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Machine design.
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WORKS OF
PROFESSOR ALBERT W. SMITH
PUBLISHED BY
of Sibley College,
Cloth, $3.00.
Materials of Machines.
By Albert W. Smith,
Cornell University.
Cloth, $1.00.
121110,
v+142 pages,
17 figures.
MACHINE DESIGN
ALBERT W. SMITH
Director of Sibley College, Cornell University
AND
GUIDO
H.
MARX
FIRST EDITION
FIRST
THOUSAND
NEW YORK
JOHN WILEY & SONS
London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited
1905
Copyright, 1905
BY
MARX
INTRODUCTION.
In general
in designing machines:
ness, III.
This requires
I.
I.
Adaptation,
II.
Strength and
Stiff-
complexity to be reduced to
its
lowest
possible,
to the operator.
II.
forces to sustain these forces, not only without rupture, but also
many
of the machine.
In
be calculated, and
may
qualities
may
be limited to a
in
trustworthy by experience.
is
the
maximum
possible
stress;
otherwise
the part
INTRODUCTION.
iv
would be found
to
stress
due
fi-om the shrinkage of -the casting in cooling are often far greater
design of
its
stresses sustained ;
was
made
of
it
it
was replaced
yielded again,
some more
suitable material;
much under
continued
the whole
till
expensive, and
it
is
excellent
if
was
entirely safe
are,
it
stiffened
many
this process;
There
it.
was then
from
although
stress,
this part
it
Some other
fallible,
it:
it is
III.
The attainment
of
Suppose that
market.
The
it
is
is
(a)
He may,
if
But
How
to increase profits ?
tribution.
mean the
To illustrate
necessarily
competition
it
this
and
stiffness
by better
in the
dis-
foundry or
He may
The
interest
on the
first
cost
of these special tools, however, must not exceed the possible gain
from increased
profits.
He may make the lathe more conTrue economy permits some increase
(c)
INTRODUCTION.
in cost to gain this end.
It is
be rearranged, or
men
if
in
it
handier,
is
when other
served, even
though
opinion of intelligent
In
(a)
economy
workmen means
increased sales.
is
reduction of labor; in
may
(c) it
(b)
by a
The
for strength
interest of
and
economy, because
machine and
upon
reduce vibrations,
rigidity, to
repairs
and
may
may
to be of cast iron.
for B.
the machine
work
in
a machine part
is
is
is
to be
The
pattern for
little
to be built,
cheaper than B-
B should
to be manufactured
preferable.
sales.
The part is
as much as
also be in the
it
foundation;
its
may
is
Clearly then
if
is
numbers,
cost.
is
Expense for
machine.
Economy
i.e.,
This
efficiency is increased
resistances,
by
of the
by the reduction
This depends
of useless frictional
and means
of lubri-
INTRODUCTION.
VI
may
^pattern -making,
of the machine-shop
enough and
and
of such
stiff
The
There
is
which
is
to be satisfactory in appearance,
fourth
important
is
strong
it
also
is
a minimum.
consideration
is
Appearance.
Otherwise expressed,
is
seldom admissible
of a
made
form as
IV.
is
machine designer as
it
is
is
in
as
Ornament
machine design.
much
for
And
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
PAGE
Preliminary
CHAPTER
Motion
in
II.
Mechanisms
CHAPTER
III.
39
CHAPTER
IV.
Cams
44,
CHAPTER
Energy
in
V.
Machines
;.
CHAPTER
VI.
CHAPTER
50
67
VII.
Riveted Joints
83
CHAPTER
VIII.
112
CHAPTER
IX.
141
vii
CONTENTS.
VIII
CHAPTER
X.
PAGB
iS3
Sliding Surfaces
CHAPTER
XI.
i6i
CHAPTER
XII.
CHAPTER
172
XIII.
198
CHAPTER
XIV.
209
CHAPTER XV.
Belts
218
CHAPTER
XVI.
Fly-wheels
244
CHAPTER
XVII.
261
CHAPTER
XVIII.
Springs
308
CHAPTER
XIX.
Machine Supports
313
CHAPTER XX.
Machine Frames
318
Appendix
353
Index
361
MACHINE
DESIGN.
CHAPTER
I.
PRELIMINARY.
I.
Definitions.
The
is
based upon
Since
make an
is
to
Force
is
selves
is
will
well to
be understood by them.
of position in space.
by which the
it
it
state of their
motion
is
Work
the
is
Energy
is
The law
name
problem.
it
may be
is
be expressed as follows:
constant.
The sum
its
of
it
may
it
can-
The
is
and
useless work.
as follows:
it
to
do useful
MACHINE DESIGN.
all
such an interval
is
of the
motions possible to
at
its
in the
beginning
mean time
it.
During a complete cycle of action of the machine, the energyreceived equals the total
as {a) useful
to
work
work done.
delivered
by the machine, or as
heat due
(6)
whose
The
velocity
is
increased.
machine
of the
interval of
must equal
For a
may
may be
(c)
zero.
single cycle:
stored
energy.
cycle.
its
Efficiency of Machines.
2.
In
general,
ejfort
efficiency
made
may be
to produce that
result.
of a
designer must
Hence the
for
high efficiency,
i.e.,
for
the
The
greatest
Function
of
Machines.
energy,
done.
The function
of
of
Nature
human
machines
furnishes
sources
is to
of
same
units.
PRELIMINARY,
The
machine
purposes are:
ist.
and
The energy
of air in
motion
its
mass
posi-
wind) due to
{i.e.,
velocity.
2d.
The
The
its
tion.
3d.
as
itself
The
general
exer-
is
cised
upon
tive force
If there is
it.
work
that part of
it
which overflows
can be brought
which brings
its
is
attrac-
outlet,
is
a neces-
done.
If the
it
no
energy
it
to rest again
If this
to rest.
move
it
to a lower level,
does work
water simply
is
But
the water
is
led
and before
energy
if
to
upon
rocks,
result.
to a lower level, in
it
upon
will act
whereby
and
is
it
wheel and
may
called a
its
do useful work.
The
water-wheel
it
is
the
is
first
a machine
link in the
it is
distance from
of Transmission
is
But
work
used
is
this rotative
at
some
Machinery
and
may not
may be too
energy
be suitable to do the
re-
MACHINE DESIGN.
4
ance
may need
to be
overcome
Hence Machinery
periodical intervals.
of Application
intro-
is
work
to
Thus
be done.
the chain
is
The chain
of
for its
Free Motion.
4.
heat energy of
potential
of mechanics treats of
of the
If
another force
is
action does not coincide with that of the resultant, the line of
action of the resultant
direction.
The
upon the
forces
is
new
is
dependent
is
called free
This
motion.
Example.
In
Fig.
whose
lines
center
of
of
of
M.
another force,
i,
is
4,
The
these
5.
Constrained
Motion.
In
machine
line
of
is
would
introduced,
'
the
forces
of gravity
and 3
2,
pass through
action
gravity
to be acted
CD
resultant,
certain
definite
any departure from these motions, or the production of any other motions, would result in derangement
motions occur;
axis;
the
cutting-tool
moves
PRELIMINARY.
and an accurate
thereby produced.
5
cylindrical surface
If there
fail
In
all
machines certain
all
definite
do
to
its
required work.
motion
in other words,
or,
motion
is
If
it.
any
is
at all.
6.
A force
may
act
do work), as
able to
be further illustrated:
The
the force
is
is
forces as
may
Suppose a
table.
It
may
This
overflow or outlet.
force,
is
effected:
resistance to the
in the legs.
up an equivalent
its
condi-
stress in
offers
the
a passive
stress is
induced
resist
stress.
which tends
This provision
is
usually
to
made by means
MACHINE DESIGN.
a wood-lathe headstock.
It is
Fig. 2.
At
is
possible, this
pose.
If
and
Suppose any
faces.
force,
P,
whose
T.
The
journal and
while
it
its
offers
no
action of T, which
i.e.,
and no motion
results.
tangential
component becomes
to produce rotation.
If
apphed
N, and
The
force
fit
is
zero,
and
is
wholly appHed
may
component, M,
to the cone,
resisted as before
is
resisted
it
zero,
become tangen-
motion,
component becomes
its
radial
to the
is
tial, its
of the
surfaces
cylindrical
prevents
bearing,
may be
It
lies
in
be resolved
parallel to
all.
PRELIMINARY.
In general, any force applied to the cone pulley
may
be
Of
is
therefore complete;
is
The constrainment
is
axis.
This result
is
due
the
R,
carries the
MACHINE DESIGN.
The constrainment
motion.
result is
due
Complete Constrainment
and
complete,
therefore
is
the
by metallic surfaces.
is
It is only necessary to
The weight
of a
moving part
some
is
Thus
in a planer-table,
downward motion
lathe-carriages,
and
in
by the weight
resisted
From
of the
foregoing
the
can be opposed to
it
whose
forces
all
moving
part.
follows that,
passive resistances-
as
lines of action
do not coincide
is
it
may
it.
producing them,
it
may
Kinds
of
Motion in Machines.^Motion
When
it is
mains in the
same plane,
way
motion
its
its
own
plane.
is
plane motion
If the
is
that
any section of
must
such that
at a constant distance
all
all
is
cross-head,
AB.
line,
Rectilinear
lathe-carriage,
may
be
translation
AB,
Example.
^
body move
All
points of the
from some
points of a
re-
it
is
machines inay
motion.
chiefly plane
in
planer-table,
conveniently
Examples.
considered
motion.
shaper-ram.
as
is at
a
an
PRELIMINARY.
If
the body
A nut
is
move
rotates,
it
Example.
whose motion
is
Motion.
