged connection was used, length of each section amounts to
10.
2.1
Pre-set design
Because the geological profile beneath about 250 meter was unknown, and most
materials were to be imported from the Netherlands, the use of the pre-set design
was necessary.
The design was in principle based on the observed profile of the old DTW at 6 meter
distance from the new location. The pre-set design is shown in Annex A. The design
was prepared by Mr. Herman Sluiter of Vitens.
Drilling fluid
In Banani 8, a light (ca 1015 kg/m3) mud based on Wyoming bentonite with an
addition of some CMC and pH control between 8 and 9 was used.
2.2
Construction details (as built).
The position of the production screen and observation screens is as follows:

Production filter new well
315.76 347.00 m
(327.10 328.60 blind)
Observation screens:
7
466-470 m (damaged)
6
397-398 m
5
344-347 m
4
315.76-318.76 (adapted to the top of the
production screen)
3
206-207 m
2
108-109 m
1
32-33 m
Depth reference: top metal casing
NB. Production screen old well Banani 8: 117-140 m, 198-233 m below ground
level. The diameter of the screen and casing is 12 (315 mm). There is no
separated pump house casing.
Page 4
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Observed geohydrogical profile.

The observed geohydrological section is shown in Annex B.
Clearly the following elements can be distinguished:
Depth (m)
Unit
Geohydrological characteristics
09
Madaripur clay
Sandy clay, plastic texture
High hydraulic resistance expected
9 154
Upper Dupi Tila aquifer
Rather homogenous sequence of
system
sand layers. Medium to coarse
sand. D50 = 250 / 450 m.
Occasional thin clay deposit.
154 185
Aquitard
185 499
Lower Dupi Tila aquifer

system
499 -501
Top of separating layer?
Calculated T-value
3621 ( 20 %) m2/day
Hard, solid, gray clay, with iron
spots.
High hydraulic resistance
expected,
Rather uniform sequence of sand
layers. Predominantly medium
grained sand. D50 =200 / 350 m.
Occasional thin clay beds.
Calculated T-value
5376 ( 20%) m2/day
Soft, sandy clay.
The observed profile of Banani 8 complies reasonably well with the regional profile
of Dhaka, as published by Hoque, which is shown below. In the Banani well, there
is no clear distinction between a 1e, 2e and 3e aquifer, only between an upper and
lower aquifer system, separated by a thick compact clay layer with a depth
between 154 and 185 meter.
A major difference with published data is that the T-value (transmissivity) of both
aquifer systems, as calculated from the grainsizes observed in the Banani well, is
definitely higher than published before. Of course, this has major implications for
the result of any groundwater-calculation or model in this area.
The hydrological basis is uncertain. It is very likely that the observed clay is in fact
only a thin layer, and that the aquifer extends beyond 501 m.
Page 5
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
3.1
Calculation of the transmissivity values of the aquifer

systems based on grainsize.
The transmissivity of the aquifers is calculated based on the method described in

the publication: Correlations of Permeability and Grain Size 1. In this publication
statistical relations between grain sizes and permeability are quantified. These
relations are derived from a large number of geo-hydrological investigations in
different types of sediments and geological conditions.
For channel deposits (generally immature and poorly sorted alluvial deposits),
Shepherd mentions the relation:
k = 142 * (D50)1,65
in which
k = permeability (m/d)
D50 = medium grainsize of the sample (mm)
By means of this relation the permeability of each sample (per meter) was
calculated and summarized per aquifer system (see annex 2). This calculation
results for the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer system (9-154 m) in a transmissivity value
of rounded- 3600 m2/day and for the lower Dupi Tila aquifer system (185 499
m) in a value of 5300 m2/day. The transmissivity under 501 m is not yet taken into
account, so the total transmissivity is more than 8900 m2/day (3600+5300 m2/day)
3.2
Piezometric heads.
Latest data on the piezometric heads show that there is anyway at DTW Banani 8
only a small difference in hydraulic head. The difference between the upper (2)
and lower aquifer system (3) is only 38 cm.
Filter
SWL (w.r.t.
ground level)
Production strainer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Old well Banani 8
61,94
Dry
61,72
62,10
61,98
61.99
61,70
15/10/15
Barometric
pressure : 1039
Mb
Electric
conductance
(S/sm)*
375
411
301
620
539
430
* Electric conductance is a measure for the total dissolved solids. There is no primary drinking water
standard for the EC. Internationally (e.g. Australia) a value of 800 S/cm is considered as acceptable for
drinking water.
Correlations of Permeability and Grain Size, R.G. Shepherd, Groundwater,

Vol.27, no.5 Sept-Oct 1989
1
Page 6
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
3.3
Water quality
The EC (Electric Conductance) of the water from the different piezometer was
observed. Samples were taken by airlifting.
The EC of the water are in the same range over the whole profile. The water at
397/398 m is still fresh, slightly more mineralized than the water in the higher
parts.
A complete analysis of the water of the DTW is presented in ANNEX E. All observed
parameters (including Arsenic) comply with Bangladesh and international
standards.
Page 7
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Well development.
Well development is the removal of fine materials (including remnants of the
drilling fluid) from the gravel pack and adjacent parts of the formation.
By removing the fine materials, the hydraulic properties of the gravel pack and
formation are restored, or even improved, and the water can flow freely to the well.
If a well is not properly developed, the remaining fine materials act as a starting
point for clogging, and the well may become clogged within a short period.
Well development is the most important single issue determining the quality of the
well.
A combination of factors makes proper well development under Dhaka conditions
extremely difficult:
High penetration pressure of the drilling fluid (due to the low static water
levels)
Composition of the sand (fair, but not high, permeability, high mica content)
The low static water levels (-70m) make any development action labourand time-intensive.
The conditions for drilling are difficult (in particular lack of space). Good
development is also a matter of patience.
For more details: see the WOP report on well performance.
Figure 1 Remnants of drilling fluid

at the borehole face.
After drilling there are still remnants of the drilling fluid, hampering the ground
water flow.After development, all fines are washed out.
Figure 2 Remnants of the drilling

fluid are removed by proper
development.
Page 8
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
4.1
Section-wise cleaning
In Banani 8 a special section-wise cleaning device

was used, with a length of 2 meter.
A strong water flow (in the order of 150 m3/h)
through the gravel pack is induced by a largevolume pump and 2 packers (rubber sealings).
Some 10-20 % of the flow is pumped to the
surface, to get rid of the detached dirt.
Due to technical set-backs, and the resulting lack
of time the development by section-wise cleaning
could not be completed as scheduled.
Figure 3 Principle of section-wise

cleaning
4.2
Airbursting
After section wise cleaning, the Banani 8 well

was further developed by means of airbursting.
The airburst device is a kind of high pressure air
-hammer releasing shock waves.
Any dirt and fine grains are dislodged, and can
be removed by (airlift) pumping.
The airburst device is powered by high pressure
gas (200-300 bar) either in cylinders (nitrogen)
or by a high pressure compressor.
Due to technical / logistic problems (in particular
the availability of high pressure nitrogen gas),
the development could not be executed as
planned.
Figure 4 The principle of

airbursting
Page 9
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
4.3
Specific capacity test of Banani 8 in comparison with other DTW in

Banani and Gulshan.
The specific capacity of Banani 8 was measured and compared with other wells in
Banani and Gulshan.
Banani 8 has a fair, but not exceptional specific capacity.
DMA
Pump Location
505
Gulshan - 10
505
Gulshan - 8
505
Gulshan - 5
502
Banani - 8
505
Gulshan - Wonderland
Park
504
Gulshan - 74
505
Gulshan - 4
504
Gulshan - 7
506
Gulshan - Shooting Club
501
Banani - 5
504
Gulshan - 6
502
Banani - 4
501
Banani - 7
502
Banani - 6
505
Gulshan - 9
502
Banani - 3
PWL
(m)
SWL
(m)
DD
(m)
Q
(l/min)
Q
(m3/h)
92.70
79.50
13.20
2,100
126
91.00
79.10
11.90
1,850
111
83.80
64.60
19.20
2,650
159
70.10
63.20
6.90
1,700
102
83.90
71.40
12.50
2,500
150
88.90
70.10
18.80
2,100
126
76.60
64.70
11.90
2,600
156
88.60
66.10
22.50
1,250
75
94.50
79.20
15.30
2,300
138
81.40
72.00
9.40
2,000
120
82.30
70.20
12.10
2,400
144
78.40
68.90
9.50
1,750
105
83.30
70.20
13.10
1,100
66
92.50
74.20
18.30
900
54
75.90
66.10
9.80
800
48
1,900
114
9.5
9.3
8.3
14.8
12.0
6.7
13.1
3.3
9.0
12.8
11.9
11.1
5.0
3.0
4.9
Page 10
Q_spec
(m3/h/m)
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
4.4
Recovery test of the well Banani 8.
The recovery of the well Banani 8 is observed after three days of continous
pumping with 140 m3 /day, and interpreted with the pump-test evaluaton program
MLU.
With reasonable values for the geohydrological parmeters (k=20 for the aquifer,
S(combined) for the deep 5E-4, C value of 10.000 day for the main aquitard at
160-190 meter), the skin factor was optimized at 8 (-).
To focus the thoughts : this corresponds to the presence of a cilinder of clogged
material around the screen with a diameter of 0.4 m and a k-factor of 3.8 m/d (in
stead of 20 m/d, so a reduction of the permeability of 81 %).
Figure 5 Time/residual drawdown curve of DTW Banani 8 after 3 days of continuous

pumping with 140 m3/day.
Conclusion: Theoretically there is still scope for further improvement and increase
of the specific capacity of the well.
Page 11
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
4.5
Status Banani 8 per november 2016
As per november 2016, the specific capacity of Banani 8, observed by SCADA, is as

follows:
Observed operational performance for Banani 8
Month*
Q
F
SWL* PWL
DD
3
mm-yyyy
(m /h) (Hz)
(m)
(m)
(m)
04-2016
108.5
43.43
65.24
72.66
7.42
Qspec
E
3
(m /h/ (kWh)
m)
14.62 36.63
EE
(kW/m3
)
0.34
05-2016
101.6
42.39
65.78
72.64
7.02
14.47
33.91
0.33
06-2016
102.4
42.61
66.39
72.74
6.35
16.13
34.03
0.33
07-2016
117.1
45.41** 66.34
72.74
6.40
18.30
40.21** 0.35
* The values show an average over the whole month

* Level sensor measures starting from 83m based on LT05, which has the filter next to the well
** Early in the month the frequency was increased, therefore the energy consumption and the
production increased. However, it appears a transition away from the BEP
The specific capacity shows a slow improvement. This is an indication that further
development is taking place. This is agreement with the results of the recovery
test.
Page 12
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Differences in drilling and construction Banani 8 #

Convention DTW Design.
The main differences in the construction of Banani 8 in comparison with the
standard design as summarized:
Conventional DTW
Banani 8
Drilling
Heavy drilling mud
Light mud
Materials
Screen: SS Johnson type

Raiser main: mild steel
Column pipe : mild steel
Gravel pack contains some
dust
Same
Raiser main: PVC
Column pipe: PE / SS
Gravel pack dust free
Construction
450 mm pump house/200

mm raiser main and screen
(often) Multiple aquifer screen
No monitoring screens
(usually) Gravel pack poured
from surface.
310 mm all-over down to

strainer, no reducer
Single aquifer screen
Multiple monitoring screens
Insertion of gravel pack by
tremie-pipe
Development
(=cleaning)
Jetting
Intermittent pumping
Section wise pumping and

cleaning
Airbursting
Hypochlorite
A more detailed list of differences is included in Annex D.
Page 13
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Summary of Workshop
On 31/5 and 1/6 2016 a workshop was organized in the training center of DWASA.
The workshop was attended by some 25 staff members of DWASA.
Regarding the well drilling and well construction the following feed-back was
obtained:
SN
Well drilling method

Recommendations
1.
Geohydrological
1.1. Explore the deeper layer in Dhaka
1.2. Digitize and store the borelog data and
well test data digitally in a centrally
managed database
1.3. Utilize the geohydrological model for
future groundwater studies within Dhaka
WASA
2.
Drilling
2.1. Mudpit with multiple compartments so
that fines are more settled in earlier
stages
2.2. Light drilling mud by carefully monitoring
the pH and density to avoid unnecessary
pollution in the well
2.3. Add a 2 ton extra weight after the drill bit
to stimulate vertical aligned drilling
2.4. Experiment with new type of drilling muds
in constructing new wells, e.g.
biodegradable drilling,
3.
Well Design
3.1. Use geophysical logging to identify the
lithology more precisely compared to bore
samples
3.2. Use a smaller gravel pack diameter (from
200mm to 150mm) to 75 to 100 mm
3.3. Place the production strainer in single
aquifer instead of multiple, where an
aquitard is minimal 25m thick to prevent
mixing of various water qualities
3.4. Place monitoring screens at least at the
production filter depth to monitor water
level and quality of the produced water
3.5. Use a universal diameter of the well so
the pump can be placed at any depth,
regardless of the static water level
Reaction Dhaka WASA
Yes
There is currently no geohydrologist in Dhaka
WASA.
Should be a combination between GIS and P&D
water.
River permeability should be investigated.
Yes
Further investigation in standard prefab
container for multiple use
Maybe
It is not yet proven to be better than current
drilling fluids, but will experiment
Yes
Will be taken over
Yes
Mainly interested in biodegradable drilling
Yes
Will be taken over
Maybe
Double strainer with combined length of 50 m is
often unavoidable. Profile as found in Banani is
exception.
Yes
No
Diameter of 450/200 is cost-effective and will be
maintained.
Page 14
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
3.6. In case of a pump house, make it 130m

instead of 100m to prepare for declining
water levels and prevent dry wells
3.7. Place the valves, meters, washout and
other assets mainly under the ground for
appearance and safety
4.
Construction
4.1. Use tremie pipe during the construction
and placement of the gravel pack to have
a constant insertion of gravel to save time
and place a more homogenous gravel
pack
4.2. Well Materials
4.3. Use multiple threaded PVC casing as it is
cheaper and quicker to install. The
smoothness inside will prevent equipment
get stuck in the well
4.4. Investigate if PVC strainer can withstand
development techniques
4.5. Carefully choose the gravel with low
content of dust and impurities to lengthen
the lifetime of the well.
5.
Development
5.1. Verticality test??
5.2. Keep testing various development
techniques, such as section wise pumping,
insertion of Sodium Hypochlorite, air
busting, short circuit pumping per 2 meter
5.3. Determine the vertical flow velocity by means
of a flowmeter to identify which section of the
strainer is clean and where more development
is needed
Yes
For new pump house design, the depth is now

set to 120m
Yes
Use of tremie pipe is major improvement, will be
carried out, no additional time required. However,
clean gravel remains important as well.
Yes
Already a contractor is developing this type of
casing.
Yes
However, it is hard to produce in Bangladesh
and the gravel is checked on the day it will be
used.
(Minor point)
No
It is not yet proven that it is more effective that
standard practice
Yes
Highly interested in measurement of vertical flow.
There will be experimented with the vertical
flowmeter after handing over.
Page 15
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Recommendations
The well development washing out of fines and remnants of the drilling fluid- is to
our opinion presently the weakest spot of the whole DTW implementation
procedure.
Well development is closely related to the type and composition of the used drilling
fluid.
Poor development is probably- also a key factor in the clogging process. Our
working hypothesis is that the clogging is caused by particles. These particles are
essentially a weathering product of micas, which are abundant in the Dupi Tila
sediments.
The weathering and sedimentation process is relatively fast and dynamic in this
environment. Probably, chemical weathering is still going on in the aquifers, leading
to the production and release of small particles (< 2 m).
A combination of factors makes proper well development under Dhaka conditions
extremely difficult:
High penetration pressure of the drilling fluid (due to the low static water
levels);
Composition of the sand (fair, but not high, permeability, high mica
content);
The low static water levels (-70m) make any development action labor- and
time-intensive;
The conditions for drilling are difficult (in particular lack of space, lack of
possibilities for discharge). Good development is also a matter of patience.
Because development is so difficult, we recommend to take one step back, and to
consider the drilling fluid in more detail. The standard drilling fluid as used in
Banani 8- does not meet the requirements. We recommend to set up a pilot with
the use of biodegradable drilling mud,
Summarizing, based on the theory of moving particles, several preventiveremedial measures against clogging can be taken:
Use of biodegradable drilling fluid;
from the gravel pack and also from the adjacent formation;
and/or adapting the length of the screen. Tentatively, we recommend to
limit the flow velocity (in the formation around well) in new wells to 0,5
mm/sec (corresponds in a 24 well to 3,4 m3/h per meter strainer);
Intermittent operation, allowing the particles on the move to settle and /or
aggregate.
Generally speaking, the prospects for removal of the clogging - regeneration are
bleak, because the clogging material can neither be killed nor solved. Prevention
if possible- of is the only sustainable solution for the clogging problem.
Page 16
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex A - Pre-set design:
Page 17
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex B - Geohydrological profile and screen positions asbuilt
Page 18
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex C - Grainsize distribution DTW Banani 8
D50 Banani 8
0
0
100
200
300
400
-50
500
600
700
T calculated
for this
section
3621 20 %
m2/day
-100
-150
Depth
-200
-250
T calculated for this

section 5376 20 %
m2/day
-300
-350
-400
-450
-500
Medium grainsize
Page 19
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex D - Main differences standard DTW construction

practices and the new DTW Banani 8.
Item
Standard
DTW Banani 8
practice (as per
design)
Remarks by DWASA
Discussion 15/10/15
Drilling
Drilling Fluid Heavy drilling
Light drilling
DW: control of pH and density can be
fluid used to
mud, careful
done.
avoid any risk on monitoring of pH
leakage of fluid and density.
and well
Objective:
collapse.
avoidance of
unnecessary
DW: Large mud pit not feasible in Dhaka
Single mud pit. pollution of the
due to limited space.
borehole.
Suggestion WOP: use of containers?
Mud pit divided
in 3
compartments
to attain
optimum
separation.
Well design
Thickness of Normally a 8
gravel pack strainer is put in
a 24 bore. So
thickness gravel
pack is 8
Production
Double strainer
strainer
section, both in
upper and lower
aquifer system
Observation
screens
none
Casing
Cover
Diameter
pump house:
450 mm.
casing /screen:
200 mm
MS plate
Filter section
was placed in
600 mm hole,
strainer
diameter 310
mm, so
thickness of
gravel pack is
145 mm
Single strainer
section in lower
aquifer system
WOP: better reduce thickness of the

gravel pack to 150mm.
DW: Double strainer with combined

length of 50 m is often unavoidable.
Profile as found in Banani is exception.
DW: Installation of an observation well
next to the production strainer is useful,
and will be taken over.
Observation
DW: Diameter of 450/200 is costscreens at 7
different depths effective and will be maintained.
(down to 470
m)
Both level en
DW: No change
water quality
can be
measured.
Uniform
diameter of the
well (310 mm),
so that the
Page 20
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
pump can be
accommodated
on any depth.
Concrete slab
closed with steel
lid. Stainless
steel well head.
GFR box cover
Construction
Filter pack
Circulation
drilling fluid
Well
materials
Casing
Filterpack
Strainer
Filter is
Gravel is applied DW/WOP: Use of tremie pipe is major
constructed by by means of
improvement, will be carried out, no
pouring gravel in tremie pipe at
additional time required
the hole from
the right depth.
the top.
DW: circulation of drilling fluid is already
Circulation of
practiced.
drilling fluid is
Domaintained
during
construction, in
order to
prevents settling
of the fluid
Mild steel casing Threaded PVC

casing
Gravel for filter
pack may
contain fine
materials
(dust)
Stainless Steel
Johnson type
DW: 450 mm PVC not/difficult available

in Bangladesh
Gravel pack
DW: dust free gravel hard to produce
carefully
selected free of
dust and
impurities.
Stainless Steel
Johnson type
none
Verticality
?
DW: Is done only for the pump house.
test
Not expensive, will be maintained.
Development High pressure
Section wise
Already discussed
jetting (600 PSI, pumping.
40 bar), combine
with airlifting.
Intermittent
Insertion of
pumping with
Sodium
increasing
Hypochlorite(75
discharge (up to l/m 13 %)
3 cusec, 300
Air bursting.
m3/h)
Page 21
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Testing
Short circuit
pumping (per
section)
Step
Step drawdown
drawdown/spec. test/ spec. cap
capacity test
test.
DW is very much interested in
Recovery test
Vertical flow
measurement of vertical flow. Flowmeter
velocity by
will be handed over.
means of
flowmeter
Page 22
of 23
Title
Author
Gert-Jan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
16 August 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex E - Chemical analysis of DTW Banani 8.
Page 23
of 23
4.
Well performance
DWASA Deep Tube Wells, and possibilities for

improvement. Based on the experiences with the drilling
and construction of the DTW Banani 8
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Gertjan de Wit (Jonne Kleijer)
WOP DWASA-VEI
November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
DWASA Deep Tube Wells, and
Date
09 November 2016
Reference
possibilities for improvement.

