Chemistry Chapter 4

4.1 The Role

o Water

of Water as a Solvent
is a polar molecule
It shows hydrogen bonding
Due to the more electronegative nature of the Oxygen atom,
there is a charge separation in the O-H bond
o Many ionic compounds like NaCl dissolve completely in water, while
there are others like HgCl, which do not dissolve or dissolve to very
small extent
o Solvation is the process in which the ions become surrounded by the
solvent particles
o Compounds can be divided into
Electrolytes: these compounds completely dissociate into ions
All soluble ionic compounds and strong acids and strong bases
are strong electrolytes
Nonelectrolytes: compounds that do not dissociate and remain
as intact molecules
o Stoichiometry of ions in aqueous ionic solutions
4.2 Writing Equations of Aqueous Ionic Reactions
o When writing the ionic equation you can only breakdown the strong
electrolytes into ions
o The weak electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, or species that exist in solid,
liquid, or fas state, cannot be broken down
o The ions that cancel our on both sides are called spectator ions
o Whatever remains is the net ionic equation
4.4 Acid Base Reactions
o Arrhenius Definitions of acid and acid base:
An acid is a substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in
water
A base is a substance that produces OH- when dissolved in
water
o The Bronsted Lowry Definitions
An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor
o Ex. HCl + NaOH HOH + NaCl
o Acid + base = water and salt Neutralization Reaction
Remember the strong Acids and Strong Bases
o Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes
Acid Base titrations
o Acid base reactions are quantitatively studied using titrations. In a
titration, a solution of known concentration is used to determine the
concentration of another solution through a known volume of an acid
with unknown concentration is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. A few
drops of an indicator solution is added
o An acid base indicator is a solution that has a different color in acid
and vase
o The case solution of known concentration is added dropwise via buret

Oxidation reduction reactions

o Oxidation I the process of loss of electrons
Zn Zn2+ + 2eo In this process, the oxidation number of the element goes up
o Reduction is the process of gaining electrons
Cl + e- Cl-1
In this process, the oxidation number of the element goes up
o
o Rules
Oxidation number of an atom in an element is zero
Oxidation number in a compound is its charge
The sum of the oxidation numbers in a compound equal 0
The oxidation number of oxygen is -2 except for H2O2
The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1
The oxidation number of H s -1 in binary compounds with
a metal
The oxidation number of halogens is -1
o