8. Relative
all
known motion,
to
machine
motion
changing.
is
^The motion
of the
It is studied
is
The motion
of the machine.
motion
part of a
i.e., it
has no
frame
called the
of a
often necessary, to
is
is
part, like
by reference
Some one
same machine.
also has
any machine
of
relative motion.
is
of relative motion of a
to
which
is
machine part
its
motion
is
referred.
Illustration.
plate
which
Fig.
4 shows a
move
vertically,
Motion
to
the frame;
of
helical motion,
and
combined rotation
is
may
it
communicated
The motion
is
cannot rotate.
but
of rotation is
the screw B.
ferred
press,
to
re-
i.e.,
translation.
is left
The motion
ferred to
is
of
only rotation
of
referred to
rotation
and C.
Ls
rotation,
Fig. 4.
The motion
is
of
C re-
translation.
MACHINE DESIGN.
10
In general,
depends on
and
if
member, R,
to a third
how much
motion
of the
is
Conversely,
if
Thus
its
in Fig. 4,
could share
would have
and no motion
helical
if
B's, rotation,
motion
at all relative to B.
is
body
is
rela-
This
is
constant.
No body
is
in
it
it
to be self-evident.
rigid
portions
such that
translation, then
assumed
C were
have
may be neglected.
Many machine members,
must
9.
tros.
all
less
complex paths.
If a point
one position in
its
path to another
motion
stantaneous motion.
the
for
line
joining the
two
to the path.
know
instantaneous motion
a straight
indefinitely
such a
near
line is
in-
called in-
instant, along
ing,
a tangent
is
a point
it
is
only neces-
is fully defined
by a tangent to
PRELIMINARY.
Thus
it
in Fig. 5,
a point
TT
at P,
motion
point
is
the tangent
of
is
The
TT.
represented by
TT
represents
them would be a
it
following,
may
drawn tangent
possible path of
instantaneous
its
Any one
path.
its
anywhere
is
in the
center, but
may be any
it
line
point,
is
A and C
But
rotates about
is
AB
a,?,
a.
if
line
the instantaneous
TiTi,
this
motion
center.
and
point,
a sec-
the motion
the line
same
6, in
Then
TT.
some point on
not determined.
is
equiva-
a point. A, Fig.
is
instantaneous motion.
its
of
line
NN.
normal
instan-
whose center
instant, to a circle
its
instantaneous motion of a
is
APB, when
in the path
of curves could be
the point;
moving
is
Any number
taneous motion.
to
if
CD;
only
the
some point
i.e.,
of
AB, and
rotates
point
which
is
their
intersection,
and
and
C,
all
about an axis
projection;
or,
of
in
O.
Hence
other
points
the instant,
which
is
is
the
is
the
instantaneous motion of
rotation
O
the
body
pio.
6.
This axis
is
the
instantaneous
axis of
MACHINE DESIGN.
12
the
body's
motion, and
of brevity
instantaneous center
the
is
of
the
in Fig. 6.
an instantaneous center
will
be called
a centro.
TT
If
CD
would
at infinity;
have been
parallel to
parallel,
infinitely distant;
i.e.,
it
would
translation.
The motion
body
of the
in Fig. 6
The
and
AB
each other,
may
is
of course referred to a
rotation about O.
Let
M represent the
Suppose the
Then a
to be extended so as to include O.
M and
iV",
without interfering
Such connection
is
N the fixed
material of M
and
figure,
at
any other
The
and
It will
common
to
relative motion;
it is
and
a point,
i.e.,
they
may become
may be
As
called centrodes.
plane.
Centros
may
M,
to have
(fixed), in the
be found for a
motion
relatively
same or a
series of positions,
parallel
and a
PRELIMIN/tRY.
13
relatively to
relative
upon
the plane
of
M.
Now,
N.
motion
is
relatively to
since
the
same
as before,
may
be located
is
motion, and since the points of the centrodes become successively the centros of the relative motion,
slipping.
upon each
the
if
roll
centrodes
it
are
and
M and N
rolled
have
will
of
Motion Elements.
be
called' pairs of
is
^The
motion elements.
The
helical surfaces
external
and internal
constrained, as in Figs. 2
The
is
and
pair in Fig. 2
is
3,
may
called
Another
class, called
and toothed
wheels.
They
Examples.
Cams
CHAPTER
MOTION
12.
IN MECHANISMS.
In Fig.
7,
b is joined to c
by a turning pair;
"
"
"
"
" turning "
"
"
Fig.
Evidently there
motion
II.
of a,
in either a,
b, c,
b,
is
and
or
c,
complete
sliding
7.
constrainment of the
d.
if
relative
corresponding motion.
c
may
If c
right,
and a
The members
a, b, c,
may
others.
If
is
8.
complete
This
constrainment of motion,
were
force of
called links.
link
is
two
MOTION
others, the chain is a
IN MECHANISMS.
compound
15
Examples
chain.
be given
will
later.
When
is fixed, i.e.,
different
is
a mechanism.
called
mechanisms.
that which
Fig. 7.
But
for b
is
would
the chain
Thus
in Fig. 8,
if
is fixed,
the
mechanism
is fixed,
the result
is
mechanism.
an entirely
becomes the
it
is referred,
when
permanent center
mechanism;
different
permanent center
ad, while c
ah,
d would
centro,
I^^A
still
different
mechan-
ism.
13.
motion of
is
c relative to
and
is
re-
either permanent or
in-
(^
is
fixed
The motion
it
of a, relative
is
The
MACHINE DESIGN.
cd,
The
at infinity vertically.
with a;
may
it is
be considered as a point in o or
in either case
6;
common
This point
it
can have
its
instant, then,
motion, relative to
it is
But, as a point in
to
h, its
as above,
be,
as a point in
and one
of
is
Now
be.
The motion
of a
The motion
if
necessary.
may
Also,
about some
some point
some point
relative
must
motion
b,
extended
c;
through ah.
to the circle
its
line ad-ab,
common with
For the
direction of instantaneous
of
d, is
As a
AB
and CD.
Hence bd
relative to d.
be referred to
e (fixed),
and ae
will be
EF
and GH.
chain in Fig.
8,
as before stated,
is
called the
slider-crank chain.
14.
in the
Same
Straight Line.
three centros of
Thus
is
any three
In
Fig. 8
it
will
true of
Proof.
any other
Consider
same
a, b,
straight line.
and
d.
This
and
d.
The
centro ab as a point in a
it
to ad.
As a point
joining
it
to bd.
MOTION
IN MECHANISMS.
17
they also both pass through ab; hence they must coincide, and
therefore ab, ad,
b,
and bd must
lie
in the
same
be
stated:
The
three centres 0/
lie
any
three bodies
Lever-crank Chain.
is
But
straight line.
due
Hence
having
it
may
relative
(The statement
to Prof.
Location of Centres.
Kennedy.)
Fig.
9 shows
Sj^bd
B/
\\ A
a,
relative
by
MACHINE DESIGN.
i8
In Fig.
lo,
enlarged so that
The
includes be.
it
and d
to
be
now becomes a
link c
ac _,^
Fig. 10.
link d.
he
at the
end of
ment
The
b.
fast in c
of, the
relative
motion
the same.
is
attached to
circular slot.
d.
The
This
link c
may
now becomes a
The
If,
is
of the
is
essentially
in the slider-crank
ab be enlarged
mechanism
is
till
in a
axis
moving
ring
is
the same,
unchanged.
ad
is
now
is
This mechanism
is
called
usually
It is
used because
it
called the
Cross-head.
The
'^slotted cross-head
may
its
continuity
and
strength.
mechanism shown
mechanism."
Its
in
Fig.
centros
14
may
MOTION
This mechanism
E,
is
IN MECHANISMS.
19
One end
of
c,
as
d.
This piston
is
is
caused to reciprocate
fluid.
The
other end of c
is
of
attached to
Fig. ii.
^hd
Fig. 12.
attached to d.
another piston, which also works in a cylinder
(for example
gas
This piston may pump water or compress
small
ammonia compressors
crank a
ad.
is
for
refrigerating
plants).
The
carries a fly-wheel
is
MACHINE DESIGN.
i8.
Compound Mechanism. It is
the compound linkage, Fig. 15.
Location of Centros in a
Fig. 13.
link;
hence,
m(m i).
if
the
number
of links
is
the
= w,
the
number
same as
ba;
of centros
i.e.,
each centre
r\
?:\
[Ed
Fig. 14.
is
double.
Hence
n(n i)
linkage =-"
6X5 =
the
number
any
15.*
The
The
and
links are
a, 6, c, d, e,
centros:
ab be cd de
ac bd ce df
ad
be
ae bj
aj
ej
ej
/.
MOTION
The
IN MECHANISMS.
the character of
its
motion
is
On
in
ti
is
its
by
The
its
21
motion
chain
may
Each part
will
have
ad, however,
located,
therefore
is
not affected
is
is
may be
six centros,
common
to
.'y"
} bd
/I
I
\
\
\/\
,,v
/1\
6\
ae^^^rtT"
Fig. 15.
Four
the two parts, and hence only eleven are really found.
centros, therefore, remain
ce.
To
locate
follows that be
sidering
and
de.
methods
b, d,
is
Hence
be located.
three
consider the
be,
and
to
in the line
e, it
be
is
They
links a,
are
b,
and
e,
and
follows that be
is
in the
at the intersection of
Hue
and
it
con-
through bd
and B.
Similar
MACHINE DESIGN.
22
be
made up
of
Then
and
whose centre
is
take
The
Then
elements.
straight line, B,
and the
is
which
motion
and B.
motion per unit time.