WOP DWASA-VEI
Table of Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3
RELATION LARGE SCALE GEOHYDROLOGY # CAPACITY OF INDIVIDUAL WELLS. .............................. 4
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7
7.1
7.2
LARGE SCALE GROUNDWATER SITUATION...................................................................................................... 4

OBSERVED CAPACITY OF NEW INDIVIDUAL DTWS .......................................................................................... 5
CALCULATED SPECIFIC CAPACITY (BASED ON THE GEO-HYDROLOGY) OF INDIVIDUAL WELLS ...................................... 6
AQUIFER LOSS, LINEAR WELL LOSS AND TURBULENT WELL LOSS .................................................... 8
AQUIFER LOSSES ...................................................................................................................................... 8
LINEAR WELL LOSSES................................................................................................................................. 9
TURBULENT WELL LOSSES .......................................................................................................................... 9
OVERVIEW OF THE WELL LOSSES ............................................................................................................... 10
RELATION BETWEEN RECOVERY AND WELL LOSSES ...................................................................... 11
RECOVERY, WELL STORAGE AND AQUIFER STORAGE ...................................................................................... 11
RECOVERY OF TEN DWASA WELLS ........................................................................................................... 12
STEP DRAWDOWN TEST AND RECOVERY OF DTW WONDERLAND .................................................................... 13
RECAPITULATION ................................................................................................................................... 14
WELL LOSSES, SKIN FACTOR AND FORMATION DAMAGE .............................................................. 15
THE SKIN FACTOR ................................................................................................................................... 15
CAUSES OF HIGH SKIN FACTOR/HIGH WELL LOSSES ........................................................................................ 16
RECOVERY TEST AND SKIN FACTOR OF THE DTW BANANI 8 ............................................................................ 18
WELL CONSTRUCTION: LENGTH AND POSITION OF THE SCREEN ................................................... 20
SCREEN LENGTH .................................................................................................................................... 20
SCREEN POSITION .................................................................................................................................. 21
MONITORING TUBES .............................................................................................................................. 22
TESTING PROCEDURES. STEP-DRAWDOWN TEST AND RECOVERY TEST ............................................................... 22
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT ................................................................................... 23
ALTERNATIVE DRILLING AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES............................................................................... 23
PREVENTION OF CLOGGING ...................................................................................................................... 24
ANNEX A - SKIN EFFECT CALCULATION ................................................................................................ 25

ANNEX B - PROPOSED SETUP OF SECTION WISE CLEANING (AIRLIFTING & AIR BURSTING) ................. 26
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 2
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Introduction
At present, there are two major issues regarding the groundwater situation in
Dhaka city:
1. The continuing drop of the water levels due to intensive exploitation of the
aquifer. The water level in the centre area is presently about 70 m below
ground level. The overdraft of the groundwater is a matter of resource
management.
2. The relatively small specific capacity per well, and the rapid aging of wells.
Many wells have a short lifespan, 2-4 year only. The rapid reduction of the
(specific) capacity causes all kinds of pumping and operational problems.
Although the issues are related and sometimes confused- , this paper addresses
the second problem only. The short lifespan of the wells is an operational and
economic drain on the resources of DWASA, and causes many supply interruptions.
Deep wells of this type can - and should- have a service life of at least 30 years.
Furthermore, the frequent drilling activities - at some locations 6 well were drilled
at a small plot - causes inconvenience for the people living around.
The problem of the (too) small capacity of wells is approached from two sides:
From point of view of geohydrology and regional aquifer capacity (chapter 2
& 3);
From point of view of individual tests (standard step drawdown tests) as
included in the archives of DWASA (chapter 4, 5, 6).
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 3
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Relation large scale geohydrology # capacity of

individual wells.
The geohydrological potential of the Dhaka subsurface is quite favourable. Basic

data are summarized in the table:
Source of data
Regional groundwater model studies
(IWM, WOP)
Parameter values
Over all transmissivity 12.000-16.000
Grainsize and lithology (medium coarse

sand D 200-300 m), many data from
k-value of the sand around 15 - 25 m/d

(Banani 8: 17.9 m/d)
50
m /d
literature. DTW Banani 8 project.

Pump test Tejgoan / Mirpur, IWM 2006
Recovery test Wonderland 2014
(Hydraulic) T(ransmissivity) = 2100 m /d

2
(Hydraulic) T(ransmissivity) = 2350 m /d
Based on the geohydrology, one may expect from a typical DWASA DTW with a
2
strainer of 50 meter a Teffective in the range of 1500 - 3000 m /d.

With this value for the effective transmissivity, specific capacities of about 39 79
m3/h/m for individual wells are to be expected (see section 5.3).
The actual average specific capacity (around 15 m3/h/m) of new wells is much
smaller than one would expect, based on the geohydrology and composition of the
aquifers. What causes these large differences between expected and actual specific
capacity?
2.1
Large scale groundwater situation
All groundwater model studies that have been carried out so far in Dhaka conclude
that the capacity of the Dhaka aquifers must be very large.
A large capacity (= transmissivity) of the aquifer systems is simply required to fit
the moderate maximum drawdown of some 70 meter in the centre with the
massive abstraction rates (estimated at a stunning 1.50-2.25 billion m3 /year).
Rijpkema (2015) estimates the total T-value of the total Dhaka aquifer system after calibration of the groundwater model- at 13,950 m2/day. An exceptional high
value according to all international standards.
The drilling at Banani 8 revealed that there is a rather homogenous geological
sequence from about 200 to (at least) 501 m below ground level, consisting of
moderate course sands with an average grainsize D50 of 220 m. The calculated
average permeability amounts to 17.9 m/d (compare: Ravenscroft 2003: 15-30
m/d for the Dupi Tila aquifer, Burgess 2011: 7-20 m/d).
As pointed out in the report about the DTW 8, the aquifer is deposited in a very
dynamic environment: braided andmigrating rivers, which rapidly changes
sedimentation and erosion patterns. For this reason, the lateral extension of clay
layers is expected to be in general- limited. The relation Kv / Kh, by most
geohydrologist set at a value between 10 and 25 (-), may here be in the range of 5
10 (-).
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 4
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Assuming the geological sequence medium coarse sands, as observed between

190 and 501 meter -, continues below 500 meter, the estimated active and
effective aquifer depth becomes:
(13,950 m2/d) / (17.9 m/d) = 780 meter. In other words: an equivalent thickness
of 780 meter is required to attain a transmissivity value of 13,950 m2/day
In the Banani 8 drilling, hard evidence is provided for the upper 501 meter. The
drilling ends in predominantly medium coarse sands. Possibly, the same sequence
continues to a depth of 1000 or even more. Michael and Voss (2009) present the
lower boundary in Dhaka at a depth of 1000 1100 m below surface level.
The geohydrological situation is more or less comparable with the situation in the
Indus Valley, at the other side of the Indian peninsula, where the aquifers, also
built-up by alluvial materials from the Himalaya, can reach a thickness of 1000
meter.
In summary: In the Dhaka area, the aquifers have an extraordinary combined
transmissivity in the order of 12000-16000 m2/d
In the Banani 8 DTW there is - from 190 to 501 m depth- a thick, rather
homogeneous geological sequence of medium course sands with a fair - but not
very high -, permeability. Calculated average permeability is 17.9 m/d.
If the Banani 8 DTW is representative for Dhaka, and should the observed sequence
extend to the depth, than the total thickness of the aquifer system may attain a
value in the order of 13,950/17.9 = 780 m.
Taking into account a slow reduction of the permeability with depth -which is
expected- the total depth of the aquifer system may be the order of 800 1000
meter.
2.2
Observed capacity of new individual DTWs
Data of the specific capacity of new wells (commissioning report) were collected
from the archive of DWASA and presented on map (see Figure 2-1). Starting from
the median specific capacity 4.0 l/sec/m (= 14.4 m3/h/m), the total drawdown in a
typical newly build DWASA well, pumped at a rate of 200 m3/h, amounts to
200/14.4 = 13.9 meter.
For the specific capacity a maximum value of 12.3 l/sec/m (= 44.3 m3/h/m) is
observed.
The wells along the western and northern boundary seem to show a slightly better
S.C. than the wells in the core area. This corresponds with the hypothesis that
aquifer damage is related to the static water level.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 5
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 2-1 Specific capacity of commissioned wells within DWASA over the last
50 years, the latest specific capacity is shown for each location in case of a
replacement.
Calculated specific capacity (based on the geohydrology) of individual wells
2.3
Assuming an effective transmissivity of 1500 - 3000 m2/d in a typical well (see

theme report 2), the drawdown and specific capacity can be calculated by means of
the Thiems formula:
2
=
ln ( )
2
1
In which:
S
= Drawdown (m)
= Production (m3/d)
= Transmissitivty (m2/d)
r1
= Radius of the well (m)
r2
= Influential distance of the well (m)
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 6
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
The formula holds both for confined as well as unconfined aquifers.

In this case that would result in:
4800
2000
=
ln (
) = 5.04
2 1500
0.1
Conditions:
3
Q= 200 m /h = 4800 m /d
T = 1500 - 3000 m /day

r1 = r well = 0.1 m
r2 = 2000m (influence at r2
distance is 0)
Figure 2-2 Visualization of well abstraction and definition of terms
So, in this case, the specific capacity would amount to 200 / 5.04 = 39 m3/h/m.
If the effective transmissivity would be 3000 m2/d, than the specific capacity would
be even 79 m3/h/m!
In reality however, the specific capacities of newly constructed wells are 65%
lower: the average S.C. is about 14.4 m3/h/m, maximum 44 m3/h/m, see Figure
2-1. How is this possible? We will explain this in the following sections.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 7
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Aquifer loss, linear well loss and turbulent well loss
The total drawdown of an individual well can be divided in three components, which
contribute to the drawdown, which is visualized in Figure 3-1:
1. Aquifer loss
2. Linear well loss
3. Turbulent well loss
In the following section we will discuss these three components under average
Dhaka conditions.
Figure 3-1 Visualisation of the three components, which

explains the total drawdown of an individual well.
3.1
Aquifer losses
A typical DWASA DTW has a screen length of about 50 meters and a depth of about
215 meter. The screens covers only 5 / 10 % of the total aquifer depth, at the top
of the aquifer (see figure 6-1). The partly coverage of the aquifer by the screen is
called partial penetration, and this is a rather extreme case.
Assuming a filter length of 50 meters, and an average k-value of 20 m/d (1):
The actual and directly covered T (T-screened) value amounts to:
=
= 50 20 = 10002 /
Compare pumptest Tejgaon: 27 m/d, of course only the best parts of the section will be screened
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 8
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 6.1. Relation of T-effective, Tcovered (screened) and T-total
However, the layers under and above the screened section contribute to the flow as
well. The Teffective of the well will tentatively - be 2 times as big. The size of this
contribution depends in particular on the relation between the vertical and
horizontal permeability.
The tentative- relations between the total, covered and effective transmissivity
values are shown in Figure 3-1. The effects of partial penetration are very strong
(only a small section of the aquifer is covered).
The effective T- value of DWASA DTWs is typically in the order of 1500 - 3000
m2/d (compare for example the pump test Tejgoan, IWM, 2005: 2100 m2/day).
In this test, the following drawdowns were observed in the measuring tubes around
the pumped well: 2.4 m (at 3 m distance) and 2.2 (at 5.5 m distance).
Based on these values an aquifer loss (measured at the borehole face) of about 3 4 meter at a production of 203 m3/h can be calculated. This is within the expected
range.
3.2
Linear well losses
Linear well losses are caused by zones of low or reduced permeability around the
well. Section 4 discusses this in detail.
3.3
Turbulent well losses
Turbulent losses are by caused by non -linear losses around the screen. In this case
the flow Q is proportional to the square root of H, instead of directly to H (as
laminar flow). So for a flow twice as big, the required head has to be 4 times
higher.
The linear and non-linear components of well loss can be separated by means of
the well-known Theis-Cooper evaluation of the step drawdown test. In Dhaka
conditions the turbulent losses are usually in the range 5 - 10 %. However, the
turbulent losses are not the main culprit for the high losses.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 9
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
3.4
Overview of the well losses
Making up the balance of the well losses for a new typical DWASA DTW, pumped at
a rate of 200 m3/h:
Losses
Aquifer loss
Range
2.5-5.0 m
Turbulent
well loss
Less than
10 %, so
less than
1.4 m
Total well
loss
13.9 m
Linear well
loss
Must be
about 7.5 10 m
Remark
Assuming a Teffective of 15003000 m2/d
Due to the long
screen length (low
flow velocity in slots)
turbulent losses are
relatively small
200/14.4= 13.9 m
14.4 m3/h*m is
average S.C.
Calculated as
follows:
13.9-2.5-1.4 = 10,
13.95.01.4 = 7.5
Origin of data
Based on regional
studies
Numerous stepdrawdown test by
DWASA
Database well-logs
DWASA
Based on the regional geohydrological parameters, in particular the fair

permeability of the sand, it can be concluded that the laminar well losses of new
wells are in the order of 7.5 -10 meter, or about 60 % of the total well losses.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 10
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Relation between recovery and well losses
The high well losses are also reflected in (and confirmed by) the typical and
characteristic fast recovery (= restoration of the water level after stop of the pump)
shown in almost all well records studied.
Generally speaking, recovery tests are more suitable to determine well losses than
pump tests, because after some time, there is no difference in the level inside and
outside the well. Therefore, the well losses become nihil.
That means that the head in the aquifer can be measured directly in the well.
We will elaborate this in the following section.
4.1
Recovery, well storage and aquifer storage
In the recovery of the water level several phase can be distinguished: In the first
few minutes the level rises very fast - the well is filled up2. After 3-5 minutes the
water level in the well is almost the same as the level in the aquifer.
After a transition period of several minutes, the much slower - aquifer recovery
starts. This means that the (elastic) storage around the well, which was depleted
during pumping, is replenished again.
The described mechanism is explained in this Figures:
a)
b)
Figure 4-2 a) In the first minutes after the stop of

the pomp the well is filled up. b) After about 5
minutes level in well = level in aquifer.
Figure 4-1. In the recovery curve

2 different phases can be
distinguished
The theoretical aquifer recovery after stopping of the pump (300 m3/h) can be
calculated by means of the analytical formula of Theis (for background information
see Kruseman and de Ridder: Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data,
chapter 3.2):
Transmissivity
m2/day
Storativity
(-)**
1000
5E-4
Calculated aquifer
recovery in the well
(r=0.3), after 5 min.
(m)*
9.38
Calculated aquifer
recovery in the well
(r=0.3), after 10 min.
(m)*
9.78
Diameter of the housing pipe is usually 0.45 m. Content is 0.16 m3/m, and is small in comparison to
the well discharge (300 m3/h). After a few minutes, water level inside and outside the screen are equal.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 11
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
5E-4
5E-4
5E-4
5E-4
5E-4
6.41
4.89
3.96
3.34
2.88
6.67
5.09
4.12
3.47
3.00
* This is the theoretical rise of the level at the borehole face as if there is no well loss. In the Theis
method it is assumed that all water comes from storage a reasonable assumption in this case, because
the time is too short for recharge.
** Storativity. This value is obtained from literature (see Theme report 2). This value is not very
sensitive (if the value is divided by two, recoveries increase with approximately 0.3 m only)
Within the expected range of value of the transmissivity in Dhaka (1500-3000

m2/day), the recovery after 5 minutes ranges from 3.3 to 6.4 m, with a typical
rounded- value of 5.0 m.
This means that the level recovery data (rise of the water level) in the first minutes
after the stop of the pump (as measured in the standard commissioning report of
the DTWs) gives an immediate impression of the well losses (in particular the
linear losses).
As a Rule of thumb: when the following conditions are met:
Pumping rate 300 m3/h
In 5 minutes aquifer recovery amounts to ca. 5.0 m (Theis, average
conditions, see above)
Then: recovery after 5 minutes (m) 5.0 m = well loss (m) at pumping rate
of 300 m3/h
Example: if recovery after 5 minutes is 15 meters, than the well loss is 10 meter.
4.2
Recovery of ten DWASA Wells
The recovery tests of ten randomly selected DTWs, one from each MODS zone,
from the DTW database is determined.
Name DTW
(-)
Depth
Qspec at
Qspec at
Qspec at
Qspec at
42 l/s
56 l/s
70 l/s
84 l/s
SWL
Recovery of
84 l/s after 5
minutes*
(m)
(l/s/m)
(l/s/m)
(l/s/m)
(l/s/m)
(m)
(m)
Mir Hazirbach
179.22
5.17
4.54
4.74
71.02
17.25
Ganaktuli
219.66
4.08
3.99
3.22
3.86
48.03
20.84
Sher Sha Suri Road
237.78
5.74
5.57
5.31
5.1
52.43
13.41
247.2
8.5
7.91
7.34
7.26
57.30
22.53
Gulshan 9
234.12
4.84
4.49
4.3
4.14
46.94
18.44
Bijoynagar
205.31
4.75
4.54
4.32
4.6
48.03
12.76
Meraj Nagar 2
186.94
4.28
3.96
3.9
3.93
53.01
19.91
Baridhara
239.15
4.48
4.38
4.27
4.18
50.29
16.74
Parade Square
249.82
6.89
6.61
6.25
6.17
66.90
13.16
Talla Chairmanbari
188.52
4.02
3.97
3.92
3.84
52.43
21.13
Rupnagar 2
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 12
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Inner circle Road

Nayapalton
Average
168.32
5.34
5.21
5.07
4.96
61.11
14.94
214.19
5.28
5.06
4.77
4.80
43.39
13.57
*Recovery with respect to the PWL

Under Dhaka circumstances, a typical aquifer recovery (after a SDD test last step
300 m3/h, 5 minutes after stop of the pump) is in the order of 4.9 meters.
However, the average recovery of the 10 well considered after 5 minutes is 13.57
meter. This means that the average well losses are approximately:
Well losses = recovery of 13.57 m 4.9 m 8.7 m.
4.3
Step drawdown test and recovery of DTW Wonderland
The recovery test after the SDD test (28/01/2014) of the well at Wonderland park
illustrates these hydraulics further. The discharge of the well is stepwise increased,
see the table below.
Step
Discharge Drawdown
(-)
(m3/h)
(m)
st
1 step
153
8.0
nd
2 step
204
12.5
rd
3 step
255
16.5
4th step
306
21.0
The development of the water level is shown in Figure 4-3. Total recovery amounts
to approximately 21 meter.
Drawdown SDD Wonderland

