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Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the
secondary winding of the transformer.
ml
fl
which
links only the turns of the primary. If the coils are far apart, the mutual flux is very
small compared to the total flux
two coils is weak. We can obtain better coupling (and a higher Secondary voltage
E2) by bringing the two coils closer together. However, if we bring the secondary
right up to the primary so that the two coils touch, the mutual flux will still be small
compared to the total flux
small and, worse still, and collapses almost completely when a load is connected
across the secondary terminals. In most industrial transformers, the primary and
secondary windings are wound on top of each other to improve the coupling
between them (Nunes, N.A.).
Polarity of a transformer
In the figure above fluxes
fl
and
ml
current Im . Consequently, the fluxes are in phase, both reaching their peak values at
the same instant. They also pass through zero at the same instant. IT follows that
voltage E2 will reach its peak value at the same instant as E g does. Suppose, during
one of these peak moments, that primary terminal 1 is positive with respect to
primary terminal 2 and the secondary terminal 3 is positive with respect to terminal
4 (Figure above on the right). Terminals 1 and 3 are then said to possess the same
polarity. Placing a large dot beside primary terminal 1 and another large dot beside
terminal 3 can show this sameness. The dots are called polarity marks (Nunes,
N.A.).
The polarity in The figure above could equally well be placed beside terminals
2 and 4 because, as the voltage alternatives, they too, become simultaneously
positive, every half-cycle. Consequently, the polarity marks may be shown beside
terminals 1 and 3 or beside terminals 2 and 4.
Subtractive polarity is standard for all single phase transformers above 200
kVA, provided the high voltage winding is rated above 8660 V. All other transformers
have additive polarity (Nunes, N.A.)
Polarity Detection
This is needed for identifying the primary and secondary phasor polarities. It is a
must for poly phase connections. Both a.c. and d.c methods can be used for
detecting the polarities of the induced emfs. Polarity Detection
NB: The dot method is used to indicate the polarities.
The transformer is connected to a low voltage a.c. source with the connections
made as shown in the Figure (a). A supply voltage Vs is applied to the primary
and the readings of the voltmeters V1, V2 and V3 are noted. V1: V2 gives the turns
ratio.
If V3 reads V1V2 then assumed dot locations are correct (for the
connection shown).
The beginning and end of the primary and secondary may then be marked by A1 A2 and a1 a2
respectively. If the voltage rises from A1 to A2 in the primary, at any instant it does so from a1 to
a2 in the secondary.
If more secondary terminals are present due to taps taken from the windings they can be labeled
as a3, a4, a5, a6. It is the voltage rising from smaller number towards larger ones in each winding.
The same thing holds good if more secondaries are present.
Figure (b) shows the d.c. method of testing the polarity. When the switch S is closed if the
secondary voltage shows a positive reading, with a moving coil meter, the assumed polarity is
correct. If the meter kicks back the assumed polarity is wrong.
References
Csanyi, E., Mr. (2013, August 26). Identifying The Primary And Secondary
Phasor Polarities Of Transformer Polarity Test. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/identifying-the-primary-and-secondaryphasor-polarities-of-transformer-polarity-test
Nunes, W., Mr. (n.d.). Networks Analysis 2 (01st ed., Vol. 01).
Laboratory Manual. Retrieved November 20, 2016