Linear velocity
it
carries three
is
may
is
linear space
moved through
in unit time;
Angular velocity
is
moved through
angular space
is
as,
miles
etc.
in unit time.
The
linear
its
velocity,
is
by a point
in a rotating body, or
This
is
or
its
A and B are
two points
in a rotating body,
and
if ri
and
^2
This
i.e.,
it
Hence
all
is
is
it
linear veloc.
ri
linear veloc.
rz
is
continuous or instantaneous
is
rotation.
;
because
To
member,
therefore,
it
is
'
MOTION
The
when
20.
may
latter relation
23
located.
is
magnitude
AB, may
some vector
direction
and
length)
(its
straight Hne,
of
IN MECHANISMS.
and
quantity,
by being
it
parallel to
latter
Thus
direction.
represent,
upon some
may
it,
the
latter
It
has
length of a
scale, the
magnitude
or by being perpendicular to
it.
The vector
in mechanisms.
called vectors.
line
which
the point A.
Also
Thus VIA
VI.
Va
will
The symbol
of the point.
is
of
velocity.
and radius
known, the
of a point are
may
different
and
ratio of the
iV.
ri= radius
of
A; ^2 = radius
Then
Hence
VaA=
and
,^
in a
in
angular
member
of B.
and B, whose
VIA
velocity.
two points,
ratio,
VIA
yj^,
VIB
VaB=--.
is
known.
MACHINE DESIGN.
24
If
VaM
VaN
-,r
ratio
is
21.
If either
a varying one.
To
same
the
constant.
is
T,r
and
link,
and the
ties of
the points.
In Fig.
is
it
points,
two points in
1 6,
let
d being
link
pulley which
fixed.
is
keyed
to
same
the
pulley
In
same
of the
however,
link.
The
The
ratio
VIA
and the pulley surface =-7^
about a fixed center.
relation holds,
same
the
rim of a
when
The
centro.
Fig. 16.
22. Velocity
Diagram
of Slider-crank Chain.
Vlab
and
the link d
is
fixed
expression
is
t/vT"
In
Fig.
17,
ah-hd
u _;,
^7
ab-0
Hence,
if the
radius of the
MOTION
crank
circle he
IN MECHANISMS.
25
on the
vertical
through
by the line of
B.
Theij hc-B
is
Project
horizontally
the vector of VI of
the
upon
bc-bd, locating
slider,
Fig. 17.
bd
and may be
26
may
The
be read.
scale of
by one inch of
ordi-
by 0-ab
in inches.
Diagram
23. Velocity
18,
d being
he
and VI
The
considered
relatively
link
the
in
fixed
the
to
h.
link.
ab-hd
Vlah
mTl^^bd-
as
It is required
of ah being constant.
may both be
move about bd
in
fixed,
^^''''^
make
to find
in Fig.
AU
of Lever-crank Chain.
it
mechanism hd
of the
MN,
drawn
will
be so located as to
measure these
practically impossible to
on
but a
radii,
line,
which
Hence
Vlah
ah-M
Vlbc ~ bc-N
The
arc in which he
parts,
circle
through
constant
M,
radial
velocity of ab.
with ad as center,
ah-M may
distance
corresponding positions of
corresponding line of
Through
of ab
b,
etc.,
and these
may
the
constant
on the
he for a
found as in Sec.
The
is
complete cycle
of
is
be found.
be.
may
determined.
22.
also
scale of velocities
may
located.
draw
The
link
any number of
may be
represent
24.
into
same
MOTION
Required
The
centro ab
considered.
of
with
VloiA
yf^f^
IN MECHANISMS.
referred
common
a point in
is
d as the
to
fixed
a and
to
Draw
27
link,
b,
its
Fig.
19.
VI
is
to that
a vector triangle
formed by joining A,
ab,
Fig. 19.
apd
ad.
Then
if
VI
is
the side
VI of
to that of
of a triangle
Consider ab as a point in
triangle
Bi
VI of
Hence
of
B during
series of points
the vectors
is
ab,
and
Upon
and B.
Then, from
vector
may
a complete cycle
may
be laid
off
may
on normals
may
points;
all
b,
VloiB^Yector Bi
The path
Sit
whose
formed by joining
VI for a
draw a
Ai
ab.
then
be drawn;
and the
velocity of
MACHINE DESIGN.
28
the
slider-crank
mechanism, Fig.
In Fig. 20,
^O
is
through
This
its center.
may be
due
is
to the
explained as follows
vertical
diagram of VI of
unsymmetrical with
is
17,
is
^The
center
the
The corresponding
rotation.
of
But
for position
on the
vertical
is
unsymmetrical.
Ob and
is
the line
through
BO
of the
For position
the velocity
diagram
Fig. 20.
If the
slider's
motion in
mechanism
positions,
all
as
velocity
the
in
slotted
on the
cross-head
vertical
and position
through
and the
Since
is
connecting-rod and unsymmetrical with an angular connectingrod, with all other conditions constant,
it
of
symmetry
is
The
through
is
due
velocity
its
diagram
center.
In
fact,
if
mechanism
(= length
of
MOTION
IN MECHANISMS.
29
diagram of the
the link a.
This
the connecting-rod,
as the crank
position.
A, that the
OB
velocity of both ab
mechanism, the
due
also
slider's
position x,
it
Fig. 21,
will reach
such a
line
in this position
and the
VI
to the angularity of
pass through B.
is
slider.
During a por-
slider,
is
and hence
Fig. 21.
are equal.
When
passes through B;
velocities
between
of
^and
For
and
the
positions
OB
This
its
all
always horizontal,
if
result
is
due
to the
OB
mechanism
the
maximum
space BOA,
VI of the slider =the constant VI of ab. The angular
slider is greater than the VI
Fig. 21, throughout which VI of the
angularity of the connecting-rod;
of ab, increases with increase of
i.e., it
Length of crank
'
Length
of connecting-rod
MACHINE DESIGN.
Quick-return Mechanisms.
slider
in
its
27.
and
direction,
is
being
made
idle.
The
velocity of cutting
limited.
is
and
motion in one
Sometimes the
idle
a mechanism
becomes
it
The
and the
tool-steel
carbon
tool-steel at 10 to
soft steel at 25 to
may
alloys
scale surface of
30
feet
There
is
no
may
be cut with
feet
may
speeds
With
per minute.
certain
be considerably exceeded.
and
it is
desirable to
make
and use
Slider-crank
28.
Thus annealed
cut.
iron
cast
to the design
drawn,
is
be cut at 40 or more
temper
its
of "quick-return"
Quick
Return.
it
during
as great as possible,
machine.
This leads
mechanisms.
If,
in
slider-crank
is
at
is
at C.
is
D.
When
from
If the
moves from
And
over to D.
is
to
at
B,
by the
A, the crank-pin
to C.
to
the slider
If rotation is as indicated
the
it,
greater than
that occupied in
is less
slider in
moving from
moving from
to
C to D.
B to A
B.
The
MOTION
mean
IN MECHANISMS.
Or
31
therefore less than
is
motion.
Fig. 22.
It is required to design
of stroke =.6.4
and
for a ratio
is
Hence
angle
/?
angle
^ = 180 ^5 = 30.
7.
Hence
01
an
be
fulfilled
indefinite
number
= 210 and
may
It
of positions.
and A.
of
trial
which
Ob-
drawing
This condition
of the triangle
By
parts
= i5o.
/?
O may
may occupy
be located so
that the crank shall not interfere with the line of the slider.*
* To avoid cramping of the mechanism, the angle
or exceed
MACHINE DESIGN.
32
it is
pin center
and
BO
at
is
AO=ba; when
D,
When
h.
may
circle
upon a
connecting-rod,
is
the crank-
BO=b+a. AO
at C,
it is
and
may
in Fig. 17;
vertical
is
repre-
It is required to
stroke of the
of the forward
find the corre-
The
forward stroke = the
maximum
maximum
Yl\.
call
it
linear
vector
velocity
^= linear
Let
20
Yl\
ft.
is
20
is
velocity of
ft.
the
crank-pin
per minute
'
per minute
X YI2
.
yj-^
therefore expressed in
the
Yl-T
x=
of
known
terms.
required to
If
now
x, the space
number
=iV;
mechanism.
and a
The
link d
rotates about
is
Fig.
23 shows a
compound
MOTION
IN MECHANISMS.
33
motion
link
e,
ce,
and the
slider,
velocity,
This
is
/,
is
the angle
/?.
Imkd.
The
with a certain
left
moves through
The
causes / to slide
moves toward
a and toward
;
mean
of a
is
mean
velocity.
a moves
right.
It therefore
SL
ndx
Fig. 23.
The machine
is
all
required.
is
its
stroke, of the
The problem,
and ab
there-
for a
of velocity of
ef.
Solution. ab
The
point in the link c which coincides, for the instant, with ab, receives motion
from
its
motion
is
different
MACHINE DESIGN.
34
from that
about
ab-A be
If
cd.
ab-B
Locate
c}
Let the
c.
be called x.
latter point
Now
at the intersection of e
c/,
in the link
c,
and hence
their linear
from
distances
directly,
cd.
known
give three
Or,
the line
if
B-D-ab
is
of linear velocity
BD
c/,
may
be found.
it
follows that
BD
Hence
velocity of x.
of
all
motion
At
of
motion of the
relatively to
mechanism
ties of
is
is
rectilinear
translation,
it
may
be
made
for as
The
curve.
cf is
slider
This solution
assumed
But since
for the
cf,
its
simi-
velocity of cf
because
oix=ab-B
BD.
many
positions of the
of the slider.
make
stroke
the
=Q
crank-pin
tion
maximum
feet
per minute.
center
Then
the
linear
it is
required
on the slow
velocity
the
of
the
propor-
MOTION
IN MECHANISMS.