25.00
Drawdown (m)
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
-5.00
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Time since start pump (min)
Figure 4-3 Record of water level during SDD test and recovery Wonderland Park.
We now take a closer look at the last part of the test, the recovery. For this part
the so-called residual drawdown is calculated and compared with the observations.
Without going into details: the calculated residual drawdown is the drawdown
taking into account the running time of the pump.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 13
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Residual drawdown SDD Wonderland
residual drawdown (m)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
Calculated
Observed
0
1
10
100
1000
Time in from stop pump (seconds)
10000
Figure 4-4 The calculated residual drawdown corresponds with the observed values.
Neglecting the first few observations (too much influence by well storage), a perfect
fit between observed and calculated value can be attained with a T value of 2350
m2/d and a storativity 0.0005 (-).
Taking into account the parameter value mentioned, the aquifer recovery (after 5
minutes) must have been about 4.9 m.
Consequently, the well losses at 300 m3/h amount to about 21 (total recovery)
4.9 (aquifer) = 17.1 m.
At 200 m3/h the well losses will be close to 12 meter, which accounts for
approximately 70% of the total well losses.
4.4
Recapitulation
All tests indicate that the (linear) well losses of newly commissioned well are high
in Dhaka, in the order of 10 meter (at 300 m 3/h). At 200 m3/h well losses will be
around 7 meter.
The high well losses mean that pumping energy is wasted, but even more
important, that the wells start their lives partly clogged, what makes them
susceptible for further clogging and deterioration.
One on the consequences is that not much effect can be expected from
regenerations, because new wells are already clogged, and the mechanical and
chemical measures do not reach the critical zones (the clogged zone prevents
groundwater flow in the adjacent areas, and block the access of chemicals)
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 14
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Well losses, skin factor and formation damage
5.1
The skin factor
The previously discussed high laminar well losses can be described as a resistance
zone around a well screen by means of the skin factor, which is based on the wellknown Thiems equation:
=
2
ln ( )
2
1
In which:
s
= the drawdown (m),
= discharge (m3/day),
= the transmissivity (Kform * D) of the aquifer (m2/day)
r1
= the radius of the well (m)
r2
= the influential distance of the well (m)
Figure 5-1 Representation of the 2-layer model

for high resistance zone due to high well losses.
Figure 5-1 visualizes the conceptualisation of the skin factor, where the drawdown
is a function of the relative high resistance zone as well:
2
=
ln ( + )
2
1
The three terms are respectively a geological, geometrical and the skin factor,
where the skin factor is defined as:
=(
1) ln (
)
In which:
S
= skinfactor (-)
kform
= permeability of the formation (m/d)
kskin
= permeability of affected zone (m/d)
rwell
= diameter well (m)
rskin
= diameter affected zone (m)
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 15
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
The skin factor means physically that you add the hydraulic resistance of a cylinder
with an inner radius rwell, an outer radius r skin, and a permeability kskin, and, at the
same time, deduct the hydraulic resistance of a cylinder with the same dimensions,
but with permeability kform.
If the skin factor is zero, the skin has no influence. A positive value indicates extra
resistance, a negative value indicates a reduction of the resistance. The skin factor
may be optimized in pumping-test interpretation computer codes like MLU
(Hemkers and Post, 2014). Furthermore, the effective radius of a well can be
determined:
=
For example: a well with a diameter of 1 meter and a skin factor of 2 behaves like
a well of 0.135 m diameter. See annex A for the derivation of the skin factor.
5.2
Causes of high skin factor/high well losses
As we have seen in section 4.2, even new wells in Dhaka show high well losses that
can be expressed as high skin factors. Most likely the high resistances in the
vicinity of the (new) well are mainly caused by penetration of the drilling fluid in the
aquifer. The development of a high resistance zone around a well is called
formation damage.
Producing formation (= aquifer) damage has been defined as the impairment of

the unseen by the inevitable, causing an unknown reduction in the
unquantifiable (Petrowiki). Although this is a joke, there is much truth in this
statement. However, the economic damage caused by aquifer damage is not
funny at all.
A factor stimulating this penetration is the large difference in pressure during

drilling. As the hole is of course- filled with drilling mud up to ground level, and
the level in the aquifer is low, say 70 m below ground level. The pressure that
pushes the drilling mud into the aquifer is about 7 bar. This pressure imposed may
last several weeks, as long as installation of the fixtures takes.
The fact that as far as we know- all wells of DWASA suffer from high skin losses,
indicate that the sands of the Dupi Tila aquifers are extremely difficult to develop.
In other words: it is challenging to wash out the fines introduced in the aquifer
after the drilling activities. The composition of the sands characterized by a high
mica contact may be an additional negative factor.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 16
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 5-2 Penetration of drilling fluid in the aquifer due to the high pressure imposed
at the borehole face.
Even the intensively section-wise cleaning combined with the vigorous airgun
method, as used in Banani 8, has not produced the desired result. During drilling,
the drilling master has a choice for use a relative thick or a relatively thin mud,
where the results are schematically depicted in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3 Comparison of a thick mud and a thin mud used during drilling.
The advantages/disadvantages of thick mud # thin mud:

Thick mud: good sealing properties in the mud cake, but hard (or even
impossible) to remove after construction of gravel pack.
Thin mud: Mud cake light and easily removable. Trade-off: mud may
penetrate deeper into the aquifer, which makes it hard/impossible to
remove.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 17
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 5-4 Impression of heterogeneity of k-values at the

borehole face
For future well drilling operation, the use of alternative drilling fluid, most notably a
biodegradable agent, may be considered, which is discussed more elaborately in
section 7.1.
5.3
Recovery test and skin factor of the DTW Banani 8
The recovery of the well Banani 8 is observed after three days of continuous
pumping with 140 m3 /day, and interpreted with the pump-test evaluation program
MLU.
With reasonable values for the geohydrological parameters (k=20 for the aquifer, S
(combined) for the deep 5E-4, C value of 10,000 days for the main aquitard at 160190 meter), the skin factor was optimized at 8 (-).
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 18
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 5-5 Interpretation of the pumptest of Banani 8 by means of MLU.
To focus the thoughts: This corresponds to the presence of a cylinder of clogged

material around the screen with a diameter of 0.4 m and a k-factor of 3.8 m/d
(instead of 20 m/d, so a reduction of the permeability of 81 %)
We have to conclude that the development of the Banani DTW is not perfect. This is
confirmed by the observation that the specific capacity of the wells seems to
increase slowly, due to some further development during normal operation (see
Theme report on Banani 8).
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 19
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Well construction: length and position of the screen
6.1
Screen length
The length of the screen is in principle- dictated by the required production

volume and the maximum allowable flow velocities in the formation and screen
slots. For the maximum flow velocity in the formation, usually the (empirical)
Sichardt equation is used3:
=
15
In which:
vmax
= specific discharge (Not to be confused with the actual flow velocity. To obtain the actual flow
velocity one should divide the specific discharge by the porosity)(m/s) .

k
= permeability (m/s)
For safety reasons, Huisman (1972) recommends use of a factor 30 (in stead of 15)
for design purposes.
Taking into account the average k-value (20 m/d) and a borehole diameter of 24
(= 600 mm) the maximum production per meter screen comes to 3.4 m3/h4. For a
typical DWASA well with a screen of 50 m, the maximum capacity would come to
50 *3,4 =171 m3/h.
When using a 200 mm screen, and a maximum velocity in the screen of 3 cm/sec
(Johnson, Groundwater & Wells 1976), the minimum open % of the screen comes
to 5,1 %.
For this purpose a standard screen will do the job. It has, from point of view of flow
velocities, no use to select a high capacity screen in Dhaka conditions, as the
formation does not allow such a large flow locally. The formation is the limiting
factor.
From point of view of flow velocity (in the aquifer) and screen slots, a production of
200 m3/h with a filter length of 50 meter for is slightly too high.
Furthermore, it is assumed that the well is properly developed, and that the flow is
more or less evenly distributed over the filter length. As we have seen, this is not
the case in Dhaka. If the well is not completely developed, the percentage of the
screen that is active is unknown and in fact nothing can be said about the flow
velocities and acceptable screen lengths.
By lack of other hard criteria we recommend, for the time being, a maximum
production per well of 100 m3/h. Of cause, this has also a beneficial effect on the
power consumption.
The vertical flow will provide useful observations in this regard.
In fact, nobody is happy with this formula, and there is no physical ratio, but there is no alternative.
Calculation: (20/(24*3600))^.5/30 = .0005 m/sec = 1,82 m/h. Taking into account the surface: 0.6 *
= 1,88 m2/m, the acceptable discharge per meter becomes 1,82*1,88=3,4 m3/m
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 20
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
6.2
Screen position
Considerations based on pollution. In most DTWs in Dhaka thick clay layers are
encountered at a depth between 120 m (360) and 180 (540). Based on the
current situation we expect that the shallow(er) groundwater may be affected, or
even polluted, by human activities.
Assuming a recharge of 1 mm/day, the vertical penetration rate on regional scale
may be in the order of 365 * 0.001 / 0.3 (porosity) = 1 m/year. Although this
seems to be slow, there may be preferential flow lines (due to the presence of
sedimentological structures), making much vertical faster transport possible.
A split level well with screens above and underneath the mentioned clay layer
may act as a local short cut for pollution, in particular when the well is not in
operation.
Based on our knowledge so far, we come to the following preliminary advice: do
not put separated screens above and beneath the mentioned clay-layer (120 to
180 meter). Below 180 m separated screens may be installed, as required based on
the observed profile.
The recommendation is based on reasons of water quality and pollution. We do not
think that separated screens, may stimulate clogging.
Figure 6-1 The possibility of cross

contamination by wells with screens at
different depths
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 21
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
6.3
Monitoring tubes
We strongly advise to install at least one monitoring

filter along the production filter, or along the main
section of the production screens, when a new well is
constructed. This monitor screen can provide most
useful information, while the expenses are moderate.
The monitoring screen is useful because:
6.4
If a well tends to clog, the monitoring screen

provides information about the location of the
clogging (at the production screen or at the
borehole face)
Water level can be measured, without the risk
that the sounding lead or SCADA pressure
sensor becomes entangled with or damaged by
the column pipe and/or power cables.
Testing procedures. Step-drawdown test
and recovery test
Figure 6-2 The use of a

monitoring tube.
At present, all new are tested by means of a step-drawdown test of 1.5 / 2.0 / 2.5 /
3.0 Cusec (151/201/252/302 m3/h). Data are graphical evaluated to separate the
linear and non-linear losses. Usually the nonlinear losses are moderate: 5-10 %
At present the discharge is increased in four step of 2.5 -3.0 hours. After the SDD
test a recovery test is performed. The test usually ends around midnight.
We suggest to reduce the steps to two hours each, to have some more time for the
recovery and to measure the recovery for three instead of 2 hours (small but
important values). The whole step-drawdown test may be numerically elaborated.
In that case both a Transmissivity and a skin factor for the well can be calculated.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 22
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Recommendations for improvement
7.1
Alternative drilling and development techniques
Based on the experiences with Banani 8 and the characteristics of the DTWs of
DWASA in general, we recommend the improvement of drilling and development
techniques. All technical data available indicate that a high-resistance zone remains
around the well screen after drilling. This is the case in (almost) every new well.
As the expected thickness of the resistance zone increases with the depth of the
static water level (due to the pressure difference during drilling), we expect that
the problems with poor well performance and rapid aging of wells will increase in
the coming years.
The drilling and development improvements may be achieved through:
1. Use of biodegradable drilling fluid. A biodegradable fluid (e.g. Pure-Bore of BioBore) seals the borehole for a few weeks, than it is simply digested by bacteria.
Although an established method, the effectiveness under Dhaka conditions
remains to be proven. The alternative fluids should be studied in detail, taking
into account the circumstances like temperature, chemical composition of the
groundwater (aerobic), required life- cq working time of the fluid, and the
possibilities of delay of the decomposition by use of biocides.
2. Section-wise cleaning of well strainers. Dhaka has very thick aquifers with a
moderate to fair permeability. This requires long strainers, because the capacity
per meter strainer is limited. Long strainers make section-wise cleaning
absolutely necessary. Development from the surface (like over pumping or air
surging) do not have sufficient impact, the resulting flow velocities in the critical
zone around the gravel pack are too small. The effect is too diluted over the
long screen. Developing action should be focused on a short section.
According to our opinion, section-wise cleaning could very well be combined
with use of the airgun. Procedure could be as follows, with equipment as
suggested in Annex B:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Section wise cleaning device with attached airgun (within the separated
short section) is lowered to the bottom of the screen.
Section is pressurized/depressurized (moderate pressure: 2/3 bar),
causing vigorous in- and outgoing flow in the short section.
Airlift is activated and the turbidity of the water is observed.
Cycle is repeated, until the water remains clear.
Airlift is activated, and the airgun is fired. Dirt and fins will be dislodged.
Firing is repeated, until the water remains clear.
Device is moved upward to the next section.
Well development is a matter of patience. Proper development of a well
could easily take a month. There is no need to work at night.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 23
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
3. Use of thinners/dispersants. These agents liquefy the used mud and mudcake.
Examples are: polyphosphates (Calgon), Baroid Aqua-clear and Baroid Barafos.
It is remarked that severely clogged sections will be difficult cq impossible to
reach with chemicals, because the mudcake effectively blocks all groundwater
flow in its neighbourhood. For this reason, the use of chemical should always be
combined with some kind of vigorous physical agitation.
For the time being we see the use of these agents as an additional measure, to
be applied in combination with section-wise cleaning.
7.2
Prevention of clogging
The best, and possibly only economically effective, method to fight clogging is
prevention. Based on the theory of moving particles several measures can be
taken:
from the gravel pack and also from the adjacent formation;
and/or adapting the length of the screen, resulting in maximum
production of 100 m3/h for the current well design;
Intermittent operation with a minimum stop of hour per day, allowing
the particles on the move to settle.
Despite all the uncertainties, all experts in this field agree that a well should start
its service life as clean as possible. This means both that the drilling itself should be
clean and controlled, and that the well should be thoroughly cleaned (= developed)
before put into service.
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 24
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex A - Skin effect calculation
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 25
of 26
Title
4. Well performance
Author
Gertjan de Wit
Subtitle
Date
09 November 2016
Reference

WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex B - Proposed setup of section wise cleaning (airlifting &

air bursting)
4. Well Performance
improvement.
Page 26
of 26
5.
SCADA
Operation of deep tube wells by SCADA

Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Jonne Kleijer (Gertjan de Wit, Folkert de Jager)
WOP DWASA-VEI
1 November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Operation of deep tube wells by
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Table of Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................ 3
1
INTRODUCTION TO SCADA......................................................................................................... 4
SCADA FUNCTIONALITY ............................................................................................................. 5

2.1
2.2
2.3
FIELD EQUIPMENT (MEASURING , CONVERTING AND SENDING) ................................................................ 5

DX-SERVER (RECEIVING AND STORING) ............................................................................................. 6
USER INTERFACE (READING) ........................................................................................................... 7
3
IMPLEMENTED IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY OPERATIONS BY SCADA MONITORING AND
CONTROL .............................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4
WATER BALANCE ON A DMA LEVEL ................................................................................................. 8

PRESSURE MANAGEMENT IN A DMA ................................................................................................ 8
VFD OPERATION BY PLC FUNCTIONALITY .......................................................................................... 9
CHLORINATING THE PRODUCED WATER AT THE WELL .......................................................................... 10
MONITORING OF WATER LEVELS IN (AND AROUND) THE WELL ............................................................... 11
CONTINUOUS EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC DISCHARGE ............................................................................ 12
STANDARDIZED REPORTING .......................................................................................................... 13
OVERVIEW OF THE SCADA SYSTEM BENEFITS IN THE DWASA CONTEXT .................................. 14
4.1
4.2
5
BENEFITS OF A SCADA SYSTEM RECOGNIZED IN THE WOP .................................................................. 14

BENEFITS RECOGNIZED OF A SCADA SYSTEM BY OTHER PARTIES THAN VEI/WOP ..................................... 15
DWASA STAFF CAPACITIES IN UTILIZING AND SUSTAINING THE SCADA SYSTEM ..................... 18
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6
SCADA ELECTRO-MECHANICAL FIELD ENGINEERS .............................................................................. 18

SCADA OPERATORS .................................................................................................................. 19
SCADA DATABASE AND APPLICATION ADMINISTRATOR ....................................................................... 20
MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 20
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SCADA WITHIN DWASA ...................... 22
6.1
6.2
6.3
TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 22

INSTITUTIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 23
PHASED IMPLEMENTATION OF A SCADA SYSTEM IN DHAKA WASA ....................................................... 25
ANNEX A - RTU TAG LIST OF BANANI 8 ............................................................................................. 26

ANNEX B - WIRING DIAGRAM OF SCADA INSTALLATIONS ................................................................... 28
ANNEX C - SAT OF BANANI 8 ............................................................................................................ 29
5. SCADA
Page 2
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
List of Abbreviations
ADB
AI
AO
BWDB
CI
DB
DCS
DI
DMA
DMC
DNCC/DSCC
DO
DPHE
DTW
DWASA
DWSNIP
FAT
GPRS
GPS
GW
HMI
I/O (object)
MIS
MODS zone
NPSH
NRW
PLC
PVC
RPM
RTC
RTU
SAE
SAT
SCADA
SQL
SSL
svg
SW
UPC
VFD
WTP
Asian Development Bank

Analog Input
Analog Output
Bangladesh Water Development Board
Counter Input
Database
Distributed control system
Digital Input
District Metered Area
District Metered Chamber
Dhaka North/South City Corporation
Digital Output
Department of Public Health Engineering
Deep Tube Well
Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority
Dhaka Water Supply Network Improvement Project
Factory Acceptance Test
General Packet Radio Service (e.g. 3G)
Global Positioning System
Ground Water
Human Machine Interface
In- and output object
Management Information System (see ISA level 3)
Maintenance, Operation, Distribution and Service
Net Pressure Suction Head
Non-Revenue Water
Programmable Logic Controller
Polyvinyl chloride
Rotations per minute
Real time Clock
Remote Terminal Unit
Sub Assistant Engineer
Site Acceptance Test
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (see ISA level 2)
Structured Query Language
Secure Socket Layer
Scalable Vector Graphic
Surface Water
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Variable Frequency Drive
Water Treatment Plant
5. SCADA
Page 3
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Introduction to SCADA
SCADA is a system for on-line data collection and operation. With SCADA any
authorized person can check important parameters of the water supply system
(e.g. the pressure at a certain point of the net), or switch pumps on and off, via the
internet.
In 2013 WOP successfully implemented a first supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) demonstration pilot in the district metered areas (DMAs) 501
and 502. This SCADA system enabled DWASA to remotely monitor and operate six
DTWs and four District Metered Chambers (DMCs). The intensive utilization of the
system accompanied with training/coaching of staff, resulted in a decision to extend
the SCADA system to all ten DTWs in DMAs 504, 505 and 506 in March 2014. The
SCADA pilot in five DMAs in zone 5 for 16 deep tube wells (DTWs) was regarded as
successful according to Dhaka WASA. The most recent SCADA installation is at the
new well of Banani 8. It showcases even more the extensive capabilities of a
SCADA installation for deep tube well operation at a DMA level compared to the
existing SCADA installations at the other 15 wells.
This chapter covers a brief description on the functioning of SCADA by describing
the signal processing from the field equipment (at the pump site) to the user
interaction with the system in section 2. Thereafter, several examples of
applications of SCADA in the Dhaka WASA context are described and discussed in
section 3. Section 4 summarizes the operational benefits of a SCADA system found
in the WOP as well as by other parties. The various responsibilities to be divided
within DWASA related to the SCADA system is briefly discussed in section 4.2. The
section thereafter (5) describes the other institutional aspects of the possibility of
upscaling a SCADA system within Dhaka WASA, which were not discussed in the
other sections. Section 6 gives an impression of future possibilities. Lastly, several
supporting documents are given as a reference, such as the RTU tags, wiring
diagram and the SAT of Banani 8 in the Annexes.
5. SCADA
Page 4
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
SCADA functionality
Remote monitoring and controlling assets are the two components of SCADA by
communicating signal from the field to a user interface and back. The functionality
described here is based on the GPRS infrastructure and not the methodology based
on VHF. The simplified scheme in Figure 1 shows the route of the signal from the
field equipment, such as the transmitters and the pumps, via the remote control
unit (RTU), which controls and transmits the data to a receiver-database on the
server. The data can eventually be accessed via an application, which can connect
to the server database once it is connected to the internet.
Figure 1 The basic communication scheme of SCADA shows the control system
combined with remote monitoring.
2.1
Field equipment (Measuring, converting and sending)
The field equipment consists of instrumentation, the RTU (in fact a small
computer), see Figure 2, and the hardware that can be controlled. The
instrumentation in the field, i.e. transmitters, is connected with electrical wiring to
the RTU. Several types of transmitters are installed and can be subdivided by type
of signal.
Figure 2 The D26, which is RTU used for 15 locations (left) and the D05, which is the
RTU with PLC capabilities used at Banani 8.
5. SCADA
Page 5
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Input signals transduce for example water pressure to an electrical signal and
transmit this signal to the RTU. The water level and pressure transmitters use an
analog signal of 4-20 mA, which is converted by the RTU to a readable digital
number, such as meter or bar. The water production and energy consumption are
digital counter signals. Every pulse equals a unit, for example a cubic meter or 0.1
kWh, and increments the counter comparable to a normal water meter. Lastly, the
chlorine and the pump status are digital signal, which is either 0 or 1 and
represents respectively full or empty and on or off.
The output signals receive an electrical signal from the RTU and transmit it to
operate a certain assets. To control the pump (on/off) by the RTU a digital signal is
used. In the current installation one site (Banani 8) can operate the VFD by an
analog signal (4-20mA corresponds to 0-50Hz). Table 1 gives an overview of the
specifics of the input and outputs (I/O).
Table 1 Specifics of the various in- and outputs in the SCADA system of the RTU D05.
Type
Analog input
# Status
memory
32
# Hardware
Value
Remarks
0..4095
12 bits, 4..20 mA
Digital input
64
0..1
minimum 50 ms
Counter input
32
0..99999999
maximum 10 Hz
Digital output
Analog output
32
32
2
0
0..1
0..4095
relay contact, 1A @60 Vdc

