B) Explain the function of grafting materials for

clinical applications.
Bone Grafting for Dental Implants
Using bovine bone (cow bone) as a graft material has become commonplace
in most oral surgical offices today and has been a tried and proven technique
for many years. A simplified explanation for the success of this form of
grafting is that a bovine bone graft is placed to act as a biological
placeholder. Initially, it mechanically prevents the collapse of the surrounding
tissues, whether that is bone or soft tissue. Then, through a process called
guided tissue regeneration, the human body is fooled biochemically to
recognize the graft as natural bone and over time resorbs and replaces it with
the patients own native bone.
OSSEOUS GRAFTING MATERIALS
A number of different types of bone-grafting materials are available for use,
and it is important to clarify certain terms that are used to describe these
grafts:
Autogenous grafts refer to the patient being the source of bone for the graft.
The patients bone contains bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) that have the
ability to stimulate bone formation.13 An alloplastic graft is a synthetic
material, ie, ceramic material and hydroxyapatite. Allogeneic grafts are
derived from other human sources and are obtained from tissue banks.
Xenogeneic grafts are tissues from other species, such as bovine bone, bovine
collagen, or porcine-derived enamel matrix proteins (although the latter 2 are
not bone-grafting materials).These grafting materials exhibit some specific
properties in relation to bone regeneration

The Alveolar Ridge Preservation Graft or Socket Graft

The material used most often for the ridge preservation graft is a xenograft
comprised of bovine bone (cow bone). This bone (BioOss) is harvested from
known healthy cows in Indonesia and is processed through a freeze drying
procedure that renders a sterile end product containing only the mineral
content of natural bone. The graft is applied to the empty hole immediately
after a tooth extraction and is secured using a pledget of collagen and one or
two dissolvable sutures (stitches). While the graft material has a granular form
when used in this fashion (similar to the consistency of sand), it is retained in
the tooth socket by the collagen pledget and sutures until it has the
opportunity to begin consolidation.

Reference:
1) Tischler M, Misch CE. Extraction site bone grafting in general dentistry.
Review of applications and principles. Dent Today. 2004;23:108-113.
2) Richardson CR, Mellonig JT, Brunsvold MA, et al. Clinical evaluation of
Bio-Oss: a bovine-derived xenograft for the treatment of periodontal
osseous defects in humans. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26:421-428.

3) Lekovic V, Kenney EB, Weinlaender M, et al. A bone regenerative

approach to alveolar ridge maintenance following tooth extraction.

Report of 10 cases. J Periodontol. 1997;68:563-570.