Q maximum ordinate
/.
If r
= tlie
A-ah
vector
of velocity diagram'
vector
y=Q maximum
A-ab
WTien
this
mechanism
is
embodied
whose axis
b slides.
c
and
bar"
35
is
b.
is at ab,
The
at cd.
The
The
at ad.
shaft turns
The crank
machine frame.
and
y
27rr
a machine, a becomes
in
is
carries
a bearing in the
slot in
The
link
"ram" of a shaper: the part which carries the cuttingThe link d becomes the frame of the machine, which not
or
tool.
/,
but also
is
cd,
so designed as to afford
means
for holding
Fig. 24.
Whitworth Quick Return.Fig. 24 shows another compound linkage, d is fixed, and c rotates uniformly about cd,
30.
MACHINE DESIGN.
36
h.
and moves a
parallel plane),
a link
The
a,
This
e.
point
which
be, at
communicates motion
and
is
a and
maximum when
are vertical
the radius
moves along
to a,
a minimum,
is
is
varies,
Hence
the radius
do%vnward;
c are vertical
minimum when
maximum,
i.e.,
i.e.,
when
velocity of a
when a and
upward.
31. Problem.
given
of
mechanism."
is
medium
through the
slider /
is
of a
to
is
To
ratio,
mean VI
mean VI
When
of
forward
of / returning'
D will
coincide with B, the link c will occupy the angular position cd-B,
When
the point
E, the link
slider / will
be at
/ will
will
be at
its
i.e.,
from
hnk
right to
left.
right.
stroke,
left.
cd-E
its
While
its
forward
i.e.,
from
left
to right.
The hnk c moves with a imiform angular velocity, and hence the
mean velocity of / forward is inversely proportional to the angle
/?
the angle
moved through by
of / returning
is
the crank
c),
inversely proportional to a.
mean VI of / forward
mean VI of / returning
is
proportional to
a
/?'
Or
velocity
MOTION
IN MECHANISMS.
37
This
may
and
ad.
and
that the
maximum
and measure
thus
locating
point
ef
length of stroke of
vertically
off
Draw
ad.
of the sHder
move along
Locate cd
The
Since
this line.
a = 150 and
.*.
= i2".
/ will
5
g=-,
downward a
/3
= 2io.
Lay
cd
off
The
The
radius
radius
is
varied.
made
The connecting-rod,
the travel of
may be made
of
any convenient
length.
32. Problem.
/ of the
To
it
known
direction of motion
to cd.
tion of
velocity
point of c has a
its
draw the
The
diagram of the
point
he, Fig.
slider
25, as
and
is
If
the centro
af,
draw
dropped from
to C.
The
and extend
centro a/
it
may
to
meet the
vertical
be considered as a
MACHINE DESIGN.
38
point in
a,
and
its
from
ad.
VI of af _ad-af
ad-bc
VI of X
when
so considered,
Hence
'
be
and x<
Fig. 25.
But the
triangles ad-af-bc
Hence
^C
VI of a/ _
F/ of
similar.
X ~ 5-&c'
BC
same
af
is
scale that
a point in
relative to
BC
/,
and
all
points in
represents the
position of the
is
x.
But
rectilinear translation;
/ for
hence
the given
mechanism, and
upon the
it
of the
mechanism.
CHAPTER
III.
33.
is
usually obtained by
times
Rectilinear
Parallel Motion.
means
however,
necessary,
motion in machines
of prismatic guides.
It is
to
some-
result
by
linkages.
The
simplest
rectilinear
is
motion
inventions of
consists
26,
is
lab
by turning
nected
sliding pairs
three
links,
any
of
It is
for giving
pairs,
the fixed
d,
link,
d about ad;
rotates relative to
Fig. 26.
c rotates relative to
d about
The mechanism
shown
middle of
As
its
is
cd.
in the
motion.
of
is
is
line.
Parallelogram which
is
shown
in Fig. 27.
The
is
given by the
links a,
b, c,
and
also
ad and
d hy
a,
e
is
(This point
cd.)
39
MACHINE DESIGN.
40
The
lengths ac-ah
The
ah-he.
ac,
point
is
ad and cd
on
Draw
e.
a line
and
also ac-ce
from P
to ac;
it
tab
By
similar triangles,
-P
P'-&e
P-&e
ac-ce
P-ce
be
Fig. 27.
:. P' -be
= ac-ce
p-ce
a constant.
P-ac
ratio
mechanism.
P-ce
Since both
and P'
it is
-^t;^
at every instant,
all
all
rotate relative to
positions of the
mechanism.
(at ac)
P-ac
-pr
move
move
It follows that,
if
either of
these points
in
in
is
is
guided to
constrained to
Fig. 28.
^A
device which
may be
used to
the linkage
This
is
known
shown
The
linkage
is
in Fig. 28.
and con-
further modified
beyond ah
to
a point
AI
is
P-a& = crank
length.
relative to
t/
It is
obvious that
constrained to
move
d through
ad*
36. General
method
In Fig. 29 d
pair,
The
in
Method
a,
is
b, c,
is
applicable in
and
e are
constrainment
any
of design which
direction,
its
it.
ce
cases
connected with
^A
is
it
general
as follows.
by a shding
is
and
is
many
is
move
free to
It is
be
shall
move
Frn. 29.
some
axis at A,
to
FAE,
line;
curve,
FAE.
and a curved
be attached to
Suppose that
is
caused to move
c,
be attached to
it
This
with
its
the
c,
with
its
sides parallel
follows that
is
as A, will
can only
mechanism
of the
* This is true because, from the construction of the mechanism, the Une P-bd
must always lie parallel tod. The point P, which rotates about bd as center relatively to d, always has an instantaneous motion perpendicular to P-bd and, consequently, perpendicular to d.
MACHINE DESIGN.
42
The
curve described by
located, say,
at
O, Fig. 30.
Then
the
Fig. 30.
curved
slot
turning pairs at
required
motion.
and A.
This
is
This gives
the
mechanism
to
d and
by
approximately the
of
the
Thompson
Steam-engine Indicator.
If,
hnc, a point in
b,
is
caused to
move
it
would be found
Fig. 31.
to
whose
center, O,
and
radius,
circular arc,
axes are at
d and
required motion.
the
to
This
is
of
will
be approximately
mechanism
the
43
of
the
Crosby
Steam-engine Indicator.
In
37. Problem.
shaft;
any
is
straight line
arc,
is
direction.
fixed at
.Fig. 31
It
EF.
required to constrain
is
If
in the link
D
CD
to
will describe
an approximate circular
be found at O.
link whose
and
to the link
CD, by means
of turning pairs at
constrained to
and A.
many
move in
move in the
free to
length
is
varieties of parallel
motions
will then
curved
be
slot
exact.*
may be found
in Rankine's
CHAPTER
IV.
CAMS.
Cams Defined.
A, Fig. 32, may rotate
38,
^A
machine part
of irregular outline, as
cam.
called a
form
in its surface,
and commu-
machine
B.
part,
is
may
rotate about
machine
its axis,
part, B.
its
face,
may
is
cam.
a,
rotate about
disk
its axis,
In
is
a cam.
In fact
designing cams
it
is
it
is
customary
number
to consider a
of simul-
follovirer.
I.
The
The
may
line
tion of the
follower
cam with
O
C,
MN,
cam;
Fig. 35.
as a center,
etc.,
guided in a straight
hence
it is
an
line,
and
always in this
line.
draw a
is
cam
is
point of the
move
constrained to
circle
tangent to
MN at
When
Through A, B, C,
is
etc.,
and
draw
so
at
cam must be
;
in the
About
Then A, B,
/.
the point
entire revolution.
The
a general case.
when
is
is
the follower
the
at A'
on through
lines
tangent
44
CAMS.
With
to the circle.
A'A",
circular arc
Then A"
/,
AA"
will
as a center,
JA\ A"
radius,
For,
if
draw a
at
A".
returns to
and the
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
will
and OA' as a
Fig. 32.
cam
45
Fig. 35.
The same
cam
cam
is
the
outline.
required
through
it.
The
The cam
drawn
MACHINE DESIGN.
46
and
inside of,
distance from
equal to the
it
the follower
roller's
roller,
Contact between
radius.
is
at a
MN
if
roller is used.
and
guided so that
this surface is
The method
is
given
center
the
due
is
rotation
of
A, B, C,
the
etc., of
It is required to
C.
H. Barr.
cam
The
cam.
the
of
i,
2,
draw the
B, C, D,
and
etc.,
vertical line
OC,
OB',
radii
when
cam
outline of a
surface
the lines
in the points
etc.,
draw
to
produce the
through O, cutting
as a center
O, Fig. 36,
follower
etc.,
3,
are parallel.
Produce the
motion required.
to Professor J.
of the follower,
C,
With
etc.
Position
etc.
the
i is
must be
in
because
if
able.
line
MN
is
B"
through
at right angles to
Then
till it
the line
must be tangent
to this line
MN
tangent.
D",
etc.
tangent.
is
Similar lines
Each
will
Therefore,
these lines,
it
41. Case
will
MN
.
may
is
not allow-
will coincide
with
be a
if
when
which
and
line to
all
This
III."
is
the
same as Case
II,
The
solution
is
the
same as
CAMS.
tween the
47
MN,
lines corresponding to
and the
Fig. 36,
radial
lines, instead of
Fig. 37-
Fig. 36.
cam
tion;
some other
force
must hold
it
double,
cam
cam.
surface
To
must be
i.e., it
This method
method
is
to
is
is
through the
better
on op-
Cam A
rollers
medium
of roller
i.