12 bits
The RTU receives the transmitted data by the input signals, which are send to the
master SCADA system. Secondly it sends signals from SCADA operators to the
connected assets. The RTU can use various communication protocols, such as RS
serial ports, Ethernet (to test in the field) or use the GPRS modem (once online).
For locations with limited signal coverage, an antenna is attached to the RTU. Data
storage is on a SD card and the configuration for the interpretation of the signals is
installed as well.
2.2
Dx-Server (receiving and storing)
The server consists of hardware, software and content and is installed at Dhaka
WASA and run locally, the process of the data transmission on the server is shown
in Figure 3. The hardware is a dx-server, which runs the Dx-server application has
a real-time database of all I/O (Input and Output) object configured in the RTU.
When data changes in the RTU it is pushed to the Dx-server over the GPRS network
(i.e. Robi), this data is distributed to its clients, such as the Dx-server connector
and the System Manager. Set points and steering actions from the clients and
Stream (the SCADA web application) are send to the RTUs via the Dx-server
connector. When the Dx-server connector receives data it is stored in the SQL
server database and keeps the latest status in the real-time memory. Stream uses
for the SCADA interface the real-time memory of the Dx-server connector.
Historical graphs and other reports are generated by history data from the SQL
server. The configuration of the Datawatt I/O objects is done by the System
Manager. When there is a change in the configuration the SQL server is
synchronized by the Sync Action process. The SCADA operators can interact with
Stream by the web browser by accessing data, making reports and controlling
assets in the field. These operations support better services by DWASA and section
0 explores its current applications.
5. SCADA
Page 6
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 3 System setup of Stream and the server applications.
2.3
User interface (reading)
Lastly, the collected and stored monitoring data can be accessed by the SCADA
operator on a computer, smartphone or other electronic device, which is connected
to the internet. After securing the login, the portal shows several navigation tabs.
Firstly MAPS, which shows the location on Google Maps and the status or alarms of
the SCADA locations. Secondly SCADA, after selection of the location of interest,
indicates the current status of the monitoring variables. From this tab the pump can
be operated. Thirdly DATA enables the user to generate historical graphs of the
variables for a period of time to further analyse the variable, for example the pump
operation or the water distribution in a DMA. Lastly under the tab REPORT, the
SCADA operators can generate standardized reports and download them to show
daily and monthly development of a DMA or DTW for example.
5. SCADA
Page 7
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Implemented improved water supply operations by

SCADA monitoring and control
The SCADA interface (i.e. Stream) can be accessed with any internet connected
device (stream.dwasa.org.bd or dwasa.org.bd SCADA). Below you will find 5
explained examples describe the installation of the various transmitters, analysis of
the data and utilization of having a SCADA system.
3.1
Water balance on a DMA level
The water entering a DMA is firstly produced by deep tube wells and secondly
comes from the surface water treatment plants via district metered chambers
(DMCs). In order to make a water balance of the production, both these production
figures need to be measured based on the digital counter inputs. Currently, the
installed bulk water meters in the chambers and on the production wells send a
digital pulse for every 1 m3, therefore the accuracy of the production on a 5 minute
interval is 12 m3/h (60 minutes per hour / 5 minutes) and on an hour interval 1
m3/h. The production water meter at Banani 8 is 10x more accurate, as the meter
generates an electrical pulse for every 100L.
Figure 4 Left: Example of the monthly production by various means in a DMA (in m 3/h)
and right: an HMI to get an overview by SCADA of the total DMA production (in m 3/h).
In order for SCADA to make a water balance and support non-revenue water
(NRW) calculations at a DMA level, both the water production at the DTW and the
DMC need to be measured. An example of a water balance for DMA 501 is shown in
Figure 4. Besides NRW calculations at a DMA level, other trends can be analysed as
well, such as the relation between smell complaints and the intake of surface water,
seasonal fluctuations in production. Besides making a water balance over one
month, the real-time data (5 minutes) and the daily report shorten the response
time to technical failures (resulting in lower production figures) in a DMA as well.
3.2
Pressure management in a DMA
The pressure transmitter is installed above ground near the water meter at the well
and its measurement ranges from 0 3 bar. The given pressure is relative to the
atmospheric pressure and is called a gauge pressure transmitter. When it indicates
0 bar pressure, it is actually measuring the same as the ambient pressure, which is
near 1 bar. Therefore fluctuations in atmospheric pressure does not influence the
pressure indication by SCADA.
5. SCADA
Page 8
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Monitoring the pressure support the operation of DTWs and manage the water
production and distribution in a DMA. For example, rising pressure indicates that
production is exceeding the demand. Especially during the night the pressure can
rise, which will result in a lower efficiency as less water will be produced for the
same amount of energy. Furthermore, most pipe bursts do not occur because of
high pressure, but rather due to fluctuation of pressure in the network resulting in
stress fractures. Pump schedules are developed based on the pressure
measurements in SCADA as shown in Figure 5, where the pump is turned off for
three hours during a period of elevated pressure in the DMA. Other pumps were
still running and the continuation of building up pressure is shown as well. It is
advised to develop pump schedules for the DTWs in a DMA based on its water
demand.
Figure 5 Upper (23-04-2015): The pump is operated 24h a day and the pressure rises
strongly during the night. Lower (23-07-2015): A pump schedule is introduced based
on pressure monitoring by SCADA. Furthermore, the pump is turned off twice a day (to
slow down clogging).
3.3
VFD operation by PLC functionality
Currently, approximately 50% of the DWASA wells in operation in zone 5 have a

variable frequency drive (VFD) installed with the intention to save energy on the
pump operations. Most VFD operation by DWASA staff use a human-machine
interface for remote speed adjustment. The programmable logic controller (PLC)
functionality of SCADA at Banani 8 enables staff to set the frequency remotely,
besides the already existent control of turning the pump on and off. With this
functionality it is not necessary to operate the VFD with the conventional keypad at
site, instead the frequency point can be set in the SCADA environment.
The operation of the VFD by SCADA has several advantages. Firstly, most of the
staff responsible for the operation of the frequency drive is not trained in its
operation and is unable to select the correct frequency. This results in an ineffective
operation of the VFD. This is illustrated that most VFDs are set on a frequency of
50Hz, which is the same as the power net frequency. Secondly, the monitoring
capabilities of SCADA stores relevant data on production, drawdown and energy
consumption and balancing these components with the VFD, will result in a more
sustainable operation with a longer life-time of the pump and well.
5. SCADA
Page 9
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 6 Impression of the SCADA page of Banani 8, where the VFD can be operation
remotely by defining a set point of the frequency (10-06-2016)
3.4
Chlorinating the produced water at the well
Two designs were showcased to support the chlorination practice at the produced
water at the deep tube wells. Firstly, the pressure of the chlorination cylinder was
evaluated whether it was empty or not, SCADA interpreted the signal and
suggested the action to replace the cylinder, if the signal was red. However,
sometimes the cylinder was full, but the motor was not running for several weeks,
therefore the 2nd phase incorporated the chlorination motor as well. With this setup,
the signal can clearly indicate if the water is being chlorinated (1) or not (0). In
order to incorporate this setup, the already procured chlorination heads, had to be
replaced by one with a digital contact to indicate low pressure levels in the cylinder.
The last mentioned design, which includes the chlorination motor, can monitor the
time that the chlorination motor is running with gas in the cylinder while the pump
is running. Figure 7 visualizes the chlorination status at Wonderland Park in May,
where the black and blue (area) line indicate respectively the adding of chlorine and
the amount of energy used at the site. The time that the produced water is being
chlorinated during this month is 22.4%. The example clearly shows how the
incorporation of chlorination into SCADA can be utilized.
Currently, system operation and control (SOC) division replaces the empty with full
cylinders. During the replacement, the staff needs to be careful with the installed
SCADA equipment, as the signal cannot come through once the wiring is cut. Also
the head with micro switch needs to be remove carefully.
5. SCADA
Page 10
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 7 The supplied water is 22.4% of the time chlorinated, which is shown by the
time that the submergible pump is running and the chlorination motor runs with
enough pressure on the chlorine cylinders (03-2016).
3.5
Monitoring of water levels in (and around) the well
In order to measure the water level inside the well for the existing wells, a
measurement tube was placed next to the column pipe by placing it along flanges
in order to protect the expensive water level transmitter during the installation of
pumps and its operation. As the transmitter measures the water level in the tube,
the measurement will be more reliable compared to a transmitter directly in the
well, due to water turbulences near the pump. Furthermore, lifting the water level
transmitter out of the well before pump maintenance will prevent damages to the
transmitter, as well as manual calibration and validation will be easier once a
measurement tube is installed.
Installation of a measurement tube directly next to the well in the gravel pack is
even more preferred. This saves time when (re)placing the pump and adding
column pipes, as the monitoring tube is part of the well installation and not aligned
with the column pipes. Furthermore, the placement of the pump cannot make
contact with monitoring tubes and therefore this system will prove to be more
robust and less prone to damages.
At Banani 8 multiple monitoring tubes where placed with filters at various depths
in various aquifers. Multiple monitoring filters supports monitoring of the interaction
between the water levels in the different layers during the pump operation and
provide an indication of the resistance of the clay layers at this location.
Furthermore a level transmitter monitors the water level in the old existing well,
which indicates the influence on one well to another and this data can be used for
future consideration to place multiple wells within the same compound.
5. SCADA
Page 11
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 8 Example results of a recovery test and a step draw down done with the SCADA
operation of the VFD (04-04-2016).
Once the water level transmitter is installed near the screen of the production well,
it will facilitate the pump tests. Pump tests, such as the recovery test and step
draw-down tests by using the VFD control, can be done at every given point in time
as SCADA monitors the water level on a near-real time basis. This supports
continuous monitoring of the well performance over time without having to place
different pumps or even going to the site. This enables staff to compare the
performance of the wells in their respective zone. The time of regeneration can be
predicted by monitoring the specific capacity and the recovery of the water levels in
the wells, which indicate the rate of aging of the well. The water level will present
the current net pressure suction head (NPSH) above the pump as well. Once the
NPSH is too low, the staff needs to decide to lower the pump, to place a smaller
pump with less draw down, to add extra column pipes if the housing length allows,
or to replace the well.
3.6
Continuous evaluation of specific discharge
At Banani 8, the PLC functionality calculates the specific discharge (m 3/h/m) on a

near-real time basis, i.e. every minute, by using the values of production (m 3/h)
and drawdown (m). The zonal engineers currently monitor the performance of the
well by determining the rate of reduction in production, which highly depends on
the pump operations. The specific discharge gives a better indication of the well
performance, irrespective of the pump operations. The calculation can be easily
visualized and therefore better monitoring of the well performance is stimulated
without making manual calculations by the respective engineers responsible.
5. SCADA
Page 12
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
3.7
Standardized reporting
The subsections above described various type of analysis on the monitored SCADA
data. The SCADA software allows standardized reports as well for frequent
reoccurring inspections, for example a daily evaluation of the performance of the
well or a monthly DMA report. A daily report in Figure 9 reports the hourly
production, pressure, energy consumption and water level, which is visualized in a
graph as well. Extra calculations, such as summations, averages and ratios can
easily be incorporated, which will be generated automatically.
Advantages of standardizing and automating reporting are that it reduces the time
and skills needed to make a report for the management and that the evaluation
based on the report becomes easier over time, as the management gets used the
method of reporting. However, a drawback of auto generating the report is that it
may too easy for the SCADA operators and there is no critical evaluation of the
underlying data and interpretation of the data.
Figure 9 Standard daily report for Gulshan 7, which is generated automatically without
3rd party software (16-02-2016).
Integration of existing and upcoming SCADA / Smart Water / Internet of Things

systems is necessary to make the operation and maintenance feasible. As these
SCADA systems will all monitor the basic variables of water supply and distribution,
such as pressure, water flow and possibly other water related variables. There is a
scope for consistency for the hardware and software, as SCADA is only installed at
a few locations. This will benefit the operational staff accessibility to the data
trough preferably a single data portal for analysing their specific asset or area of
interest.
5. SCADA
Page 13
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Overview of the SCADA system benefits in the DWASA

context
Most important benefit of SCADA relates to the ability to access real-time and
accurate information about the performance of DTWs and distribution network. This
enables DWASA to thoroughly monitor and analyse the performance of the
infrastructure, and to prioritize the necessary actions and investments to improve
and sustain its delivery services. Access to data does in itself not generate direct
financial benefits. After the installation of SCADA, it is likely improvements to the
operation of the pump, VFD or DMA can be realized. Thus SCADA initially increases
the workload on field maintenance division, the pump operators, SOC division and
zonal staff. Moreover, DWASAs operation and maintenance costs will sharply
increase (on the short run) to execute the proposed improvement measures.
However, on the long term an SCADA system integrated into the organisation will
prove to lower the costs of operations and save money on longer lifetime of
deployed assets.
4.1
Benefits of a SCADA system recognized in the WOP
Several examples of improved operations by the use of SCADA carried out by
Dhaka WASA staff with the concerned DMA in between brackets:
Define pump schedule based on pressure in the network, especially during

night time (502, 505 and 506);
Calculate the percentage of time the produced water is being chlorinated
(504, 505 and 506);
Relate number of complaints to the intake of surface water by the DMCs
(501);
Determine the NPSH and anticipate if it is too low, by placing additional
column pipes to lower the pump to prevent the pump from overheating (502
and 504);
Determine the drawdown and anticipate if it was too large by replacing the
pump (502);
Select VFD setting based on the pump specifics, drawdown, energy
consumption and water production (502, 504 and 505);
Compare energy bill from DESCO with the measured energy (all);
Calculate monthly production as input for NRW calculation for DMCs and
DTWs (all);
Operate pumps in auto mode (all);
Operate pump combined with VFD in auto mode (502);
Besides the very operational and proven improvements in zone 5, other more
general benefits of the SCADA system can be summarized as:
Quick and uniform daily, weekly and monthly reporting on water supply;
Quick and uniform daily, weekly and monthly reporting on energy
consumption;
Trend analysis on total water supply;
Trend analysis on water supply of individual wells;
Trend analysis on development of drawdown of wells;
Trend analysis on the static water level at the location of wells;
Real-time overview of the performance of all wells in a DMA or zone, as
shown in Figure 10;
Delivery between DMAs can be analysed and based on this optimized;
5. SCADA
Page 14
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
By analysis of water balance of DMAs, the NRW can be improved;

Determination of specific power consumption and possibly reduce energy
consumption;
Determination of the net pressure suction head to prevent damaging of
pumps;
Determination of the optimal setting for the VFD and running the pump
close to its best efficiency point (BEP);
Determination of most inefficient running pumps in a DMA, which could be
turned off more frequent if the water demands allows;
Based on real time information pumps and valves can be operated in case of
emergencies and exceptional situations;
With information on draw down and production of wells, regeneration can be
predicted based on the specific discharge;
Opportunity to rationalize pump operators at DTWs, as operation and
monitoring tasks become obsolete;
Staff using the SCADA system have better understanding of the operation of
their pumps, wells and network.
Figure 10 Real-time overview of the performance of the pumps and wells of all DTWs in
zone 5 with SCADA (24-08-2015).
4.2
Benefits recognized of a SCADA system by other parties than

VEI/WOP
Currently there are several surface- and ground water SCADA installations in
operation and several pilots are ongoing. Most of these systems and pilots are
decentralized systems. The treatment plants have their own SCADA system, which
controls the unit processes locally. Only until recently SCADA for the production of
ground water received a lot of attention and several pilots have been carried out.
An overview of the system are summarised in the table below:
5. SCADA
Page 15
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Locations
GW/SW
# of
locations
SW (1 WTP)
SW (1 WTP)
If applicable,
DMA
Financed by
Contractor
(Nationality)
Remarks
N/A
N/A
Suez
MTH-Suez
Operational
Operational
Savar well
Field
Zone 4
Zone 5
GW (?)
N/A
DANIDA
DANIDA &
GoB
Korea EDCF
HRC
Planned
GW (1 DTW)
GW (16 DTW
and 4 DMC)
403
501, 502,
504, 505, 506
804, 807
Zone 8
?DTW, ?DMC
and
?customers
GW (4 DTW)
Grundfos
Optimal Track
Automation
and
Engineering
KWater
(Korea)
Operational
Operational
Zone 8
DANIDA
Embassy of
the Kingdom
of the
Netherlands
ADB
810, 811
DWASA (R&D)
Operational
Zone 9
GW (1 DTW)
914
DWASA
Aplomatech
BD
System
Engineering
Zone 1,2,
3,4,7,9,10
(DWSNIP)
Other WTP
GW (+/- 300
DTW)
+/- 88 DMAs
ADB ($12
million)
Saidabad 1
Saidabad 2
Planned
Operational
Planned
Several surface water treatment plants are planned for the

future in DWASA. These will most likely have a SCADA/DCS
system on site
Planned
There are reports and presentations available specifically for the Dhaka WASA
situation on the use of SCADA system. Then main conclusions and
recommendations are summarised below:
Grontmij/Carlbro (March, 2013)
Various options of SCADA system with monitoring / control of the rehabilitated
distribution network:
- Investment in SCADA system can be justified by:
o Fewer interruptions of supply (e.g. pipe bursts, pump burnout)
o Less loss of water
o Simplified handling of water infrastructure
o Satisfied Maintenance personal and operators
o Improved level of service and enhanced customer satisfaction
o Reduce time from the event occurrence to implementation corrective
action
o Reduce operating costs for the distribution network
- Recommended communication infrastructure is telemetry (e.g. VHF/UHF
radio and GPRS network) and not a cable system (e.g. bus network)
- Basic requirements of the RTU
o Hardware: UPC, memory, communication capability, timer, electrical
protection, RTC, battery backup, I/O interface
o Software: Real time operation, driver to the communication
infrastructure, configuration of application, diagnostics and file
system for data download
- Basic requirements of a central control room with a master Telemetry unit
5. SCADA
Page 16
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
o Graphical presentation of measured values

o Display of malfunction messages, alarms, warnings with overviews
o Import and export functionality
o Storage of data in a database
o Trend visualization for analysis
Grundfos/Shohel and Brothers (February, 2016)
-
Benefits of SCADA within WASA

o Large possibility of energy efficiency over the life cycle of the pump
o Ground water table monitoring
o Timely identification of regeneration
o Lower down time due to reliable technical features
o Longer life time of the pump-motor
o Pump replacement and automation
o Well field management
- 3 phases
o Project conceptualization
o Design, installation, commissioning and delivery of pumps and
SCADA system
o Post analysis, training and monitoring and feedback
System Engineering (April, 2016)
-
Benefits of SCADA within WASA

o Data monitoring (RPM, run/stop, water production, pressure, motor
amperage, motor frequency, link voltage, energy consumption
o Control (On/off, production by frequency control, flow shedding
control (time-based), alarming)
o Protection of equipment (Motor thermal relay, over current or
voltage, torque limitation)
o Financial (optimum use of manpower, reduce power consumption, ,
lower maintenance cost, avoidance of waste of water)
o Social (WASA gains respect from society, higher end user satisfaction
when water is supplied)
Data produced for the management to make decision
Reduce dependency of foreign technology
KWater (August, 2016)

