2 models of the atom

plum pudding model

is one of several scientific models of the atom. First proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904[1] soon after the discovery of
the electron, but before the discovery of the atomic nucleus, the model represented an attempt to consolidate the known
properties of atoms at the time: 1) electrons are negatively-charged particles and 2) atoms are neutrally-charged.

Raisin bread
Thomson's model was known as the "Plum PuddingModel (or "Raisin Bread Model.") As each atom was a sphere filled with a positively
charged fluid, known as the pudding. ... Thomson suggested that the positive fluid held the negatively charged electrons in the atom
because of its electrical forces.

Gold foil experiment

In 1910, a physicist from New Zealand, Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment known as Rutherfords gold foil experiment. This
experiment was determined to find out the structure of an atom. By this time it was discovered by J.J. Thomson that electrons are present in
an atom and that they are negatively charged. So it was assumed that since an atom is neutral and electrons present are negatively
charged, there should be some positive charge inside it that makes it neutral. So Rutherford worked under the discoveries and assumption of
J.J. Thomson. He accepted J.J. Thomsons model of an atom which was plum pudding model.

According to the plum pudding model, there were negatively charged particles i.e. electrons embedded or suspended in a sphere of positive
charge (electrons presented as plums inside the bowl of pudding)
Earnest Rutherford set up an apparatus and did an experiment that could confirm JJ Thomsons model of an atom. But he
ended up with some new facts in the structure of the atom.

Development of modern periodic table

Although

elements such as gold, silver, tin, copper, lead andmercury have been known since earliest times, the first

scientific discovery of an element occurred in 1649. Hennig Brand, a German alchemist, treated urine to a series of
processes that resulted in the production of the element phosphorus.
Over the next 200 years, a great deal of knowledge about elements and compounds was gained. By the middle of the 19th
century, about 60 elements had been discovered.
Scientists began to recognise patterns in the properties of these elements and set about developing classification schemes:

In 1862, French geologist Alexandre-Emile Bguyer de Chancourtois listed the elements on paper tape and wound them, spiral like, around a
cylinder. Certain threes of elements with similar properties came together down the cylinder. He called his model the telluric screw.

In 1864, English chemist John Newlands noticed that, if the elements were arranged in
order of atomic weight, there was a periodic similarity every 8 elements. He proposed his
law of octaves on this.

In 1869, Lothar Meyer complied a periodic table of 56 elements based on a regular

repeating pattern of physical properties such as molar volume. Once again, the elements
were arranged in order of increasing atomic weights.

Also in 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev produced a periodic table based on
atomic weights but arranged periodically. Elements with similar properties appeared
under each other. Gaps were left for yet to be discovered elements.

In 1894, William Ramsay discovered the noble gases and realised that they represented a
new group in the periodic table.

In 1914, Henry Moseley determined the atomic number of each of the known elements.
He realised that, if the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic number
rather than atomic weight, they gave a better fit within the periodic table.

In 1940, Glenn Seaborg artificially produced heavy mass elements such as neptunium.
These new elements were part of a new block of the periodic table called actinides.

The periodic table today

Most school science laboratories have a copy of the periodic table pinned to a wall somewhere.Close inspection of the table
shows the following distribution of types of element.
Most of the elements are metals. Metalloids are elements that have some of the physical properties of metals but some of
the chemical properties of non-metals. Antimony, for example, conducts electricity but its chemistry resembles that of
the non-metal phosphorus.
Scientists are constantly working on discovering new materials and further investigating the properties of existing
elements. The periodic table can be reviewed and new elements can be added, but only added after rigorous scientific
examination. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) verifies the additions of new elements and at
the end of 2015 the 7th period of the periodic table of elements was completed.
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Science is a blend of logic and imagination. In the development of the periodic table of the elements, Mendeleev
demonstrated these attributes.

Periodic trends

are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its
size and its electronic properties. Major periodic trends include: electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity,
atomic radius, melting point, metallic character, and ionic radius. Periodic trends, arising from the arrangement of the
periodic table, provide chemists with an invaluable tool to quickly predict an element's properties. These trends exist
because of the similar atomic structure of the elements within their respective group families or periods, and because of
the periodic nature of the elements

valence

shell

is the outermost shell of an atom in its uncombined state, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions
involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms.

Energy level
the fixed amount of energy that a system described by quantum mechanics, such as a molecule, atom, electron, or nucleus, can have.

Electronic configuration
in atomic physics and quantum chemistry, theelectron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other
physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, theelectron configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s22p6.