Every position of
this roller
cam
2.
is
Cam B
the two
is
rigidly
mounted on
the
same
relative to
shaft as
each other.
^, so that
If the line
MACHINE DESIGN-
48
shown
shaft as
draw
in Fig. 38,
it
cam B;
the outline of
all
is
necessary
to
to keep the
is
Fig. 38.
sum
of the
A,
cylinder.
ously about
B may
Fig. 39,
is
the
first
CD
2.
a cylinder which
on the surface of a
is
to rotate continu-
roller to
is
distance be-
mid-position.
its
During
quarter-revolution of A,
inch toward
and
is
have a projecting
EF
and
its axis.
surface of A.
is
is
required to
locating J.
required to
Lay
will
off
move one
GH = 1",
be the middle
the cam-groove.
the roUer
CD
HJ =\KF,
line of
rollers i
= the
Divide
JL
LM
into
by an equal increment.
3-1-4
a,
= 10.
Lay
locating b;
lines;
through
tersections
curve from
off
and so on.
m,
locate d,
This
from J,
to
e,
and
may
be done as follows:
0.1 J L, locating a;
Through
/.
a, b,
Through
will
Divide
and
n,
M, which
of the cam-groove.
is
draw
lines.
these points
be the required
vertical
The
draw
middle
in-
the
line
CAMS.
the
roller
is
required
to
return to
way
as
JM.
On
The
49
its
starting-point with
curve
MN
line
dravm
in
GJMN lay
off
is
Fig. 39.
the roller.
groove
is
Wrap EF upon
located.
the cylinder,
CHAPTER
ENERGY
The
43.
V.
IN MACHINES.
and
subject of motion
certain simple
in
velocity,
remains now to
It
From
The
I.
ergy
energy
end, where
it is
(a)
and
received
Heat energy
tion,
Mechanical
dynamo-electric
Energy
(b)
time.
i.e.,
and a
may
Exam-
or
into
energy,
electrical
electrical
as
and a space
factor.
the product of a
is
is
may
if
Example.
etc.
respondingly, force
fric-
in
Either factor
En-
to the other
by a machine.
utilized
energy
machine;
is
Example.
occur.
and transferred
into mechanical
may
be transferred in space.
II.
ples.
may
of four changes
is
of energy
all,
A
The
is
50 lbs.
50
Fric-
ENERGY
tional
resistance
sistance to cutting
= 120X50 = 6000
= 20X300 = 6000
neglected.
is
IN MACHINES.
its
velocity
is
300
is
S^
roachine
cutting-tool in the
re-
lbs.
The
foot-pounds.
But the
and force
velocity
factors
IV. Energy
may
be transferred in time.
many machines
In
There
many
work,
cases, however,
i.e.,
is
form
where there
and a
Or
there
may
be a uni-
energy.
is
There
effort.
is,
(a)
In
In
work.
needed.
Examples.
transferred in time.
is
till it is
(in general)
is
and
deficiency of
effort
is
deficient.
is
periodic
it
A pump
The water
is
re-
delivers
used in a
is
given out rapidly by the descending weight for a short time while
the press acts,
engine,
and the
batteries,
(c)
dynamo-electric machine
electrical
energy
as well as in case
(&),
as a transfer in time.
there
is
is
is
delivered
is
run by a steam-
and stored
a periodical demand.
in storage
In this case,
MACHINE DESIGN.
44. Force Problems.
diagram of
Fig. 40.
The
may
is
rate of doing
work
This product
when
maximum
mum
means
continually varying,
is
is
and
because the
velocity (varyis
maximum
slider
must be
The
rate at
work
maximum
Draw
at the slider.
velocity of slider; *
maximum
The
maximum.
is
rate of doing
the position of
This
ing).
driven by
This resistance
be assumed constant.
the
i.e.,
mechanism
in
The
pin's
known
slider's
velocity
same
scale.
The
required velocity
of a
is
is
represented by a on the
work must be
the
same
in
at c
which
and
and
at ab (neglecting
vi represent the
Appendix.
t The effect of acceleration to redistribute energy is zero in this position, because the acceleration of the slider at maximum velocity is zero, and the angular
acceleration of b can only produce pressure in the journal at ad.
ENERGY
and
force
and
and V2
= Rvi = force
Hence
found as above.
is
F may
maximum
work
all
is less,
and
F would
be
mechanism capable
ing
SS
In
and
velocity factors at c;
be found,
IN MACHINES.
when no fly-wheel
is
But
less.
of
used.
it is
overcoming the
now
If
F be
maximum
If the
maximum
resistance,
energy
is
moment ( = M)
mum
driving force
anism.
When
is
the
is idle,
-^
new
and
it is
some
received on
maxi-
radius.
Hence
is
decided on,
that
it
shall
moment M, determined
This method
given.
of the
as above.
maximum
is
and
The
Hence Rvi=Fv2,
or,
is
rate of
the
and
mechanisms
=Zi, and
L2, are
fore
known,
known, from
RLi
tothe
of the
andF=-^.
There-
M/iCHINE DESIGN.
54
Li
stroke, multiplied
by the
-p-,
of
1,2
slider
moment
find
Where
mum
the
mass
much power
its
maximum, and
solve
is
maximum
at the
effort will
come
at the
beginning of
its
stroke return as
it
does
cutting stroke.
is
to be accelerated
during
R is
torsional driving
effort will
If there is
to
If
as
= maximum
is
is
supplied
slider
head), and the resistance opposes the rotation of the crank and
attached shaft.
may
The
tangential
component tends
to
mately a
its
bearing.
maximum when
it
The
tangential
is
is
is
approxi-
and connecting-
reaches
is
the effort
resistance;
of the shaft-
component
or B.
constant.
it
follows
less
ENERGY
means
unless other
wheel "
SS
keyed to the
is
IN MACHINES.
shaft,
and
this wheel,
"fly-
because of slight
Fig. 41.
and deficiency
it
to the
mean
Let
and number
the
required
horse-power,
of revolutions.
or
Required the
L = length
of stroke
=1
foot;
HP =horse-power = 20;
= strokes per minute = 200;
i^= required mean force on piston.
Then iVxZ. = 200 feet per minute = mean velocity
Now,
main
hence
the
mean
rate of
of slider
= F.
is
the
same
(friction
neglected);
i?F=i?PX 33000,
F=
jyP X 33000
47. Solution of
In the
t7
= 20X33000 =3300
^"^
200
,.
lbs.
MACHINE DESIGN.
56
from zero
varies
is
The mass
therefore positively
When
when
a mass
it is
ends of
at the
near mid-stroke.
its
slider
negatively accelerated
it
it
the acceleration.
of
its
stroke
The
and gives
slider stores
and
The amount
it
stroke.
stores energy;
value
positively accelerated
is
maximum
stroke to a
of the
part
first
its
stroke.
^^'^j:!]],"
Fig. 42.
While, therefore,
it
it
energy
is
distributed,
is
receives,
it
gives
how
the
throughout the
Fig. 42,
it
it
slider's
stroke.
crank mechanism for the forward stroke, the ordinates representing velocities, the corresponding abscissae representing the
slider positions.
The
acceleration required at
any point =
Jt
in
which Jv
time
Jt,
is
any
interval of
ENERGY
Lay
at that point.
OP
many
into as
IN MACHINES.
S^
OP=MN.
Divide
MN.
At
Jt.
mn=mini, and
at
this construction
ordinate
the
erect
At
interval represented
represented by
mT.
Therefore
diagram
sions of
QR
are the
mT
(Fig. 42C).
is
to the
of velocity
an ordinate of an
laid off as
Thus Qa = mT.
as those of
would be
MN;
This construction
OT
and may be
same
a velocity
is
Fig. 42, B,
Continue
op=Oipi.
Thus
i.e.,
may
n
The
divi-
they represent
be repeated for
nTi
and horizontal nq are drawn, and qTi is proportional to the
acceleration at n, and is laid off as an ordinate he of the acthe other divisions of the curve B.
celeration
by
find
read off in
is
ordinates of
of
To
diagram.
mT
of Qa,
the
velocity
at
velocity
=Jv by
units
This value
diagram.
Om.
Av
of this
division
-77
= acceleration
at
At
J/=the time
in
the
is
scale
divided
The
result
acceleration
units.
At,
the tangent
divided by the
number
of divisions in
OP.
=v, be repre-
MN =
sented by the length of the crank radius =
a,
inch of ordinate,
= = z
a
is
the
aoo
number
is
measured on the
figure.
and a
is
MACHINE DESIGN.
58
The determination
the acceleration
of
curve,
by means of
drawback.
laid
may
slight
lead to consid-
The
following
one point
If
instantaneous
method
is
is
velocity =?/
to
The problem
celerations
will
Ac-
c,
mov-
is
arrow
The
acceleration of he toward ad
is
always
made up
d.
of
two
toward
The
rection.
the
sum
On
total acceleration of he
of these
in
di-
a negative direction.
The
shown
a positive
algebraic
sum
toward
ad=
a
of these two
com-
ENERGY
ponents therefore = -7- -
IN MACHINES.
This quantity
59
will
always have a
To
al-
b.
MN
Fig. 44.
(Fig.
At
is
43C) proportionate
erect
an ordinate,
MP,
It
MACHINE DESIGN.
6o
There
is
a position of the
equals zero.
has
it
original
maximum
velocity
smooth
slider,
nP
ip'
the
At
NQ=-r^ b a
ordinate
when
which
velocity,
diagram of the
curve.
be taken from
shder, or,
with
greater
POQ
Through
Appendix.
in the
may
draw
this
enough.