Promoting Smart Drinking Water Management in South Asian Cities
- Integrated operation centre (24h operation of WTPs, DTWs, DMCs)
o Integration SCADA among zones
o Remote control of pumps and DTWs and automatic flow control
o Integrate SCADA with other existing databases of customer, meter
reading, charges, complaints and GIS data
o Support for management decision making
- Hardware installation
o Dual power line
o Power redundancy
o Recommends mixed system of SCADA and Smart Meters, where
SCADA control and monitors the DTWs and Smart Metering of flow
can be used at DMA and customer level
o Recommends VHF/UHF communication instead of GPRS
- Specialized integrated operational organization of SCADA
o Establish work standards and workforce guidelines
o Cyber security vulnerability analysis
o Incident response system
o Allocated staff to operate SCADA
5. SCADA
Page 17
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
DWASA staff capacities in utilizing and sustaining the

SCADA System
Implementation of SCADA within DWASA imposes changes in the organization in

terms of budget allocation and staffing. The functionality of the SCADA system (its
technical installations, instrumentation, software, hardware etc.) will need
maintenance and it needs to be operated as well by skilled engineers. Generally,
four roles can be distinguished once SCADA will be implemented, while each role
requires close attention for successfully implementing sustainable SCADA system:
SCADA electro-mechanical field engineers, who can execute basic repairs
and supervise the installation and corrective maintenance of the field
equipment by external SCADA contractors;
SCADA operators, who monitor, analyse and operate the assets using
SCADA and report their findings.
SCADA administrator, who maintains the SCADA server hardware, software
and its content, such as users, SCADA pages, reports, analysis tools and
configuration of RTUs;
Management, who receives reports based on SCADA data and takes
decisions.
Each of these roles will be discussed in the following subsections.
5.1
SCADA electro-mechanical field engineers
The responsibility of SCADA electro-mechanical engineers would be to make sure
the SCADA field equipment keeps working and will stay online. The functionality of
the SCADA system (technical installations, instrumentation and software) was
mainly supervised by WOP team, and the field maintenance outsourced to a
contractor. Basic electro-mechanic training is given to the SAE (Sub-Assistance
Engineers), however to be able to supervise and evaluate the contractor his work
and execute basic maintenance by DWASA staff, further development of
electromechanical staff within the respective zone is highly recommended. In the
table below you find some recommended tests during commissioning:
Tests
Control panel
Field
instrumentation
Loop
Alarm
System
Network, data
transfer and
server
Purpose
Verify if the internal wiring is correct, hardware is present and is
as specified, layout and fabrication comply with the designed
wiring diagram.
Test if the instruments are properly configured, calibrated and an
accurate display.
Test if the signals from the field devices are correctly received at
the controller and displayed as required. Signals produce the
expected automatic response.
To verify proper alarm annunciation, acknowledgment, set point
adjustment, and automatic equipment response, where applicable.
Test if the installation responds as required under actual operating
procedures.
Test if the data is transferred to the server, the communication is
reliable and stable and if the server and HMI functions well.
It is advised to have the following documents during the commissioning and testing
of new locations:
5. SCADA
Page 18
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Designed wiring diagram with a RTU tag list

Predefined and agreed upon (factory and) site acceptance test (FAT/SAT)
Manuals of transmitters and RTU (PLC and MTU, if applicable)
Digital configuration files of the SCADA equipment, HMI (e.g. .svg files)
and possibly other hardware configurations (VFDs, network settings,
sensor calibration)
Currently, the zonal SAEs are both responsible for the functionality of the SCADA
locations and its operation. However, they have no access to internal field staff,
which is able to assess the problem, let alone to execute maintenance tasks to
repair transmitters, signal cables or other electromechanical maintenance at the
SCADA site.
Maintenance of the system could, as is done at present, be outsourced to
contractors. Outsourcing will require 1) budgets and 2) relevant in-house expertise
to ensure the contractors deliver a satisfying service. Maintenance of the SCADA
system costs approximately 20.000,- per year. This is currently relatively high
compared to the initial investment costs, mainly due to many repairs after
electricity fluctuations, vandalism and re-installation after pump or chlorine bottle
replacements, which could largely be prevented. MODS zone 5 has not yet allocated
a specific budget line for maintenance costs, but it is strongly recommended to do
so, as the SCADA system may deteriorate quickly after no reoccurring
maintenance.
5.2
SCADA operators
The SCADA operations have the responsibility to closely monitor the operation of
the DTWs in the DMAs. The SAEs in MODS zone 5 received intensive training and
became more familiar with a SCADA system and are capable to operate the pumps.
Daily reports are being produced presenting the performance indicators of the Deep
Wells (production, pressure, energy consumption, water level and chlorination).
This support the engineers to gain increased understanding on the reliability and
efficiency of its operations. The Executive Engineer of zone 5 has appointed them to
(by turns) prepare and analyse the daily data reports; based on their analyses,
operational measures are proposed.
However, it is noticed that the capacities of these engineers in analysing the data
still needs strengthening, even after the training activities. The reports produced do
result in limited operational improvement measures being taken by the zone. It is
advised to incorporate SCADA operation as an integral part of the job description
and training of sub-assistant engineers in the MODS zones.
Currently, the SCADA operations are mainly at a zonal level, although there is
scope for other departments to improve their services by using the monitoring data
of the SCADA installation likewise. For instance, i) the field maintenance division
could monitor the NPSH of the wells under the SCADA system, ii) the system
operation and control division could monitor the chlorine status at the wells to get
an indication when the chlorine cylinder is empty and iii) water division could
monitor the specific capacities of the wells to determine when to regenerate or
replace the well. However, if multiple departments have access to the SCADA
system, responsibilities need to be clearly defined. To further elaborate on the first
example, it is recommended that the zonal office remains responsible to inform the
field maintenance division when to add additional column pipes or replace the pump
once it is needed.
5. SCADA
Page 19
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
5.3
SCADA database and application administrator
The appointed SCADA administrator by DWASA management has the following
responsibilities assigned:
Adding and configuring field equipment (I/O objects) of a specific location

(customer) in the database;
Maintaining and adding of the customized excel reports (Daily and Monthly);
Maintaining and adding of graphs at the data tab;
Maintaining the user accounts for the SCADA operators by creating new
accounts, storing passwords and maintaining their roles and assigned
locations;
Create and maintain alarm settings for deep tube well sites on request of
the SCADA operators;
Maintain SCADA objects with dynamic SVG fields in the SCADA tab (HMI
programming);
Ensure internet accessibility for the operators;
Maintain the Google Drive for back-up the content in the server;
Actively keep server room clean and dust free;
Secure internet connection with adequate broadband capacity;
Keep server computer virus free and check windows log files;
Review annually the performance of the hard- and software of the servers
applications and databases;
Purchase software updates and server hardware and expand database
storage based on the requirements
Currently, the administrators are have limited experience in the operation of SCADA
servers and supervising the configuration of RTUs and the in-house skills only
partly cover the assigned responsibilities. Therefore, further development of the
administrators is needed to prepare for the future expansions and maintenance,
especially when DWASA intends to run a SCADA system from an in-house server.
Other responsibilities could include to keep the several software packages, shown in
Figure 3, up to date. As the software is currently a frozen version bought under the
WOP project, no improvements can be made by DWASA staff themselves, which is
also not advised, as highly specialized staff would be required in the organization.
Therefore, it is recommended to update the SCADA software packages on at least a
2-yearly basis, which should be allocated in the budget line of the respective
department.
5.4
Management
Management in this sections concerns the level of Zonal Executive Engineers, Super
Intending Engineer of MODS circles, Chief Engineer and partly (Deputy) Managing
Director and have the responsibility to be informed by the SCADA operators, which
supports their decision making in the respective zone. The SCADA system is used
to report on the status of the DTWs, chlorination, NRW and energy analysis at a
DMA level. Zone 5 has taken the initiative to develop a monthly Zone at a Glance
Report, which presents the operational performance of its ten DMAs with key
performance indications (KPIs). This report facilitates more strategic discussions at
the management level. Furthermore, benchmarking between DMAs and zones will
become possible once standardized over Dhaka WASA. It is therefore
recommended to institutionalize a benchmarking report (partly) based on SCADA
5. SCADA
Page 20
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
data between DMAs and zones to support management in decision making to

intensify effort in improving underperforming zones or DMAs.
Furthermore, managing the central integration of SCADA and field equipment will
become a challenge. DWASA is advised to define a standard for the SCADA systems
and monitoring equipment. When adding new transmitters in the future by DWASA,
or projects, such as DWSNIP, or the new well field development project, field
equipment should comply with the technical requirements of a standardized system
and be integrated centrally. Especially when it comes to water distribution, such as
the production and pressure at DTWs, WTPs and DMC sites. This to avoid the
development of multiple parallel SCADA systems within DWASA and would hinder
the development of a central room to control distribution. Currently there are
already 4 different data portal, corresponding to the number of SCADA system
pilots, as can be seen below:
Figure 11 Several developed HMI within Dhaka WASA. i) Zone 4, ii) Zone 9, iii) Zone 8
and iv) Zone 5, which already show a large variation of the SCADA operations.
The existing SCADA server has the possibility to connect up to 16.000 input and
outputs and there is scope of a large extension within the existing infrastructure.
Also, standardization in field equipment (e.g. RTUs, transmitters and wiring) will
support better maintenance as similar equipment is easier to maintain than various
designs and hardware setups. Hence, when investment projects or contractors
propose to install monitoring equipment, the management of DWASA is advised to
proactively inform them about the technical specifications of the existing SCADA
system.
5. SCADA
Page 21
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Recommendations for future development of SCADA

within DWASA
DWASA is currently negotiating an investment loan with international financial

institutes to roll out SCADA over all 740 DTWs in Dhaka. In general, upscaling of
the SCADA system is recommended. This chapter gives an overview of specific
technical and institutional recommendations. Also it is recommended to have a
phased implementation.
6.1
Technical recommendations
Field equipment
-
The level transmitters directly in the well is not suitable for the DTWs in
Dhaka, so there are several considerations
o Most preferable situation is to have a PVC monitoring tube
installed next to the well where the level transmitter is very
accessible;
o For existing wells have a monitoring tube in the well next to the
column pipes, which will need guiding by cutting the flange to
reduce the turbulences around the sensor;
o Install level transmitters based on water pressure only and
correct for the atmospheric pressure variabilities in the RTU or
server. The alternative: atmospheric compensated transmitters
are difficult to repair or lengthen;
The flow meter the bulk flow meter at the DWASA wells can be very
inaccurate, due to air pumping and the high iron content;
o Lastly, the digital signal generally has 1000 L/pulse, whereas 100
L/pulse would give a better real time indication;
Water quality is currently not measured, but a status check is done
based on the pressure in the cylinder(s) and the chlorination motor
o The chlorination heads on the cylinder need to have a micro
switch to generate a digital pulse to indicate if it still has
chlorination gas;
o Take the chlorination motor as a second variable, which needs to
be running when chlorinating;
o It is advised to consider to measure the chlorine content (AI)
after the dosing and/or the residue in the network (for example at
the ARV chamber or large customers);
Wire connections are very sensitive to mechanical stress
o Insert the wiring coming from the transmitters going to the RTU
in steel pipes under the ground
o Wire connections should be accommodated in tight joint boxes,
Stagnant water in the joint box should be prevented;
Panel board
o Install a battery, UPS, surge protector and time delay after power
outage;
o Deploy a timer, which can control the pump operation by a
predefined operation schedule of the pump;
o Physically label the RTU tags, have a RTU tag list and wire
diagram in the panel board;
o Ground the RTU separately and do not use the existing grounding
used for the pump-motor;
There are several options to control the pump-motor at the DTW
o Basic On/Off/Auto configuration, however it is recommended to at
least have control on the frequency;
5. SCADA
Page 22
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
o On/Off/Auto with Frequency control (AO);

o On/Off/Auto with Modbus configuration;
Communication protocols between the dependent departments to
prevent damaging and timely delivery of equipment
Server and network

- This pilot used the GPRS network, therefore the network
recommendations are based on the GPRS network:
o Network coverage of the GPRS network is not everywhere
sufficient in Dhaka and an antenna might be needed in some
locations;
o The network operator between the RTU and the server is Robi. If
SCADA is rolled out, a deal should be made with an operator to
minimize communication cost.
- DWASA may choose to have i) an in-house SCADA server instead of ii)
rent a datacentre room in or outside Bangladesh, iii) run the applications
and databases under the responsibility of the developer. The last option
is recommended. If DWASA chooses to continue the operation of their
own SCADA server to reduce reoccurring costs, it is recommended to:
o Do a yearly update, as the applications are running as a frozen
version, which also require a budget;
o Increase the internet accessibility and improve the reliability of
the power supply, as the server has frequent downtime (= yearly
0.3 1%);
o A mirrored server is recommended to improve security;
o Also, refer to sub-section 5.3 for HRM recommendations related
to the server operation
Software for SCADA operations
- Essential elements are the visualization of graphs, locations on maps,
overviews of DMAs (production and pressure), easy export of data;
- Accessibility of functionality for different users
o Uploading and changing the HMI;
o Development of reports;
o Control the equipment (e.g. pumps);
o Viewing and downloading the data;
- Incorporate the alarming functionality by email or text based on duty
schedules;
- Improvement of security of the portal (e.g. SSL certificate)
6.2
Institutional recommendations
-
Pump Operators: In the past, pump operators have expressed their

resistance against the SCADA system, as they feared the system would
make them obsolete. This fear may be justified as indeed one of the
purposes of SCADA is to enable remote operational control and thus making
continuous presence of pump operators unnecessary. Their resistance is
likely to emerge again in each zone where SCADA will be installed. A human
resource plan for the pump operation is advised;
Vulnerability: The installed SCADA system installed is vulnerable and
regularly offline due to a lack of awareness of operators and maintenance
staff. When executing maintenance on DTWs, such as replacing the pump,
replacing the water meter, replacing the chlorine bottle or even replace the
well, field equipment will be disconnected to do the maintenance tasks. After
5. SCADA
Page 23
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
completion of the maintenance, the connections need to be restored. Also,

the maintenance staff needs to handle the sensitive equipment with care.
Hence, DWASA is advised to appoint electrical engineers that ensure
continuous functionality of the system;
Electrical installation: Currently the electrical installation at the deep tube
well site is of poor quality, resulting in burnt-out RTUs and unsafe working
conditions. Before expanding and installing SCADA at more locations, an
improvement of the electrical circuit, panel board and grounding is
necessary.
SCADA as a tool for performance management and inter-zonal
benchmarking: Structured performance evaluation is not yet the basis for
maintenance activities and budget planning within DWASA. The SCADA
system could be instrumental in this perspective, as the zones could for
instance be requested to submit monthly performance reports. Based on a
review of this report, operational improvement measures are being
discussed by the zones and headquarters together, and headquarters
allocates the required budgets to the zone for execution of those
improvement measures. With a structured performance
monitoring/improvement system in place, tasks and responsibilities are
gradually being delegated to the zones, developing the zones into stronger
operational entities.
Suggested centralized responsibilities

In the future, when the amount of surface water supply from multiple WTP will
increase, the need for centralized control of water distribution will increase. The
SCADA system could provide a central overview on water distribution and can be
managed real-time from a centralized desk.
Secondly, the performance comparison between zones could be arranged centrally
based on the SCADA data, for example the superintending engineer office for a
single MODS circle or the MIS department.
Thirdly, the maintenance of the SCADA electromechanical installations can be
managed centrally, for example under the field maintenance divisions or the work
can be contracted to a third party with a maintenance contract. However, if the
work would be outsourced, the responsible central department needs to
comprehend the functioning of the SCADA system and supervise the quality of the
work.
Suggested decentralized responsibilities
Besides central activities, other duties are better to be executed at a zonal level,
such as the pump and VFD operations, analysis of the DMA water balance,
prevention of air pumping (based on water level), prevent burning of pump-motor
and chlorination performance of the DTWs.
Secondly, formalized and efficient communication line to the several maintenance
divisions related to the SCADA system to provide the outstanding maintenance
issues. The related divisions are the meter division for the water meters, field
maintenance for the pump and VFD installations, SOC for the chlorination systems
and possibly a SCADA maintenance division for the internet and transmitter
connections.
5. SCADA
Page 24
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Thirdly, standardized monthly update reports can be prepared based on the data
that SCADA provides. These reports can be discussed with the management of the
zones and can be used to compare the various DMAs and Zones within one circle or
over the whole of DWASA.
6.3
Phased implementation of a SCADA system in Dhaka WASA
Below you will find a suggested implementation plan for SCADA in Dhaka WASA.
Phase 1 (ongoing)
Pilot studies to test the applicability in DWASA and important variables

Convincing examples of good utilization of SCADA data
First SCADA database server with an integrated SCADA HMI in Dhaka WASA
First basic SCADA training (maintenance, operators, adminstrators) in Dhaka WASA
Phase 2 (2025)
Development of standard instrumentation, network, server, alarming and reporting

Implementation of new SCADA installations in other DMAs (DTWs and DMCs)
Central control of water distribution
Strong technical development of the SCADA field engineers, the DMA managers
using SCADA and the database and application administrators
Internet security improvement, server policies, alarm guidelines, accessibility rights
and redundancy of the SCADA infrastructure
Communication protocol between the related departments, divisions and
management
Integration to other database system within DWASA (customer, meter reading,
pump, GIS)
R&D of economic feasibility of enhanced instrumentation and monitoring systems
Phase 3 (2050)
Integration of other SCADA systems in other DWASA activities (waste water and drainage)
Integration with other govermental bodies (e.g. DPHE and BWDB for groundwater
monitoring, DNCC and DSCC for drainage of storm water)
Benchmark system between zones and DMA based on SCADA data
Continuous R&D of economic feasilibity of enhanced instrumentation and monitoring
systems
5. SCADA
Page 25
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex A - RTU tag list of Banani 8
Figure 12 The D05 hardware at Banani 8. The table shows the coding of the RTU tags.
Fep
Rtu
Type
I/O no
Name
Leader
SCADA Tag
500
AI
LT01
S01F01R00500
AI000001_LT01
500
AI
LT02
S01F01R00500
AI000002_LT02
500
AI
LT03
S01F01R00500
AI000003_LT03
500
AI
LT05
S01F01R00500
AI000004_LT05
500
AI
LT06
S01F01R00500
AI000005_LT06
500
AI
LT07
S01F01R00500
AI000006_LT07
500
AI
PT01
S01F01R00500
AI000008_PT01
500
AI
PT02
S01F01R00500
AI000009_PT02
500
AI
10
PT03
S01F01R00500
AI000010_PT03
500
AI
11
AMP01 / AMP02
S01F01R00500
AI000011_AMP01___AMP02
500
AI
12
FREQ01
S01F01R00500
AI000012_FREQ01
500
AI
13
FREQ02
S01F01R00500
AI000013_FREQ02
500
AI
17
AMP01
S01F01R00500
AI000017_AMP01
500
AI
18
AMP02
S01F01R00500
AI000018_AMP02
500
AI
19
SignalQuality
S01F01R00500
AI000019_SignalQuality
500
AO
FREQ_SP01
S01F01R00500
AO000001_FREQ_SP01
500
AO
FREQ_SP02
S01F01R00500
AO000002_FREQ_SP02
500
AO
LT02_Lc
S01F01R00500
AO000005_LT02_Lc
500
AO
LT02_LLc
S01F01R00500
AO000006_LT02_LLc
500
AO
PT02_Hc
S01F01R00500
AO000007_PT02_Hc
500
AO
PT02_Lc
S01F01R00500
AO000008_PT02_Lc
5. SCADA
Page 26
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Fep
Rtu
Type
I/O no
Name
Leader
SCADA Tag
500
AO
PT03_Hc
S01F01R00500
AO000009_PT03_Hc
500
AO
10
PT03_Lc
S01F01R00500
AO000010_PT03_Lc
500
CI
FT01
S01F01R00500
CI000001_FT01
500
CI
FT02
S01F01R00500
CI000002_FT02
500
CI
Energy01/02
S01F01R00500
CI000003_Energy01_02
500
CI
17
Energy01
S01F01R00500
CI000017_Energy01
500
CI
18
Energy02
S01F01R00500
CI000018_Energy02
500
CI
19
Power01
S01F01R00500
CI000019_Power01
500
CI
20
Power02
S01F01R00500
CI000020_Power02
500
DI
CL01
S01F01R00500
DI000001_CL01
500
DI
AUTO01
S01F01R00500
DI000002_AUTO01
500
DI
AUTO02
S01F01R00500
DI000003_AUTO02
500
DI
PUMPSTAT01
S01F01R00500
DI000004_PUMPSTAT01
500
DI
PUMPSTAT02
S01F01R00500
DI000005_PUMPSTAT02
500
DI
17
PT02_H
S01F01R00500
DI000017_PT02_H
500
DI
18
PT02_L
S01F01R00500
DI000018_PT02_L
500
DI
19
PT03_H
S01F01R00500
DI000019_PT03_H
500
DI
20
PT03_L
S01F01R00500
DI000020_PT03_L
500
DI
21
LT02_L
S01F01R00500
DI000021_LT02_L
500
DI
22
LT02_LL
S01F01R00500
DI000022_LT02_LL
500
DI
23
LITH_L
S01F01R00500
DI000023_LITH_L
500
DI
24
PLC_F
S01F01R00500
DI000024_PLC_F
500
DO
PUMP01
S01F01R00500
DO000001_PUMP01
500
DO
PUMP02
S01F01R00500
DO000002_PUMP02
5. SCADA
Page 27
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex B - Wiring Diagram of SCADA installations
5. SCADA
Page 28
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex C - SAT of Banani 8
5. SCADA
Page 29
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
5. SCADA
Page 30
of 31
Title
Subtitle
5. SCADA
Author
Jonne Kleijer
Date
16 August 2016
SCADA
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
5. SCADA
Page 31
of 31
6.
Pump design, selection and

operation
A closer look at the pumps of zone 5
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Ed Holierhoek (Jonne Kleijer, Gertjan de Wit)
WOP DWASA-VEI
1 November 2016
Version 1.1
Title
6. Pump design, selection and
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Table of Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3
PUMP THEORY ........................................................................................................................... 4

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
PUMP CURVES ............................................................................................................................ 4

SYSTEM CURVES .......................................................................................................................... 4
DEEP TUBE WELL AND PUMP BALANCE CAPACITY.............................................................................. 7
HEAD DETERMINATION - EXISTING WELLS .......................................................................................... 8
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE ....................................................................................................... 10
HEAD DETERMINATION, NEW WELLS ............................................................................................... 11
BANANI - 8 ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4
EXISTING PUMP AND VFD ........................................................................................................... 14

POWER DETERMINATION ............................................................................................................. 15
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................... 15
PUMP SPECIFICATION ................................................................................................................. 18
PUMP OPERATION ..................................................................................................................... 19
WELL SPACING OR PUMP LESS FOR MORE WATER................................................................. 20
4.1
4.2
RATIONALE BEHIND MULTIPLE OPERATIONAL WITH A SINGLE PUMP HOUSE ............................................... 20

EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................... 21
ANNEX A - PUMP SPECIFICATIONS BANANI 8 ...................................................................................... 23

ANNEX B - SAT REPORTS VFD, PUMP, ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ................................................................. 25
ANNEX C - PUMP CURVE PANELLI TYPE 180 REC 130/8........................................................................ 30
ANNEX D - OBSERVED OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE FOR BANANI 8 ................................................. 31
6. Pump Design, Selection and Operations

Page 2
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Introduction
Currently, the average lifetime of a pump is short and the consumed energy per
produced m3 water is relatively high. This report addresses the subjects of pump
design, selection and operations, and as such serves to advise DWASA how its
Deep Tube Wells (DTWs) can be operated and maintained in a more sustainable
way.
The pump challenges faced by DWASA are mainly due to the declining groundwater
levels that require pump operations to be constantly adjusted. This report looks
into the principles of pump design, selection and operation, and specifically how
DWASA may anticipate to the declining water levels in Dhaka. The theory is
illustrated by practical examples from the design, selection and installation process
that was applied by the WOP at Banani 8.

Page 3
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Pump Theory
2.1
Pump curves
The pump used for water production by DTWs in Dhaka is a submersible centrifugal
type pump. A centrifugal pump has specific characteristics with regards to capacity,
head and power consumption. The relation between production Q and head is, very
generally, shown in Figure 2-1: the pump curve.
Pump curve
H (in m)
Q (in m3)
Figure 2-1 Visualization of the pump curve.
2.2
System curves
The production and head are determined by the characteristics of the piping system
the pump is connected to: the system curve. The actual capacity and head are
determined by the intersection of the two curves: the working point.
Pump curve
Working point
System curve
H (in m)
Q (in m3)
Figure 2-2 Explanation of the working point based on the
intersection of the system and pump curve.

Page 4
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Every piping system has its own characteristics:

In a system with large distance transport lines, hydraulic losses are
relatively high and the system curve has a steep line (quadratic relation with
flow), Figure 2-3;
In a system where the fluid is only to be lifted to a higher elevation point,
and relatively little hydraulic losses occur, the curve will be flat, Figure 2-4.
System curve
H (in m)
Static height
Q (in m3)
Figure 2-3 System curve shows the relation between the production and
head needed, which increases by the hydraulic losses
System curve
H (in m)
Static height
Q (in m3)
Figure 2-4 Typical system curve for the Dhaka situation.
The system curve of Figure 2-4 is typical for the Dhaka DTW situation. From an
energy perspective, it is highly preferred that the working point is on the pump
curve at the highest efficiency: the so-called Best Efficiency Point (BEP). Energy
consumption will then be lowest possible. The Best Efficiency Point of a pump shall
be determined from the pump specifications that are provided by the supplier.

Page 5
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
head
eff. curves
80%
BEP
system curve
70%
60%
pump curve
Q
Figure 2-5 Visualization of the definitions of the system
curve, pump curve efficiency curve and the Best Efficiency
point
DWASA is responsible for specifying the required capacity and head of the pump.
The pump vendor is responsible for selecting and proposing the pump with the
highest BEP.
Annex A includes the technical pump specifications for the pump at Banani 8;
Annex B presents the pump curve for the selected pump.
DWASA replaces approximately 400 out of its 750 pumps each year because of
break down, exhausted wells or decreased production.
One of the main reasons for breakdown or decreased production is explained as
follows: as static water levels drops each year, the required head to pump the
water to the surface gradually increases. This causes the working point to slide
along the pump curve to a higher head, see Figure 2-6, that has a lower capacity
and lower efficiency.
This process accelerates even faster in case of a clogging well.
Also, the radial thrust on bearings of the pump increase considerably, which can
also lead to early break down of the pump.

Page 6
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 2-6 Sliding down of the production and the

working point changes along the pump curve.
2.3
Deep Tube Well and pump balance Capacity
The balance between DTW production and pump capacity is essential! If the pump
capacity is chosen too big, one will obtain high production, but only for a short
period of time. If the water velocity at the borehole wall is relatively high, more
particles will move through the aquifer, causing a more rapid clogging of the well.
Usually a drawdown of 5 7 m is advisable. Pumping test should be executed to
determine the discharge rate that corresponds to this drawdown. Installation of a
pump with a too high capacity results in high velocities and thus in a quick
decrease in production over a short time, see Figure 2-7 as example.
AVERAGE PRODUCTION FIGURES per ZONE 5
jan
feb
mrt
apr
mei
jun
jul
aug
sep
okt
nov
dec
2013
104
100
100
105
100
103
97
97
99
96
98
107
2014
96
97
100
99
98
92
101
103
96
101
101
104
2015
106
98
102
109
103
101
99
104
100 m3/h per pump

average m3 per running hour
Figure 2-7 Decrease in production at Gulshan Wonderland Park.
What should be the capacity of a pump?

The new DTW at Banani-8 was constructed with state of the art methods. From the
pump tests a specific capacity of approximately 15 m 3/h/m could be derived. A
drawdown of 5-7 m is generally accepted as energy efficient. Banani-8 operates
with a draw-down of 7 m and a production of 102 m3/h in May 2016.

Page 7
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Furthermore, statistically it appeared that the average production of all DTWs in

zone 5 in the year 2013 and 2014 was 100 m3/h (Figure 2-7). Specifying and
installing bigger pumps than this 100 m3/h is therefore not required and will only
result in less (energy) efficient operations.
For new wells it is advised that the specific capacity should be obtained from the
pump test just after construction of the well. For the specification of the pump
capacity, take an advisable drawdown of 5 7 m to prevent high flow velocities at
the borehole wall that induce particle transport and clogging.
For existing wells, the (specific) capacity of the well in its present status can be
determined by a pump test. Consider regeneration of the well in advance.
Example: If the specific capacity of an existing DTW is only 8 m 3/h/m, the pump
capacity should be, at a drawdown of 7 m, only 56 m 3/h. Specifying bigger
capacities will only lead to a quicker deterioration of the well, causing worse specific
capacity, causing worse production and efficiency, leading to shorter lifetime of the
DTW and stand time of the pump.
2.4
Head determination - Existing wells
Static water levels (SWL) in Dhaka drop every year several meters. In Zone-5 it
varies from 1.5 -3 m/year. Also, it is noticed that drawdown reaches sometimes
values larger than 25 m. The falling ground water level in Dhaka, as well as
clogging of the well over time (leads to smaller specific capacities of the well)
contribute both to a lower pump water level (PWL). However, the pumps capacity
remains unchanged over time and the pump is not running efficiently.
To cope with the lowering of the PWL, the pump in existing wells should be installed
as low in the pump housing as possible. Figure 2-8 explains the calculation of the
installation of the pump.
Take the bottom elevation of the pump

housing
Take pump discharge flange 6 m above
bottom pump housing (see picture)
Should be sufficient but always check
pump length from the vendor
quotation!
Allow for sufficient water level above
pump suction (see picture)
head@end = pump housing length 6
m (10-2) = pump housing length
14m.
This is the maximum PWL you should
allow.
Number of column pipes is the
(head@end + 8m)/ 3m but allow for
sufficient space under the motor
Figure 2-8 The calculation of the pump installation to prevent frequent pump pulling
and prevention of air cavitation.
Page 8
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
The new pump must be specified with the head required in the end situation. The
PWL at time of the installation of the new pump is off course much higher. An
installation without taking into account the falling water level will have the pump
run towards the end of its curve, leading to quick breakdown of pump/motor, see
Figure 2-9.
Therefore, a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) has to be incorporated in the
installation.
head
pump curve
system curve
head @end
head @s tart
Q
Figure 2-9 When the pump keeps running at a similar
setting over time with a lowering PWL
The pump must be specified in such a way that in the end situation the VFD will run
at a speed of 50 Hz. At start, the VFD will run at a lower speed (e.g. 40 Hz). As the
water level (static as well as pumping) drops over time, the head difference can be
compensated by increasing the speed of the pump, see Figure 2-10.
head
pump curve
system curve
head @end
head @s tart
50 Hz
40 Hz
Q
Figure 2-10 Increasing the speed of the pump to
anticipate the head differences over time.

Page 9
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
2.5
Variable Frequency Drive
For submersible pumps with high static heads, a VFD must operate between 40-50
Hz. Operating at lower frequency may lead to damage of VFD and/or pump motor.
There is a relation between the frequency of the power supply and capacity, head
and power consumption of the pump.
This relation is described by the so called Affinity laws.
FLOW ( Q )
2
2 = 1 ( )
1
2 = 1 (
2
)
1
2 2
2 = 1 ( )
1
2 = 1
2 3
2 = 1 ( )
1
2 = 1
HEAD ( h )

=( )
2
1
POWER ( P )

=( )
2
1
The digit 1 in 1 , 1 , 1 , etc. means the existing situation.

The digit 2 in 2 , 2 , 2 , etc. means the new situation.
Q = capacity or flow
= frequency of VFD or speed
h = head
P = power or power consumption,
(m3/h)
(Hz)
(m)
(kW) or (kWh)
By using these formulas, one can calculate new capacity, head and power
consumption when one changes the frequency, or calculate the required frequency
when e.g. the head changes.
For example, one can now calculate the frequency setting of the pump shown in
Figure 2-8, by using the PWL at start and end and the frequency setting at end:
50Hz
Unfortunately, these formulas are only accurate enough when the working point
slides within a range of approximate identical efficiency.
If the working point slides through a range with changing efficiencies, the formulas
are not accurate. See also chapter 4.8.

Page 10
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
2.6
Head determination, new wells
The depth of the pump is limited by the length of the pump house. In new wells,
the pump housing must be designed in such a way, that optimum pump depth, and
thus maximum life time of the pump is obtained. By using the affinity laws, one can
calculate the required pump housing length.
The basic thought is that the working point will slide through a range with identical
efficiency, when changing the frequency from low to high, see Figure 2-11.
In the end situation the VFD will have a speed of 50 Hz.
Figure 2-11 Changes of the BEP if the system and

pump curve change.

Page 11
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Affinity laws describe the relation between VFD

frequency setting and head as followed:
@
@
@
@
@ = @
@ = SWL
@ = 40 Hz, @ = 50 Hz, so @ = @
@start
+ approx. 7m draw down
1.56
If, for example, SWL@start is 70 m, @ = 1.56 x
77 = 120 m
This is only static head ! For the total head
required, add hydraulic losses in the discharge pipe
and approx. 5 m discharge head at ground level.
Hydraulic loss in a 6 pipe with 100 m3/h flow is
approx. 1.5 m / 100 m.
Total head required for pump specification is 120 +
2 + 5 =127 m.
Figure 2-12 Example of application of the affinity laws for DTW situation in Dhaka WASA.
The static head @ end calculated is 120 m. Add 14 m (see chapter 4.3, Figure 2-7),
so the pump housing length for a new well and a SWL of 70 m should approx. 134
m.
This method allows a SWL drop of 50 m. Assuming the water level keeps dropping
3 m/year, the pump in this example could be in operation for almost 17 years.

Page 12
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Banani - 8
At Banani 8 a uniform well diameter was applied without a pump housing. The
pump was installed at 140 m depth whereas the static water levels is currently
63.2m. Taking into account a drawdown of 7 m and sufficient water level above the
suction (10 m), the construction allows for 60 m declinination of the waterlevel,
approxiamtely 20 years.
Banani-8 pump runs in May 2016 at 42 Hz and is producing 102 m3/h.
In Figure 3-1 the development of DTW Banani-8 and its pump is displayed. As can
be derived, with a correctly specified pump and VFD the pump could run for 20
years. In this case, after 20 years it is even possible to install the pump further
down the well because there is still head available until the frequency of 50 Hz is
reached.
This is all depending, of course, on the performance of the DTW. By specifying a
moderate pump capacity, clogging of the well and decrease of the specific capacity
may well be delayed.
This will lead to a extended lifetime of the well, which means less investment per
year and more maintenace capacity available.
In any case, the pump can be relocated to a new or other DTW and can be reused.
Replacement of 350 pumps each year can be history!
H (m)
300
Vendor proposed pump
@50 Hz, nominal BEP
Working point Banani-8

after 60m SWL drop,
estimated after 20 years
and running @47.3 Hz
200
Working point Banani-8

May, 2016 102 m3/h &
70.1 m
Pump curve Banani-8
100
May, 2016 @42 HZ

System curve
60
102
120
180 m3/h
Figure 3-1 Designed BEP and future working points of Banani 8 after water level drop.
Page 13
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
3.1
Existing pump and VFD
At several deep tube well locations (at least 50% in MODS-zone 5) a VFD is
operational and connected to the pump. However, currently nearly all of the VFDs
are running at 50Hz, which is the default setting.
These assets can be utilized by defining the current operating point and the
specification of the installed pump. Figure 3-2 shows the transition of the working
point from a high frequency to a lower frequency. In one case (green) improvement
is obtained, in the other case (red) the efficiency will be worse. DWASA is strongly
recommended to analyse this for each separate DTW. If pump curves of existing
pumps are not available, there is a possibility to make an in-field pump curve by
reducing the frequency with small steps and observe the response of production.
Figure 3-2 Two cases for the existing wells in Dhaka WASA. For the
pump at the lower end of the pump curve, a large efficiency boost
can be achieved by lowering the frequency with existing assets.

Page 14
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
3.2
Power determination
The required power for a pump can be calculated from the following formula.
w =
367.000
Pw = hydraulic power required
kW
Ppump = mechanical (on axis) power

required
Pmotor = electric power at motor
connection required
kW
PE = electric power at grid

connection required
Q = flow
kW
kW
m3/h
h = head
= spec.weight
kg/m3 (997)
p = eff. pump
min. 70-80%
m = eff. motor
normally > 80%
e = eff. electrical installation

tot = Total installation efficiency
%
%
367.000 = unit correction factor (only

applicable for the units used
above)
The electrical installation has also an efficiency factor, so the power consumption
(PE) will be higher! Quality of motor cable, connections, etc.: the better, the lower
power consumption. This gives a formula for the total efficiency of the pump
motor electrical installation:
Also referred to as over-all efficiency. This is a measure for the

efficiency of the technical installation (given a certain head).
The pump vendor will always offer a vendor preferred motor capacity, in which the
pump and motor efficiency loss is covered.
3.3
Electrical installation
Part of the efficiency of the pump installation is the quality of the electrical
equipment.
Electrical cabinet
Execution of the distribution busbar panel board according to the line

diagram shown in Figure 3-3;
Provide grounding of the cabinet. A ground connection can easily be
obtained by a metal bar in the ground;
Busbars or other parts under voltage to be safeguarded from touching by a
plexiglas plate.

Page 15
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 3-3 left) Line diagram of the busbar panel, where red, yellow and blue indicate
the three power phases, black the neutral phase and green grounding. Right) As -built
electrical panel at Banani 8.
Connections
Cables to be connected to each other by heavy duty connectors;

Connectors to be isolated with triple heat shrink tubes/sleeves.
Figure 3-4 Applying the shrink tubes needs to be done with care making sure there is no stagnant
air, melting by applying too much heat etc. to get an even shrinkage.

Page 16
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Output load reactor

An output load reactor is used to protect the motor, especially when the
wiring distance between the motor and the VFD exceeds 100 m;
Long motor cables lengths can lead to overload of the motors peak voltage
rating which can result in insulation breakdown;
A rule of thumb is that an output line reactor should be used if the motor
wiring is larger than 100m;
The reactor is mounted as close as possible to the frequency drive.
Figure 3-5 Schematization of the output load reactor to protect the pump-motor, as the
wiring distance between the pump and the VFD installation is large.
Figure 3-6 As-built view of the VFD panel board,

including the output load reactor.

Page 17
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Dust and cooling

A VFD is vulnerable for dust and overheating.
If kept in a dusty environment or dusty state with insufficient cooling, the
life time of the VFD will be shortened.
Regularly check the VFD on collected dust. Clean, but take the necessary
safety precautions!
Cooling fans must be provided with the cabinet to ensure enforced cooling.
Also it is best to provide the building with a fan to keep the temperature in
the building below 40C as much as possible.
3.4
Pump specification
After determination of the required capacity and head, the pump specification can
be drawn up. In annex A the specification of Banani-8 is shown. This may be used
as a standard for future purpose. In the PUMP part of the specification is referred to
the Preferable Operating Range (POR). It will not always be possible to align the
required capacity/head with the BEP of a pump. Also, the duty of the pump may
vary, because a system sometimes requires more head or less flow. Therefore a
preferable operating range is specified by international standards in order to have
the operating point in acceptable efficiency ranges.
For the well pumps in Dhaka the operating duty of a pump is quite stable. Head will
almost always be determined by the static height and by means of the VFD DWASA
is capable of controlling the flow at a steady rate. The POR for the submersible
pumps can therefore be narrow: 80 105% of the BEP. This means that the
operating point of the pump offered by the vendor, must be within 80-105% of the
BEP of that pump.
In Miscellaneous Requirements must be described how the pump will run over the
years: start at high SWL and end at a low SWL.
Figure 3-7 The colored area indicates the region in

which the pump should operate the coming years

Page 18
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
3.5
Pump operation
It is recommended that the pump is stopped two to three times per day. The
international experience is that by regularly stopping a well pump, water comes to
standstill and build up, stacked particles in the well wall will be released, causing
flushing of these particles after starting of the flow again. This would benefit the
well lifetime.
After some time in operation, the production will decrease, see Figure 2-7. This will
be caused by dropped SWL, but also clogging of the well will lead to a misbalance
of well and pump capacity: the drawdown will increase.
It is essential that the pump/well performance must be checked, preferably every
month, by zone 5 personnel.
SWL and PWL (calculate draw down) and production (calculate specific capacity)
must be measured and laid down in a so called well log.
A lower SWL must be adjusted by increasing the speed of the pump;
An increased draw down must preferably not be adjusted. A higher
drawdown is caused by clogging of the well: the well produces less water
while the pump runs at the same speed. When the specific capacity reaches
70% of the original, the well must be regenerated in order to lengthen the
well lifetime;
If DWASA wishes to maintain the production of the well, it is possible to
adjust the speed of the pump such that the pump will produce to the original
rate. However, this means that the well will deteriorate faster because the
balance between the well and pump is disrupted;
The pumps production causes a higher pressure drop over the well wall
leading to:
o A higher draw down;
o More energy consumption;
o Higher velocity at the borehole face, causing a more rapid clogging of
the well wall, leading to a shortened lifetime of the well.
So again, trying to maintain the production leads to bigger imbalance leads to
shortened lifetime of the well.
To coop with decreasing production of a well, a certain overcapacity in wells must
be created. As will be explained in chapter 7, this can be achieved in park areas. In
case of e.g. regeneration of a well, loss in production can be accommodated for by
the other wells.