Where more
Assume
used.
is
accuracy the
greater
desired
ac
longed
until
if
illustrated
Fig.
its
draw a
it
acceleration
b in their
ab, ac,
and
bd.
necessary, at A.
Then ad-C
necessary, at C.
is
The
proof
is
it
the desired
if
the
this instant
ordinate of
made
to Fig. 44.
from
may be
44
it
At
in
corresponding positions.
From
method
is
its
swinging
distance
be.
vel. of
bd
rel.
to c
bd-bc
ac-ad
vel. of
ab
rel. to c
ab-bc
ac-ab'
on the same
velocity of c relatively to
scale that
ad-ab
(or
represents
the
ENERGY
IN MACHINES.
6i
same
Hence
of he toward ah)
which
is
By
similar triangles
ah-B
ah-A
ah-ac
ab-ae
ab-ad
ah- be'
Uf,_-D
_abae
ah-ac
ab-be
The
value
radial
we
acceleration
ah
is
of
toward
a.
ad
The component
whose
of this
hc-ah=ah-D.
ah(=B-ab)
= ah~D).
acceleration relatively to d
tion in this direction
is
this
B-D.
must
algebraic
sum
is
the negative
of 6c's
Its accelera-
whose com-
is
q.e.d.
is
may
The
eration of
acceleration of a point
B is
B is a point.
the accel-
62
p being
If the ordinates of
the acceleration
and space
will
and areas
abscissae,
will
represent work.
during acceleration, and Rsd represents the work given out during
retardation.
Let
MN,
slider's stroke
and
NC the
same
Fig.
Wp
at the
force
per stroke
represent
45,
MBCN.
must be
acceler-
=BD=Qa. The
come
resistance equal to
MB + BD.
The
acceleration,
and hence
becoming
From
zero at E.
hence the slider gives out energy and helps to overcome the
ance,
the
on the
of
is
length
the
by the area
c
^
to furnish
resist-
energy represented
work reaUy
by the area
CEFN. The
energy
slider's
servation
it
of
follows
ADMN.
the
=ACE,
mass during
is
which
that
acceleration.
Since
stored
is
by the law
that
area
= that
area
in
of
received,
BCMN =
problem on page
52, since
that
problem
is
based on the
the
con-
m2,ximum
acceleration =0.
The
The maximum
rate
of doing work,
and the
ENERGY
IN MACHINES.
moment
63
at the crank-shaft
would
materially changed.
tion
and weight
energy
is
unimportant.
its
rod,
and the
stroke.
The
pressure
is
redistributed
pin;
first
and reduction
storing of energy
and retarded
in the
of pressure
on the cross-head
OX,
full line
diagram above
throughout a stroke.
Fig.
46^
is
'tl^=^
^=^1:3
Fig. 46.
known
Draw diagram
stroke,
and from
due
to acceleration,
off this
line.
Fig. 46C,
diagram on
The
this
and the
due to acceleration.
force
A.
Lay
vertical ordinates
between
this
MACHINE DESIGN.
64
upper
line of
The product
giving D.
of
pin.
D =the
and
the value of
pin,
work
stroke.
Thus
per second
= the
EF in
feet
upon the
rate of doing
Hence dividing
head pin.
line,
rate oj
GH in pounds X value
rate of doing
head
laid off
this rate of
cross-
The
cross-
=EFxGH,
doing work,
The
tangential forces
may be thus
= length of half
the crank
base line
done upon
is
equal
to
the same.
stroke
The
Hence
The work
the areas of
and D, Fig.
46, are
forces
acting
along the
may
connecting-rod for
all
positions
with one side horizontal, one vertical, and one parallel to position
of connecting-rod axis, the horizontal side being equal to the
The
triangles will represent the guide reaction, while the side parallel
to the connecting-rod axis represents the force transmitted
by
the connecting-rod.
The
graphically
in Fig. 47^!.
may
Let
be found
GH
repre-
slider
the
on the same
crank-pin;
made
scale that
EF
EA
is
the
same
at
ENERGY
IN MACHINES.
Lay
ofE
AB=GH,
X^.
6S
i.e.,
GHXEF= tan-
EF
=G-H'X-^.
parallel to
EF.
Then, by
similar triangles,
BC EF_
EF
EF_
=
AB EA' ^^-'^^EA~^^EA.
the tangential force acting at the crank-pin center for the assumed
position of the mechanism, on the
same
scale as
GH =net effective
Lay
off
AD=BC.
is
gram may
Chapter XVI)
positions.
problem
(see
66
whose length
MACHINE DESIGN.
for one stroke equals the semi-circumference of the
cranlc-pin circle.
That
is,
moved
AD.
shown
The diagram
m Fig. 475.
so ob-
CHAPTER
VI.
The
size
and form
machine parts
of
* are governed
by
accommodated
(as
main considerations:
(i)
The
size
and nature
cluding
work
to be
etc.)-
questions of lubrication.
(4)
The
(5)
Appearance.
The
of the
cost of production.
first is
and
fifth
is
XIX
here.
It is
assumed
in this
is
mechanics.
50.
The
stresses acting
* On this general subject see an excellent article by Prof. Sweet in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, 3d Series, Vol. 125, pp. 278-300. The reader is
also referred to "A Manual of Machine Construction," by Mr. John Richards,
and
67
MACHINE DESIGN.
68
CONSTANT
DEAD, LOAD.
A VARIABLE
stress is
known
SUDDENLY APPLIED
stant stress,
i.e.,
spoken of as a steady, or
stress is frequently
as a live load.
known
stress IS
as a
a machine part
If
shock.
is
subjected to a con-
very
be
which
Knowing
estimated.
closely
it is
its
design
can
stress
this
and the
will sustain
deformation.
mate strength
of the material in
is
a.
so-called
we
let
[/
= the
ulti-
the
unknown area
in square
to reduce
we
A=
pounds,
where
if
write
U-^K'
the permitted unit stress to such a point as will limit the deformation (strain) to an allowable
sible
itself.
is
of
has been
steel free
from welds
while 4 to 5 are
its
stresses.
^We
in
is
much more
loads.
Weyrauch
of bodies sub-
is
as
CREASES.
If
With repeated
WAS
ZERO,
MILLION REPETITIONS.
will not hold for
be used for
still
He
defective material,
this reason;
and
i.e.,
it
it
artificially
The
may
be de-
With often-repeated
"Mittheilungen
schinger,
der
Konig. Tech.
Hochschule
zu Miinchen,''
Weyrauch.
Trans, by A.
J.
Bau-
% "Structures of Iron
New York,
1877
and Steel," by
J.
J.
DuBois,
MACHINE DESIGN.
70
repetitions.
From
this
ELASTIC
stress
if
it
LIMIT
will
insures
the stress
safety
rupture from
against
is
when
repeated
the stress
is
reversed, the total range should not exceed the original elas-
RANGE
tic
of the material.
Un win's
Let
is
laws.
in
tween the
great
number
kind as
and
it
limits
is
max., and
is
if
Hence J
ij
is
is
the stress
if
the stress
min.
is
is
is
indefinitely
is
max. =
Then
max.
sign being
always positive.
same
of the
if
are different.
where
is
supposed that
taken
/min.
of times,
if
The formula *
they
is
+ \/U^-T)JU,
mentally determined.
For
ductile
iron
and
steel
1,
i?
2.
= i.5,
in-
PROPORTIONS OF MACHINE PARTS AS DICTATED BY STRESS.
This formula
71
of general application.
is
constant
of stress, J
The
(2)
but
is
stress,
= o, and
stress is variable
and
In
range
max. = U, as
it
between an upper
should be.
limit
and
zero,
not reversed.
Here J =/ max.,
(3)
or dead load.
consequently
The
stress
since /min.
max. =
is
same magnitude.
/min.= /max.
Here
and
/max.=
J = 2/ max.
U.
2-q
In each case
it is
'-
-^.
max.,
/,
i.e.,
Consider
that
there
are
three
pieces
to
be
The
first
piece
suspended from
The second
nately loaded
The
third
it.
piece
is
member
of a structure
which
is
alter-
is
shock.
=F.
maximum
This material
is
factor of safety of 3
load
is
common;
.'.
K=^
in each case;
71
= 1.5.
MACHINE DESIGN.
72
Case
I.
max. =
A
and
TT
U
= /"^^^-
U = 60000 =
/=
20,000
,
.".
The
necessary area
to sustain
lbs.
per sq.
in,
30000
20000
= 1?
s<J-
^w.
'^
II.
/
)j
= 1.5
.".
=/
ma.x.
and
J7
lbs.
= 12,108
lbs.
per sq.
lbs.
in.
per sq.
in.
per sq. m.
30000
A=-7 =
^ = 2J
^
Case
F is
A =-r=
Case
sq.
m., nearly.
III.
max. =
/
'
U.
21j
.".
max.
60000
=20,000
= /max. =6667
lbs.
lbs.
per sq. m.
30000
^=7=666f=4isq.m.
The importance
in
designing
is
brought home by
this illustration.
Comparison
in
73
each
of the
first,
first,
stress.
54. Shock.
Consideration
of
load
applied on an imstrained
is
member
in a single
In
of the material, the stress produced will be just twice that pro-
F= maximum
stress
= 2F.
total
The
maximum
design of the
member
is
made
then
If
total
as in Case
load
applied on an unstrained
is
member
in a single
In
on the member
due to
at the
moment
impingement.