Page 19
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Well spacing or pump less for more water
DWASA faces an increasing water demand in the coming years, because of a

growing population, also in existing zones. The solution is not putting in bigger
pumps in the existing wells. As discussed above, bigger pumps disturbs the wellpump balance and will only result in higher draw down, less energy efficient
production, accelerated clogging and thus, less production..
A higher production must be found in smaller wells with a balanced production of
around 100 m3/h.
4.1
Rationale behind multiple operational with a single pump house
The general opinion heard is that more wells require acquisition of more land from
Dhaka city, which is not possible because of:
High land prices;
Reluctance of the city to sell land;
Wells must be separated more than 500m.
It is the opinion of VEI that acquisition of land is not necessary. The solution must
be sought in the following solutions:
There are many parks to be found in the city. In a park it is possible to
locate more wells.
As can be seen at Banani-8, the well and pump itself require only less than 1
m2! It is not necessary to buy the land, only get a permit to occupy less
than 1 m2 on each corner of the park. Power feeding cables must be laid
underground to the existing building with electrical installation.
Wells can be located near to each other as close as 30-50m, without
unacceptable mutual influence, see Figure 4-1.
Drawdown comparison multiple wells (m)
Production (m3/h)
250
200
5.3
4.6
4.2
4.9
150
0.7
0.2
-0.1
-0.3
100
-3.8
-4.2
-4.4
-4.5
50
-8.4
-8.6
-8.7
-8.8
25
50
75
100
0
0
Distance Between Wells (m)

Figure 4-1 Modelling results based which shows the relation of the distance between
wells in a square formation, production and the difference in drawdown of a 200 m 3/h
producing well in the DWASA current conditions (i.e. high skin fac tor). Red indicates
the default situation

Page 20
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 4-2 The installation of the flow meter, NRW, pressure point, wash out and gate
valves of Banani 8 are covered and could reduce the land required for ground water
production installations, as one can have multiple locations at a single pump house.
4.2
Examples
Below there are 2 examples for the application of the above described proposal.
Figure 4-3 Banani Road 6 Park. Red indicates the existing Banani - 8 well and blue are
2 possible additional wells.

Page 21
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Figure 4-4 Wonderland Park. Red indicates the existing well and blue are 5 possible
additional wells.
These additional wells must have a production in balance with the well: take the
specific capacity and a draw-down of maximal 7m, but preferably 5m.
There is an initial higher investment, but wells and pumps will have a much longer
life cycle, run more energy efficient and therefore will give a big decrease in
operational costs and investments.
So, in order to get more production, add wells with a lower production than
present.

Page 22
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex A - Pump specifications Banani 8

General
Pump
Motor
Application
Exploration of groundwater
Medium
Groundwater
Density
997 kg/m3
Working temperature
Approx. 25 degrees Celsius
Type
Submersible water pump
Quantity
Nominal Capacity
110 m /hr
accord. ISO 9906:2012/1E
Nominal head
134 mwc
Speed
Approx. 2900 min-1
Efficiency pump-unit
(pump including non-return
valve and including motor /
pump cable)
> 60%
At given capacity and discharge head (nominal
working point) >55%
In working area 80% - 110% of the nominal capacity.
POR is 85 - 105 % of BEP point
Design pressure
PN16
Discharge connection
DN150
Non return valve
Yes
Power
75 kW
Speed
2900 min-1
Phase voltage
3 x 400 VAC
Frequency
50 Hz
Protection class
IP68, continuous submersion 100 mwc
Insulation class
Pump cable
Submersible pump cable with vulcanized

connection to pump motor
Voltage loss max 0.5% over complete pump
cable.
(accord. E-standard)
Pump cable length
140 m.
Frequency converter
Yes
Dry running protection
Yes
Overheat protection
Yes
Cooling shroud
Manufacturer. Motor in 300mm dia filter tube
Variable
Frequency Drive Signal input
Power input
Materials
380 - 480 V, 50 - 60 Hz, 75 kW

AI 4-20 mA, suitable min. 10 off signals
EMC filter
Yes
Ambient temperature
Up to 40 degr C
Prefered supplier
ABB, Delta. Other VFD manufacturers under

approval of WOP
Impeller
Bronze / stainless steel
Impeller casing
Pump shaft
Stainless steel
Suction piece
Discharge piece
Pump casing (optional)
Stainless steel
Non return valve
Motor casing
Stainless steel

Page 23
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
Miscellaneous
requirements
WOP DWASA-VEI
Rotor shaft
Stainless steel
Motor connections
Sealing materials
Shall not ascertainable disperse harmful

substances to the water, or in any way influence
the water quality negatively.
General
Materials shall be specified in the quotation.

For bronze materials minimum requirements
accord. NEN-EN 1982 or equivalent (state in
quotation)
For stainless steel minimum requirements accord.
NEN-EN 10088 or equivalent (state in quotation)
Performance test / acceptance

test
Accord. standard ISO 9906:2012/1E

(if acceptance test does not comply with the
requested standard, the product will not be
accepted)
Warranty
5 years on materials
Pump installed at -130 m, top of discharge flange

Groundwater levels in Dhaka drop each year with 3-4 m.
The pump will start at a groundwater level (SWL) of -62,5 m.
In the end situation the groundwater level will be approx. -115 m.
The above specified head and flow apply to the end situation.
The pump unit shall be capable for operating at starting groundwater level
of -62,5 m and nominal capacity.
Discharge head at ground level: 5 mwc
Discharge pipe 159 mm inside diameter
Pump operation is controlled by a Scada system.
The Scada system will control motor speed in following order:
a. Maximum draw down of water level of 5 m or
b. Minimum discharge head of 5 mwc

Page 24
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex B - SAT reports VFD, pump, electrical system

Page 25
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

Page 26
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

Page 27
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

Page 28
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI

Page 29
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex C - Pump Curve Panelli type 180 REC 130/8

Page 30
of 31
Title
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Subtitle
operations
Date
21 August 2016

Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Annex D - Observed operational performance for Banani 8

Month*
Q
F
SWL** PWL DD
Qspec
E
EE
3
3
mm(m /h) (Hz)
(m)
(m)
(m) (m /h/m) (kWh)
(kW/m3)
yyyy
04-2016 108.5
43.43
65.24
72.66 7.42 14.62
36.63
0.34
05-2016 101.6
42.39
65.78
72.64 7.02 14.47
33.91
0.33
06-2016 102.4
42.61
66.39
72.74 6.35 16.13
34.03
0.33
07-2016 117.1
45.41*** 66.34
72.74 6.40 18.30
40.21
0.35
*
The values show an average over the whole month
**
Level sensor measures starting from 83m based on LT05, which has the filter
next to the well
***
Early in the month the frequency was increased, therefore the energy
consumption and the production increased. However, it appears a transition away
from the BEP.

Page 31
of 31
7.
Pump Energy and Efficiency
What reduction of the energy consumption is

possible?
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department :
Section
:
Author
:
Reference
:
Archive code:
Date
:
Status
:

Asia/Bangladesh
Ed Holierhoek (Jonne Kleijer, Gertjan de Wit)
WOP DWASA-VEI
2 November 2016
Version 1.2
Title
Subtitle
7. Pump Energy Efficiency
Author
Ed Holierhoek
What reduction energy
Date
2 November 2016
consumption possible?
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Table of Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3
PUMP EFFICIENCY ...................................................................................................................... 4
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ................................................................................................................... 6
ANALYSIS MODS ZONE 5 DMAS 501, 502, 504, 505, 506 ............................................................ 7
4.1
4.2
4.3
ENERGY ANALYSIS, A CLOSER LOOK ......................................................................................... 10

5.1
5.2
5.3
EQUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BUT DIFFERENT PRODUCTION ................................................................ 10

EQUAL PRODUCTION BUT DIFFERENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ................................................................ 11
HOW TO IMPROVE? ................................................................................................................... 11
ENERGY ANALYSIS PER DMA .................................................................................................... 12
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7
DMA 501 .............................................................................................................................. 12

DMA 502 .............................................................................................................................. 13
DMA 504 .............................................................................................................................. 14
DMA 505 .............................................................................................................................. 15
DMA 506 .............................................................................................................................. 15
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................... 16
7.1
7.2
8
SPECIFIC CAPACITY....................................................................................................................... 8
INFLUENCE OF THE DRAWDOWN ...................................................................................................... 8
ENERGY ANALYSIS THROUGH MEASUREMENTS: INSTALLATION EFFICIENCY. ................................................. 9
CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 16
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................. 16
WHAT SAVINGS ARE POSSIBLE? ............................................................................................... 17

Page 2
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Introduction
This report addresses the subjects of pump energy & efficiency, and as such serves
to advise DWASA how its Deep Tube Wells (DTWs) can be operated and maintained
in a more energy efficient and sustainable way.
Why is energy efficiency important?
1. Operational cost savings and;
2. Contribution to mitigate effects of climate change (reduction of carbon
emission).
When observing the DTWs in Dhaka, and especially MODS Zone 5, there is a wide
range of energy consumption, between 27 - 180 kWh. In this theme report we take
a closer look at possible measures that DWASA can take to reduce energy
consumption of individual wells.
Furthermore, we analyse energy efficiency at DMA level for five DMAs in MODS
Zone 5, and advise DWASA how to make operations more energy efficient whilst
meeting water demand per DMA. In this analyses, we will address DTW
planning/spacing at DMA level to overcome the current argument of non-availability
of space; better spatial planning will facilitate DWASA producing sufficient water.
We will conclude that (for entire zone 5) cost savings up to BDT 509 Lakh Tk per
year are feasible. Of course, to realize those savings, investments (additional
DTWs, pump replacements, VFDs, wiring etc.) need to be made. However, if
DWASA is able to improve its DTWs construction and installation as recommended
in the theme reports 3 and 4, and subsequently the lifetime of DTWs increases, the
cost benefit ratio of those energy efficiency measures will become cost efficient
compared to the investments made. Furthermore, pump operations will be more
constant, contributing to the extended lifetime of the well and reducing downtime
and interruptions of supply, which result in better customer services.

Page 3
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Pump Efficiency
The total energy consumption is determined by two factors:

1. The (pumped) water level;
2. The installation efficiency
In this section, we discuss the installation efficiency. The formulas for power
calculation for a pump as discussed in section 3.2 (Theme report 6), also apply for
energy.
w = 367.000
=
Pw = hydraulic power required
kW
Ppump = mechanical (on axis) power

required
Pmotor = electric power at motor
connection required
PE = electric power at grid
connection required
Q = flow
kW
kW
kW
m3/h
h = head
= spec. weight
kg/m3 (997)
p = eff. pump
min. 70-80%
m = eff. motor
normally > 80%
e = eff. electrical installation

tot = Total installation efficiency
%
%
367.000 = unit correction factor (only

applicable for the units used
above)
The electrical installation has also an efficiency factor, so the power consumption
(PE) will be higher! Quality of motor cable, connections, etc.: the better, the lower
power consumption. This gives a formula for the total efficiency of the pump
motor electrical installation:
Also referred to as installation efficiency. This is a measure for the

efficiency of the complete technical installation (given a certain
head, which is determined by the SWL and the S.C.).

Page 4
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
With the present state of the art of submersible pump manufacturing and
operation, an installation efficiency of 55 % can be achieved.
If, for
example,
the pump is 70 %,
the motor is 80 %,
the efficiency of the electrical installation is 95 %,
The installation efficiency becomes 70*80*95 = 53%, an acceptable figure. For

Dhaka a minimum of 50% is acceptable, but the goal for improvements should be
55% minimum. As a DTW pump runs almost 24/7, it is evident that every percent
better efficiency saves money.

Page 5
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Energy Efficiency
Apart from pump efficiency, efficient production is even more important.

Expressed in the following formula:
=
PE = Power required
Q
tot
H= Total required head

Q
+Psupply )
s.c.
Q (SWL+
tot
s.c. = Specific capacity

Psupply = Pressure delivered to system
tot Total installation efficiency
kW
m
m3/h/m
m
%
Example:
Two wells, A and B. The SLW in both wells is identical: 50 m.
Each have a pump installed which produces 100 m 3/h and each pump has an
efficiency of 70%. Yet, pump A requires 0.21 kWh/m3 of water, whereas pump B
requires 0.25 kWh/m3 1
So, although the pumps have the same pump efficiency, pump B requires
approximately 19% more energy for the same production. How come?
The difference is the drawdown. In well A the drawdown is 5 m, in well B the
drawdown is 15 m.
Or, well A has a specific capacity of 20 m3/h/m, well B 6.7 m3/h/m.
From this example it can be derived that maintaining a healthy well saves energy.
Exploring a well which has deteriorated to bad specific capacities, costs energy =
money. Money which is lost 24/7.
As mentioned in section 3 of theme report 6, a drawdown of 5-7 m is energy
efficient. Larger drawdowns may lead to higher production, but lead to more energy
consumption and faster well deterioration.
The ratio kWh/m3 is called the wire-to-water ratio. In this ratio both the well
characteristic as well as the installation efficiency are represented.
Page 6
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Analysis MODS Zone 5 DMAs 501, 502, 504, 505, 506
To analyse how energy efficient a DMA runs, it is essential to do regularly

measurements at the well/pump.
SWL, PWL, production and energy consumption must be checked monthly and data
should be kept in a well log. These measurement can be done most efficient with
SCADA, but if SCADA is not available these measurements must be done manually!
Only through measurements, one can analyse!
From these measurements, further calculations can be made which defines the
performance of the well and pump.
Figure 4-1 shows the manually taken measurements of the well and pump for
DTWs in DMAs 501, 502, 504, 505 and 506. These measurements were taken by
VEI 15th thru 17th May, 2016. The green marked columns indicate measured values,
the blue marked columns indicate calculated values.
DMA
[-]
501
501
502
502
502
502
504
504
504
505
505
505
505
505
505
506
Pump Location
Date_Survey PWL
SWL
[-]
[dd/mm/yyyy] [m]
[m]
Banani - 5
17-05-2016
81,4
Banani - 7
17-05-2016
83,3
Banani - 3
17-05-2016 Banani - 4
17-05-2016
78,4
Banani - 6
17-05-2016
92,5
Banani - 8
17-05-2016
70,1
Gulshan - 6
15-05-2016
82,3
Gulshan - 7
15-05-2016
88,6
Gulshan - 74
15-05-2016
88,9
Gulshan - 10
16-05-2016
92,7
Gulshan - 4
15-05-2016
76,6
Gulshan - 5
16-05-2016
83,8
Gulshan - 8
16-05-2016
91
Gulshan - 9
17-05-2016
75,9
Gulshan - Wonderland Park
16-05-2016
83,9
Gulshan - Shooting Club16-05-2016
94,5
DD
[m]
72
70,2
9,4
13,1
68,9
74,2
63,2
70,2
66,1
70,1
79,5
64,7
64,6
79,1
66,1
71,4
79,2
9,5
18,3
6,9
12,1
22,5
18,8
13,2
11,9
19,2
11,9
9,8
12,5
15,3
Q
Q
Q_spec
U - L2L
I - AC
[l/min]
[m3/h]
[m3/h/m] [V]
[A]
2000
120
12,8
390
1100
66
5,0
400
1900
114
400
1750
105
11,1
390
900
54
3,0
375
1700
102
14,8 2400
144
11,9
390
1250
75
3,3
390
2100
126
6,7
350
2100
126
9,5
390
2600
156
13,1
400
2650
159
8,3
410
1850
111
9,3
380
800
48
4,9
400
2500
150
12,0
390
2300
138
9,0
380
85
75
85
90
120
120
60
105
90
100
110
75
85
105
120
E
[kWh]
57,4
52,0
58,9
60,8
77,9
34,0
81,1
40,5
63,7
60,8
69,3
78,1
49,4
58,9
70,9
79,0
D_housing D_housing D_pump Date_pump

[ft]
[m]
[m]
[dd/mm/yyyy]
368
112
90
06-11-2014
350
107
102
30-10-2015
90
21-03-2016
377
115
90
15-04-2015
360
110
96
12-01-2016
347
129
27-08-2015
377
115
99
25-02-2016
350
107
102
30-10-2015
362
110
105
27-04-2015
362
110
105
14-02-2016
309
110
105
30-03-2016
375
114
105
01-12-2014
366
112
105
17-01-2016
365
111
105
25-05-2015
366
111
102
28-02-2016
374
114
102
07-06-2015
Figure 4-1 Overview of the measurements in 5 DMAs.
The energy consumption is calculated by (U-L2L) x (I-AC) x 3 / 1000. The

calculated values were compared with SCADA values, which show a slightly smaller
value. The SCADA figures on production and energy consumption are used for the
analysis. Energy consumption of pumps where no SCADA was connected, were
reduced with 10% (blue numbers). See table below. Although not very exact, these
values suffice for an energy efficiency analysis.
SCADA shows the exact operational data, so for a reliable energy analysis it is
recommended to have SCADA installed at every DTW and arrange timely and
correct maintenance of it, see Theme report 5 for further details on SCADA
installations at deep tube wells.