Assume
member is
The unknown
that a
a height h.
allowable strain
/= allowable
(i.e.,
stressed
by a load
area of the
F falling
through
extension or compression)
The energy
is
F{h+k).
maximum
fiber
in straining the
stress / is
member an amount
elastic
A with a
limit
is
MACHINE DESIGN.
74
not exceeded.
for
2F{h + X)
A=
.
gives
jj^
55.
Form
Dictated by Stress.
Tension.
member
M
^
form
for the
tions of the
member?
member at
The
AB.
on
effect
in the
all
members should be
Therefore there
has no
nothing
member.
Economy,
is
form of the
cross-section of the
form.
AB
its
Hne
be the same.
w^ill
the cylindrical
is
circular
cross-section.
After the required area necessary for safely resisting the stress
determined,
eter,
and
member
it
if
is
will
it
be the diameter of
made
they are
more harmonious
member
is
circular.
design,
is
it
all sections
Sometimes
necessary to
of the required
in order to get a
make
allowable although
it
The
the tension
and
this is
thin,
wide
stress
might
result
of the material,
the
AVERAGE
from
tension, the
unit
If
the stress
same considerations
is
stress
a "short block,"
dimensions
this at
stress.
56. Compression.
is
uniform distribution of
of insuring a
i.e.,
such that
be compression instead of
dictate its
form as long as
it
sure to yield
by crushing instead
of
by "buckling."
axis,
its
and
member be
the
made
not
dimension of
thereby converted
is
it
be
Care
dictate.
least lateral
so small that
longi-
may
cross-section
its
of
its
75
member becomes
the
tate the
such that
is
flexure instead of
dimensions
The
crushing.
would
yield
strength
and
it
moment
by buckling or
stiffness
of a
of inertia of the
which the
flexure occurs.
all
to yield
Therefore the
all directions.
a circular section.
gravity axes,
Also the
moment
and
The
section is
tension,
and
machine
members with
may
fixed or
rounded ends.
This form,
member be "pin
is
of inertia needs
hollow section.
by buckling which
moment
If the
if
long-column machine
is
greatest
and
The moment
of iner-
Example, a steam-engine
connecting-rod.
57. .Flexure.
^When
with economy
the
machine member
form
which a
of material,
is
of cross-section
relatively large
is
is
subjected to
probably the I
moment
of inertia,
76
the material where
greatest distance
ever,
most
it is
form
c.
by
away
cutting
the
rolls, it is
member
If the
for
at the
d, in
angular section
i.e.,
Sometimes, how-
axis.
if
material at e and
is
of cast material, as
is
(i)
The
of a casting,
best material
is
and therefore
in this case at
and
g,
where
it is
most
The
is
a.
work
are
more
easily corrected
in b than in a.
to transverse stress,
which pro-
moment
which con-
of inertia
all gravity axes, as, for instance, rotating shafts that are
transversely
due
the greatest
circular.
is
economy
The
best
The hollow
for shafts.
The hollow
lightness
58. Torsion.
and
^Torsional
strength
moment
member.
equal to the
is
is
are ex-
almost invais
meeting
on account of the
and
stiffness
are propor-
sum
of the
moments
would give
strength.
This
of cross-
members
circular section
combined
form
section
strained
a driving-belt.
to the tension of
about
of
inertia
The forms
The
torsion.
circular solid
hollow
or
section, or
the
77
rect-
The
P, apphed as shown.
CD, and
line
is
the parts
to
be divided on the
to
"box
called a
of inertia about ab
new form
as
it
is
b.
The form thus obtained is
By making this change the moment
section."
The box
due
section
is
the
to the force
better able to
Fig. 50.
made
to convert tne
compressive force
if
But
if
they are both sections of long columns, the box section would be
preferable, becausfe the
same about
the
SQ.
all
moments
Machine Frames.
sustains
combined
of inertia
gravity axes.
The framing
stresses,
and
if
of
is
frames.
box section
is
"Manual
In
fact,
resisting of stress in
too, besides
,
of
machine
the resisting of
Machine Construction.'
My4CHINE DESIGN.
78
appearance
Its
(i)
ness that
is
The
(2)
is
an idea of complete-
faces of a
attachment of auxihary parts without interfering with the perfection of the design.
The
(3)
size of
the frame,
pattern
itself.
The
two forms
is
The
however,
is
greater for the box form than for the ribbed form,
is
The
balance of advantage
and
this is
now
is
of machinery.
To
illustrate
members,
section
is
is
The
cross-
This
let
would yield
easily to
a force tending to
Fig. si.
twist
it,
is
it
it.
upon
centers.
Thus
in Fig. 52
For proper
to
bend the
table
between
and D. As a
table
79
entire
surface of the guides on the bed, but only touch near the ends,
is
squeezed out, the V's and guides are "cut," and the planer
is
the pressure
is
Fig. s2.
Fig. S3-
Fig. 54.
throughout
ing
its
more
length,
its
would be
all
far
of a planer
at intervals.
torsion,
This
is
which
is
of maintain-
and would be
stress,
it is
designed.*
shown
"cross-girts
it
If the
would
Holes could be
bed were
of
in the
form
left in
"
to both, either
tions,
in section
of foundation.
made
a table were
more capable
kinds of
The bed
and
it
If
undue
yielding.
the core in the mold, to serve for the removal of the core sand,
and
inside
of the bed.
* Professor Sweet has designed and constructed such a table for a large milling-machine.
So
MACHINE DESIGN.
They
by
by the reaction
may
flexure
are strained
result,
of a tool cutting
and both
improperly designed
or yielding
foundation.
from an
for a lathe-bed;
and
torsion
its
diffi-
extended use
as yet.
These examples
Often
in
machines there
is
Fig. 5S.
a cantilever, in
stress;
it is
tained,
material
is
parabolic.
fact.
is
of the
rnember should
force,
Fig. 55,
is
start
of the
member,
as in the
Thus
in
A,
The
plied.
parabolic curve a
is
of appli-
The end of the member is supported by the auxiliary curve c. The curve b drawn from the end gives an excess
of material. The curves a and c may be replaced by a single
continuous curve as in C, or a tangent may be drawn to a at its
cation of P-
machine members of
other stresses.
and
torsion
members
torsion
Thus
They
of parabolic outline
side flexure, these
parabolic edges by a
web
by an
6i.
ported by a brace, as in D.
and may be
by two
and
Machine members
box form.
of the
side flexure.
and
Most
this kind,
of this kind
The
brace
is
may
it
into a
also be sup-
a compression
by a "web "
at their
member
as shown, or
auxiliary brace.
form
of
general principle:
a member
One considera-
may
be well to state
it
here as a
of cast
members.
Cast-
Some
of these are
They cannot be
is
All parts of
all cross-.sections of
the
member
should be
82
MACHINE DESIGN.
(c)
If it is
casting, the
gradual as possible.
{d)
Castings should be
made
as thin as
and
is
resistance to vibration.
CHAPTER
VII.
RIVETED JOINTS.
62.
Methods
of Riveting.
^A rivet is
up machine frames,
straight shank,
either drilled or
It consists of
etc.
B.
It
is
punched
is
and the
by hand- or machine-riveting.
A rivet is a permanent
off the head.
A
row
of rivets joining
SEAM OF RIVETS.
shank
is
two members
is
called a
riveted joint or
and formed
into a
Fig. 56.
A helper holds
a sledge
Fig. 58.
In "button-set"
of the rivet.
or "dolly bar" against the head
blows with a
heavy
few
a
struck
is
or "snap" riveting, the rivet
"upset" it. Then a die or "button set," Fig. 57, is
sledge to
83
MACHINE DESIGN.
84
is
and pressure
the dies
is
members
is
ma-
it is
properly
rivet,
to be connected, is put
between
The movable
die
joint.
few
blows be hght the rivet will not be properly upset, the shank will
be loose in the hole, and a leaky rivet
If in
results.
machine-
riveting the axis of the rivet does not coincide with the axis of
the dies,
an
off-set
head
in large quantities,
sible to
Holes
in a plate,
the same
is
similar
annealed
drilled.
row as
it
If
If the holes
determined,
punching injures
is
due
point
to
drilled in
to the strength of
inch to \ inch
size,
These
be punched
facts,
the
following
conclusions:
the material
to stresses
of holes
careful
If the
drilled one.
and very
and spacing be
perimentally
a row
to size
First,
In large shops
results.
ing out
RIVETED JOINTS.
8S
riveted.
and requires
ing
B.
is
W. Kennedy
In
M.
phenomenon
A.
plate.*
I.
table:
Specimens.
Ways.
MACHINE DESIGN.
86
No
iron
Kinds of Joints.
Riveted
joints are of
to
Second,
RIVETED JOINTS.
87
shown
It is
in Fig. 59g.
Single, in
which there
Double
and
riveting
is
Lap-joints
may
be
single,
riveted.
Butt-joints
i.e.,
may have
a single strap as in
is
c,
or double strap;
and double
may
be single,
In butt-joints single
of
cover-plates five-eighths.
To sum
Lap-joints
Single-riveted
Double chain-]
chain-riveted
Double staggered-riveted
Single-riveted
Double chain-riveted
[ Double staggered-riveted
{Single-riveted
Double chain-riveted
Double staggered-riveted
f
Single-strap
Butt-joints.
The demands
of
modem
practice have
common
added
triple
and quad-
In high-pressure cylindrical
practice
efl&cient joint
is
to
employ
shown
boilers,
in Fig. 60.
Here we have
is
in single shear.
on the
line
AB
by the
MACHINE DESIGN.
at
weakened
is
and
to resist tension,
and
in d,
may
failure
c;
occur.