Page 7
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
DMA Pump Location

504
502
502
505
505
501
505
504
502
501
505
505
505
506
504
502
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
(kWh)
Gulshan - 7
88,6
Banani - 8
70,1
Banani - 6
92,5
Gulshan - 8
91
Gulshan - 10
92,7
Banani - 7
83,3
Gulshan - 9
75,9
Gulshan - 74
88,9
Banani - 4
78,4
Banani - 5
81,4
Gulshan - 5
83,8
83,9
Gulshan - 4
76,6
Gulshan - Shooting Club 94,5
Gulshan - 6
82,3
Banani - 3
-
66,1
63,2
74,2
79,1
79,5
70,2
66,1
70,1
68,9
72,0
64,6
71,4
64,7
79,2
70,2
22,5
6,9
18,3
11,9
13,2
13,1
9,8
18,8
9,5
9,4
19,2
12,5
11,9
15,3
12,1
75
102
54
111
126
66
48
126
105
120
159
150
156
138
144
114
3,3
14,8
3,0
9,3
9,5
5,0
4,9
6,7
11,1
12,8
8,3
12,0
13,1
9,0
11,9
36
34
47
44
45
50
50
56
54
54
62
60
62
71
76
59
scada not conn.
scada not conn.
scada not conn.

scada not conn.
scada not conn.
scada not conn.

scada not conn.
4.1
Specific Capacity
As can be seen in the table below, there is big difference in specific capacity.
The worst well has only a specific capacity of 20% of that of the best well!
It can also be derived that the worst wells have approximate the highest
drawdown, in order to get a reasonable production. But that requires energy!
DMA Pump Location
502
505
501
505
504
502
505
505
506
505
504
501
505
504
502
502
4.2
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
(kWh)
Banani - 8
70,1
Gulshan - 4
76,6
Banani - 5
81,4
83,9
Gulshan - 6
82,3
Banani - 4
78,4
Gulshan - 10
92,7
Gulshan - 8
91
Gulshan - 5
83,8
Gulshan - 74
88,9
Banani - 7
83,3
Gulshan - 9
75,9
Gulshan - 7
88,6
Banani - 6
92,5
Banani - 3
-
63,2
64,7
72,0
71,4
70,2
68,9
79,5
79,1
79,2
64,6
70,1
70,2
66,1
66,1
74,2
6,9
11,9
9,4
12,5
12,1
9,5
13,2
11,9
15,3
19,2
18,8
13,1
9,8
22,5
18,3
102
156
120
150
144
105
126
111
138
159
126
66
48
75
54
114
14,8
13,1
12,8
12,0
11,9
11,1
9,5
9,3
9,0
8,3
6,7
5,0
4,9
3,3
3,0
34
62
54
60
76
54
45
44
71
62
56
50
50
36
47
59
Influence of the drawdown
It is stated earlier that for Dhaka 7 m drawdown is acceptable from point of view of
power consumption. For every meter drawdown more, it will cost more energy.
How much more can be seen in the table below.
The extra energy is shown as a percentage of the SWL + 7m compared to the
pumped water level.
Page 8
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
DMA Pump Location
PWL
SWL
DD
(m)
(m)
(m)
extra
energy
(%)
504
505
504
502
506
501
505
505
505
504
505
505
502
501
502
502
4.3
Gulshan - 7
88,6
Gulshan - 5
83,8
Gulshan - 74
88,9
Banani - 6
92,5
Banani - 7
83,3
Gulshan - 10
92,7
83,9
Gulshan - 4
76,6
Gulshan - 6
82,3
Gulshan - 8
91
Gulshan - 9
75,9
Banani - 4
78,4
Banani - 5
81,4
Banani - 8
70,1
Banani - 3
-
66,1
64,6
70,1
74,2
79,2
70,2
79,5
71,4
64,7
70,2
79,1
66,1
68,9
72,0
63,2
22,5
19,2
18,8
18,3
15,3
13,1
13,2
12,5
11,9
12,1
11,9
9,8
9,5
9,4
6,9
21
17
15
14
10
8
7
7
7
7
6
4
3
3
-0
Energy analysis through measurements: Installation efficiency.
Another determining factor for energy consumption is the installation efficiency.

In the table below the efficiency of the pump installation is shown.
DMA Pump Location
505
505
505
502
505
504
505
504
506
501
504
502
501
502
505
502
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
EW/E
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
(kWh)
(%)
Gulshan - 10
92,7
Gulshan - 8
91
Gulshan - 5
83,8
Banani - 8
70,1
83,9
Gulshan - 74
88,9
Gulshan - 4
76,6
Gulshan - 7
88,6
Banani - 5
81,4
Gulshan - 6
82,3
Banani - 4
78,4
Banani - 7
83,3
Banani - 6
92,5
Gulshan - 9
75,9
Banani - 3
-
79,5
79,1
64,6
63,2
71,4
70,1
64,7
66,1
79,2
72,0
70,2
68,9
70,2
74,2
66,1
13,2
11,9
19,2
6,9
12,5
18,8
11,9
22,5
15,3
9,4
12,1
9,5
13,1
18,3
9,8
126
111
159
102
150
126
156
75
138
120
144
105
66
54
48
114
9,5
9,3
8,3
14,8
12,0
6,7
13,1
3,3
9,0
12,8
11,9
11,1
5,0
3,0
4,9
45,0
44,0
62,0
34,0
60,0
56,0
62,0
36,0
71,0
54,0
76,0
54,0
50,0
47,0
50,0
58,9
71
62
58
57
57
54
52
50
50
49
42
41
30
29
20
In the following section, a deeper analysis is made to enlighten the difference in

energy efficiency between well and pump.

Page 9
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Energy analysis, a closer look
In the memo of Mr. Jos Overschie of December 2, 2015, Energy saving

opportunities for Dhaka WASA, he describes briefly several methods for energy
saving. In this section some of his proposals are further analysed.
5.1
Equal energy consumption but different production
DMA Pump Location
505 Gulshan - 10
505 Gulshan - 8
502 Banani - 6
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
EW/E
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
(kWh)
(%)
92,7
91
92,5
79,5
79,1
74,2
13,2
11,9
18,3
126
111
54
9,5
9,3
3,0
45,0
44,0
47,0
71
62
29
Banani-6 has approx. same power consumption but less than half the
production of Gulshan 8 and 10!
Caused by:
o Bad specific capacity, causing
o A high draw down, yet only a low production is obtained,
o A very bad pump efficiency
This well-pump combination has very bad energy efficiency
Whereas Gulshan-10 specific capacity is not to good, but it has a very good
pump energy efficiency
It is clear that well Banani-6 is at the end of its lifetime. Regeneration will
not help as the specific capacity is far less than 70% of the original. A new
well has to be constructed.
Apart from the well, the pump has a very bad efficiency. What is causing
this?
Figure 5-1 An increase of the required head causes a dramatic reduction

of the pumping efficiency!

Page 10
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
5.2
WOP DWASA-VEI
Equal production but different energy consumption
DMA Pump Location
502 Banani - 8
502 Banani - 4
5.3
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
EW/E
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
(kWh)
(%)
70,1
78,4
63,2
68,9
6,9
9,5
102
105
14,8
11,1
34,0
54,0
57
41
Banani-4 and 8 have almost the same production but a big difference in
power consumption: 20 kWh!
This means that water, cables, motor, are heated with 20 kWh of energy
Caused by:
o Smaller specific capacity
o Higher draw down,
o Too bad pump efficiency
How to improve?
By specifying the proper pump and VFD (see presentation Pump energy &
Efficiency (3));
By using the VFD properly;
Start with frequency of preferably 40 Hz (depending on sufficient pump
housing length);
Gradually raise the frequency setting over time to compensate for SWL loss
and well deterioration;
If correctly chosen, pump efficiency will remain equal.
Figure 5-2 An increase of the required head may be effectively

compensated by an increase of the frequency

Page 11
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Energy analysis per DMA
In the table below, energy efficiency performance of the DTWs in DMAs 501, 502,
504, 505 and 506 are shown. As can be seen, DMA 501, 502 and 504 are below
acceptable value of 55%, DMA 505 is doing well, and even very good if Gulshan-9
is left out. In the section below each DMA is analysed based on the DTW
performance and energy efficiency individually.
DMA Pump Location
501
501
502
502
502
502
504
504
504
505
505
505
505
505
505
506
6.1
Q
(m3/h)
Banani - 5
Banani - 7
Banani - 3
Banani - 4
Banani - 6
Banani - 8
Gulshan - 6
Gulshan - 7
Gulshan - 74
Gulshan - 10
Gulshan - 4
Gulshan - 5
Gulshan - 8
Gulshan - 9
EW/E
(kWh)
(%)
120
66
114
105
54
102
144
75
126
126
156
159
111
48
150
138
54,0
50,0
58,9
54,0
47,0
34,0
76,0
36,0
56,0
45,0
62,0
62,0
44,0
50,0
60,0
71,0
49
30
501
40 %
502
42 %
41 (3 pumps)
29
57
42
503
49 %
50
54
71
504
53 %
52
60 %
58 (without Gulshan-9)
62
20
57
50
505
50 %
DMA 501
DMA Pump Location
501 Banani - 5
501 Banani - 7
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
81,4
83,3
72,0
70,2
9,4
13,1
120
66
12,8
5,0
E
(kWh)
54
50
EW/E
(%)
49
30
40 %
Banani-7:
Bad specific capacity, bad pump efficiency

Construct a new well with pump: 100 m3/h @ 55% minimum
Consider a small pump ( 30 m3/h, @ 55% minimum) in the existing well.
The well may be used for a longer time efficiently.
Use the small pump during the night, when consumption is low. Saves
energy
Banani-5:
Specific capacity is acceptable.

Pump is running at 50 Hz speed. Maybe energy saving is possible, consider
decreasing the frequency to come to 100 m3/h
2 = 1 (2) = 1 (2) = 54 (120) = 39
Since the working point is moving through several efficiency lines, affinity
laws do not work accurate. Always check the real results! See section 2.5
(theme report 6).

100 3
Page 12
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
DMA Pump Location
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
E
(kWh)
EW/E
(%)
501 Banani - 5
501 Banani - 7
81,4
83,3
72,0
70,2
9,4
13,1
120
66
12,8
5,0
54
50
49
30
40 %
501 Banani - 5
501 Banani - 7
501 Banani - 7 old
79,8
77,2
76,2
72,0
70,2
70,2
7,8
7
6
100
98
30
12,8
14,0
5,0
39
37
11
55
55
55
55 %
During the day, Banani-5 and 7 produce 198 m3/h at 76 kWh, so more production
at lower energy consumption.
During the night, Banani-5 and 7-old produce 130 m3/h at 50 kWh, so the saving at
night would be remarkable.
6.2
DMA 502
DMA Pump Location
502
502
502
502
Banani - 3
Banani - 4
Banani - 6
Banani - 8
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
78,4
92,5
70,1
68,9
74,2
63,2
9,5
18,3
6,9
114
105
54
102
11,1
3,0
14,8
E
(kWh)
59
54
47
34
EW/E
(%)
42 %
41
29
57
Banani-3:
Not sufficient data available. Looking at the power consumption versus
production, probably bad pump efficiency
Banani-4:
Specific capacity fair, relatively high DD compared to Banani-8, pump
efficiency bad.
Since this a relatively new well (April 2015), the pump should be replaced
by one with a better working point.
Banani-6:
Dramatic bad specific capacity, causing high DD and yet low production.
Approx. 30 kWh of energy put in, is used for heating up water, motor,
cables and everything else in the electrical system. This might also be a
cause of the many burned motors each year.
New well to be constructed, maintain old well with small production.
Banani-8:
Good specific capacity, low DD, low energy consumption, good efficiency.

Page 13
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
DMA Pump Location
502
502
502
502
Banani - 3
Banani - 4
Banani - 6
Banani - 8
502
502
502
502
502
Banani - 3
Banani - 4
Banani - 6
Banani - 6 old
Banani - 8
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
78,4
92,5
70,1
EW/E
(%)
68,9
74,2
63,2
9,5
18,3
6,9
114
105
54
102
375
11,1
3,0
14,8
59
54
47
34
194
41
29
57
68,9
74,2
74,2
63,2
9,5
6
6
6,9
114
105
84
18
102
406
11,1
14,0
3,0
14,8
59
41
33
7
34
167
55
55
55
57
78,4
80,2
80,2
70,1
E
(kWh)
42 %
56 %
During the day, Banani-3, 4, 6 and 8 produce 406 m3/h at 167 kWh, so 31 m3/h
more production at 27 kWh lower energy consumption.
During the night, Banani-3, 4, 6-old and 8 produce 340 m3/h at 141 kWh, so
production during the night slightly lower than during the day at this moment, but
at 53 kWh lower energy consumption!
6.3
DMA 504
DMA Pump Location
504 Gulshan - 6
504 Gulshan - 7
504 Gulshan - 74
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
82,3
88,6
88,9
70,2
66,1
70,1
12,1
22,5
18,8
144
75
126
11,9
3,3
6,7
E
(kWh)
76
36
56
EW/E
(%)
42
50
54
49 %
Gulshan-6:
Specific capacity is fair. Efficiency is bad.
If pump is too big, reducing frequency might bring it to a more efficient
working point. See also Banani-5.
Check by reducing 1 Hz per step and check (calculate) what happens to
efficiency.
If efficiency decreases, consider replacing the pump.
If efficiency increases, continue till you reach an optimum.
Gulshan-7:
Well is at the end of its lifetime, very high DD.
Consider new well with pump 100 m3/h and small pump 20 m3/h in old
well.
Gulshan-74:
Bad specific capacity, causing a high DD. Pump efficiency is good.

Keep on checking: specific capacity will probably decrease fast, causing
higher DD and PWL: pump working point might slide to worse efficiency.

Page 14
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
DMA Pump Location
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
E
(kWh)
EW/E
(%)
504 Gulshan - 6
504 Gulshan - 7
504 Gulshan - 74
82,3
88,6
88,9
70,2
66,1
70,1
12,1
22,5
18,8
144
75
126
345
11,9
3,3
6,7
76
36
56
168
42
50
54
49 %
504
504
505
504
80,2
73,1
72,1
88,9
70,2
66,1
66,1
70,1
10
7
6
18,8
119
98
20
126
343
11,9
14,0
3,3
6,7
52
35
7
56
143
50
55
55
54
53 %
Gulshan - 6
Gulshan - 7
Gulshan - 7 old
Gulshan - 74
During the day, Gulshan-6, 7 and 74 produce 343 m3/h at 143 kWh, so
approximate the same production, but at 24 kWh lower energy consumption.
During the night, Gulshan-6, 7-old and 74 produce 265 m3/h at 115 kWh, so
production during the night is lower than during the day at this moment, but at 53
kWh lower energy consumption!
6.4
DMA 505
DMA Pump Location
505
505
505
505
505
505
6.5
Gulshan - 10
Gulshan - 4
Gulshan - 5
Gulshan - 8
Gulshan - 9
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
92,7
76,6
83,8
91
75,9
83,9
79,5
64,7
64,6
79,1
66,1
71,4
13,2
11,9
19,2
11,9
9,8
12,5
126
156
159
111
48
150
9,5
13,1
8,3
9,3
4,9
12,0
E
(kWh)
45
62
62
44
50
60
EW/E
(%)
71
53 %
52
60 %
58(without Gulshan-9)
62
20
57
If Gulshan-9 is left out, the overall efficiency in DMA 505 is excellent: 60%;
However, 2/3 of the wells have a bad specific capacity => high draw down;
Half of the wells have a too high production for a balanced well/pump
combination;
Wells may deteriorate quickly with these high DDs and productions, which
make the pumps working point slide to worse efficiencies. This may happen
within months;
So, although the energy efficiency is good at this point in time, well and
pump seem not to be in balance;
Construct a new well at Gulshan-9 like Banani-7 and maintain old well.
DMA 506
DMA Pump Location
506 Gulshan - Shooting Club
PWL
SWL
DD
Q_spec
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3/h)
(m3/h/m)
94,5
79,2
15,3
138
9,0
E
(kWh)
71
EW/E
(%)
50
50 %
Only 1 pump in DMA 506;

Specific capacity is low and most probably decreasing;
High draw down;
Consider two wells each with lower production (100 m3/h). This can give
higher production against better efficiency;
If possible reduce frequency (see also Banani-5, Gulshan-6) and take in
more Saidabad water.

Page 15
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
Conclusions and recommendations
7.1
Conclusions
From this DTW analysis it becomes obvious that the operation of the DTWs is, in
the by VEI investigated subzones of zone 5, with some exceptions not efficient
enough.
10 out of 16 investigated pumps have an installation efficiency of less than
the acceptable 55% (section 4.3). Literally this means that DWASA is
spending more money than necessary on heating up water and equipment
instead of spending it on pumping water to its clients. This can easily be
avoided by selecting the proper pump for its service.
But even if a pump has a good installation efficiency, a bad specific capacity
of a DTW causes a higher energy consumption than required for sufficient
production (section 4.1 and 4.2).
7.2
Recommendations
1. Improvement of pump selection (see Theme report 6);
2. Adjustment of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) settings;
Banani-8 runs from its start at 42 Hz, thus consuming no more power than
required for the required flow. With dropping static water levels, the VFD
setting can be adjusted with small steps in order to maintain production at
the lowest possible power consumption (section 3 in Theme report 6).
Also, existing pumps equipped with a VFD may enable energy saving
(section 4 in Theme report 6)
3. Prevention of pumping of air;
Put the pump as low as possible in the DTW or pump housing (Theme report
6).
If possible, reduce frequency of the VFD (Theme report 6).
4. Throttling of valves;
If no VFD is installed. No energy saving option, but increases the pump life
time. Consider replacing the pump and or DTW.
5. Stop the pump when water supply is sufficient;
The water consumption during nighttime differs from the water consumption
during day time. For DMAs with sufficient pressure (> 1 bar) stopping DTWs
during nighttime will reduce energy consumption.
6. Continuation of abstraction from abandoned DTWs;
Many of DWASAs pump stations have DTWs that have been abandoned. In
areas where water supply capacity is stressed, operation of those
abandoned DTWs may be continued by installation of a low capacity pump
(e.g. 40 60 m3/h) and sufficient head

Page 16
of 17
Title
Subtitle
Author
Ed Holierhoek
Date
2 November 2016
Reference
WOP DWASA-VEI
What savings are possible?
DMA Pump Location
501
501
502
502
502
502
504
504
504
505
505
505
505
505
505
506
Banani - 5
Banani - 7
Banani - 3
Banani - 4
Banani - 6
Banani - 8
Gulshan - 6
Gulshan - 7
Gulshan - 74
Gulshan - 10
Gulshan - 4
Gulshan - 5
Gulshan - 8
Gulshan - 9
EW/E
(kWh)
(%)
54,0
50,0
58,9
54,0
47,0
34,0
76,0
36,0
56,0
45,0
62,0
62,0
44,0
50,0
60,0
71,0
801
total
if
efficiency
min.50%
energy
saved
(kWh)
if
efficiency
min.55%
energy
saved
similar to
Banani-8
(kWh)
energy
saved
(kWh)
49
30
0,9
20,1
0,5
10,1
6
25
3,2
12,6
34
34
20
16
41
29
57
42
50
54
71
52
58
62
20
57
50
8,6
21,1
4,6
9,9
5,8
15,1
0,1
46
5,8
14
26
7,3
12,3
9,6
1,7
0,4
1,6
17,6
3,6
70
8,7
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
68
68
20
13
7,6
30,2
0,1
13
5
1
3
35
5
42
2
22
11
28
28
10
16
-8
3
223
27,8
If pumps with an efficiency <50% are improved to min. 50%, the profit is
5.8%
If pumps with an efficiency <55% are improved to min. 55%, the profit is
8.7%
Assume this is the case for complete zone 5, the savings will be:
o Total energy bill of March 2016: 16.681.984 Tk
o Total energy bill for the year 2015-2016: 1830 Lakh Tk each year
o Better than 50% saves 106 Lakh Tk each year
o Better than 55% saves 159 Lakh Tk each year
If DWASA achieves to have exactly similar pumps to Banani-8 (balanced
production and energy efficient drawdown), it would need the replacement
of wells (Banana 6, Gulshan9, Banani 7) to reach slightly higher production
as in 2016 but at 27.8% lower energy costs!
The savings would be 509 Lakh Tk each year, for zone 5 only!
The savings may be even higher, because the number of pumps to be
replaced each year will decrease significantly, resulting in less downtime,
less intermittent supply, and more continuous operations. This contributes
to the extended lifetime of the pump.

Page 17
of 17

WOP (2016) Geohydrology and Deep Tube Well Construction and Operation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WOP (2016) Geohydrology and Deep Tube Well Construction and Operation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geohydrology and deep tube well

construction and operation

Water Operators Partnership

Geohydrology and Deep Tube Wells

Vitens Evides International

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

2. Ground water modelling. The groundwater situation was simulated by

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Very thorough development of new wells (washing out of fines) to

7. Regenerations. Under the project a number regenerations were executed.

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

9. Monitoring tubes. It is strongly recommended to provide all DWASA

All wells would have a minimum combined efficiency of 55 %

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

PUMP DESIGN AND SELECTION ................................................................................................ 17

PUMP ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY .............................................................................................. 19

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Design, construction, operation and maintenance of deep tube wells (DTWs);

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

The groundwater potential

The groundwater potential of Dhaka city is favorable. The large drawdowns (=

The groundwater overdraft

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Figure 1 Definition of geological structure based on

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Figure 2 Calculated groundwater heads in Dhaka (Hermann, 2016).

T = k-value (permability) * Thickness of the aquifer

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Figure 3 Effects on static head by i) implementation of DWASA masterplan, ii)

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Experiences with the design, drilling and construction of

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

A list of recommendations regarding operation, drilling and development is included

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Well performance of DWASA Deep Tube Wells and

Figure 4 The difference between

Geohydrology and Deep Tube

Ed Holierhoek, Sjoerd Rijpkema

Folkert de Jager, Gertjan de Wit,

Well development and regeneration.