Fig. 6i.
rivet
on the sheet
is
which
is
most
efficient joint in
It is
any case
will
obvious
be one
66. Strength
of Materials Used.
designing of joints
it
and
^As
necessary to
is
a preliminary to the
know
and
of
the
and
rivets are
is
the joint.
For instance,
in single-strap butt-joints,
if
somewhat
and
in
in lap-
and the
plate
is
weaker
subjected to
more
The
effect
is
localized
and becomes
of friction
of the plates
by the
is
rivets
reason
destructive.
The
at
Ex-
RIVETED JOINTS.
tensive
joints
and the
The
average
89
results
for ordi-
nary joints
Table
II.
Values of
Kind
of Joint.
/(, /,
and
/c
40000
45000
Steel.
38000
36000
67000
67000
47500
45000
85000
85000
45000 40000
50000 38000
67000
67000
48000
46000
85000
85000
40000 42500
89000
48000
It will
The
due
than
46000 lOOOOO
45000 38000
47So lOOOOO
50000
50000
45000 lOOOOO
36000
60000
52000
45000
/(
plates
of
the
it
also follows
show higher
tensile strength
same composition.
Furthermore,
thicker
00000
45000 41000
Tests of Metals,
Stoney's " Strength and
Watertown Arsenal,
MACHINE DESIGN.
90
the
method
63.
55,000
The
for
62,000
lbs. to
square inch.
lbs.
from 55,000
/(
may
per
lbs.
be taken as
slight.
and Efficiency
Proportions,
of
Joints.
of strength of joint to
ratio
No
The
is
pitch,
in
fail in
to fail
Let
it
joint.
single shear,
//= crushing
if
rivets are
in
rivets
in
Each
joint
may
be treated as
if
made up
of a successive series
width equal to
a,
the
same
RiyETED JOINTS.
row
If the stresses
91
and proportions
and consequently
to the
and width
whole
joint.
Con-
a.
t=rv=4i=-_-
'"12M/ Pitch VV
1Fig. 62.
Let
5= ultimate
shearing
resistance
of
all
rivets
pounds;
in
strip,
pounds
C = ultimate
holes,
crushing resistance of
all rivets
or sides of
"
pounds;
=efi&ciency of joint.
To
i.e.,
illustrate
this
method, consider
iirst
The unperforated
strip
P=aift.
width of the
(I)
by an amount equal
is less
than the
to the diameter of
the strip
T = (a-d)tft
In each unit strip there
is
(2)
(3)
MACHINE DESIGN.
92
The
the hole,
may
rivet,
be written as
C = dtl
For highest efficiency
Equating S and C,
(4)
T =S = C.
(3)
and
(4), .']?>^^(Pf,=dtjc.
d = i.27t^
(5)
Equating
i,
and
T and
S, (2)
and
by
/<;
and
/,.
(3),
ia-d)tft=.lSs4dVs.
+'i
^7
is
obtained by dividing T, S, or
(6)
The
efficiency of the
by P.
must be used
in practice,
it is
convenient to drive.
These equations,
when
diameters.
The
due
their shrinkage,
which
may become
to cooling,
is
up
resisted
in
by
In practice
it is
must be borne
the values of
in
d and a given
in (5)
and
RIVETED JOINTS.
between T, S, and C, and
value of T, S, and
REAL
If the
The
efficiency
of the
by P-
^ (
2 H
is
value, T, S, or C,
such departure
if
the values of d
joint will then
93
by the amount
called for
by
be
}t
As
ft
perforated plate.
68.
Problem.
The
What
and
(6).
of
ft,
and
fc
40,000, 38,000,
lbs.
and
joint.
r = -37S"-
^=
and equation
67000
(6)
TT-Z.
.78i;4X.84
i.27X.375X-^ = .84"
= -i-^^
38000
-t-
.84
=2
.
.
.375X40000
69. Proportions
of
Single-riveted
Lap-joints.
in this
/ and
and 85,000
24 mches.
lbs.
ft,
way.
fc
Table
III
As Table IV
MACHINE DESIGN.
94
Table
III.
Punched Holes.
RIVETED JOINTS
use and pneumatic tools are used in
95
"hand -work,"
this
dis-
IV.
MACHINE DESIGN.
9^
nd
2nd^
~-U'=dtU';
-U'=tU
2
.:
//
d = .64j-,t
and
(9)
Equating
T and
5, (2)
and
(a-d)//,
..a
(7),
= 1.57(^2//;
= '-^+d
(10)
The
rivets,
T = ia-d)tft,
Tzd^
= 2 /, = i.s7<i2/
4
C = 2dtjc,
d = i.2jjt
(11)
1-57^,
71. Double-riveted
joints,
Butt-joint.
For
double
riveted
butt-
T = (a-d)tft,
5 = 4vV =3-14^2//,
4
RiyETED JOINTS.
97
C = 2dtU,
d = .64^t
'^
(13)
^The
The
\mit strip
is
strip
by Mr. W. N. Barnard:*
The
(^4)
~jr~+'^-
maximum
all
is
T = {a-d)tU
The
is
m which
n equals
number
equals the
The
strip
(15)
the
nnd'^
atnnd^,.
^ + -^-/.'
,
number
of
(16)
and
is
C=ndtf^+mdtf/
The
(17)
is
P = atft
Equating S and C,
(16)
and
(18)
(17),
and transposing, we
^'-'IJ^-'
* See
Joints,"
article,
get
c^)
by Professor
MACHINE DESIGN.
98
Equating
T and C,
(15)
and
(17),
a={'^^)d+d
Or, equating
T and S,
(15)
and
(16),
a=.7854d^(^
The
(20)
^r
This equation
get,
is
(21)
been developed
T=S = C.
S
From =-^ we
d.
joint for
may give
The margin
in a riveted Joint
be made
by the
is
the
This must
There can be no
satisfactory theoretical
way if the
The distance
margin be made
=i=diameter
may
lines of the
be taken =i.88d.
ing equals
3(/,
in
Thus
in
of
the
rivet.
double
staggered- riveting
may
double
staggered-riveting 4.88d.
* In the Proceedings of the Inst, of M. E., 1881, there is an article entitled
Riveting, with Special Reference to Ship-work," M. Le Baron Clauze
which enters deeply into the development of general formulas.
"On
'
RIVETED JOINTS.
99
when
Kinds
tested
The
The
ideal efficiencies.
of Joints.
tests to
Table V.
4S
5
60
drilled
'
double
"
"
"
"
45-5
60
55
double-riveted
66
Thickness of Plates.
double-riveted, punched
'
ir-i
i-f
i-J
50
55
45
50
70
40
45
75
80
drilled
75
75
65
70
80
75
70
.
drilled
65
70
60
65
70
These tables are from Stoney's "Strength and Proportions of Riveted Joints."
show
efficiencies
^At
its
is
ultimate load
probably due
to the fact that at this load the friction between the plates,
to the pressure exerted
* For
on them by the
rivets, is
owing
overcome.
It
MACHINE DESIGN.
loo
has been found the larger the cross-sectional area of the rivet
the greater the percentage of ultimate load which can be with-
It
heads are better than small ones for the same reason.
76. Necessary
have a shank
filled,
Length
of Rivet.
In general the
rivet
should
the hole to be
time
.6 to .75
the hole to allow for the necessary upset for the shank to
left
over to
fill
fill
Two
The head
in iS-inch holes.
is
to be cone-shaped, having
an out-
altitude
The
= 2.76
The amount
.
The area
of the |-inch
757
7
= 1.25
plate.
Note.
Had the
This amount
inches.
The
inches = 2
its
the height
about
.6
is
about
1.7
X diameter
X diameter of hole.
inches.
cubical contents
length of
For cup-
of hole,
The volume
and
of the
>
RIVETED JOINTS.
spherical segment
lOl
is
the height of the segment by the area of the base and the cube
of the height
78.
Countersunk Rivets.
a coimtersimk
and
less
Cdimtersunk
rivet.
Fig. 63
rivets
be used where
plate be free
it is
from projections.
^Where
pecuUar conditions
Maimsel White
(see
Journal
Am.
an average
values,
it
Soc. of
by shearing the
The
by
rivets
rivets.
80. Construction of
it is,
These
plates,
will
some
lbs.
may be found
it
call for
Tight Joints.
In
pimching holes in
The consequence
is
< lj6
shown
in Fig.
MACHINE DESIGN.
102
-will
tend to keep
it
a tight
fit
its
diametral
shrinkage.
obvious that at
It is equally
tend to force the plates apart and squeeze metal between them,
and
left
by the
has a considerable
Where
joints
drill,
effect
as experience has
joint.
that this
strength.
shown
For
this
tightness as well as
by a
tool
Pneumatic
round nose.
tools are
used for
this
pur-
and an
It is
a,t
A-A,
on
largely
this
accoimt
eral
it
may
The material
to
be used in riveted
Open-hearth
steel is greatly to
82. Plates
be preferred to Bessemer.*
Some
boiler-makers
have
If
we
let t
represent the
RiyETED JOINTS.
t'
103
when
a^d'
the joint will be as strong as any other section of the plate, the
Joint being proportioned, of course, for the thickness
It is
t'.
This method
seam.
open
is
to
Unless
the plates are very carefully annealed after being upset they are
cooling stresses.
show
as high
an
efficiency as
if
may
as corrosion proceeds,
more on
away
thickness
t',
from the
plate
is
acts
the plate
plates
it
imder
full
The
Plates.
^The
joints considered
thus far have dealt with the problem of connecting the edges
of
and
longitudinal
seam
of a boiler meet.
The
joint is
made by
Figs. 66 to 70 (taken
seams are
comer
under"
shigle-riveted lap-joints.
of a
is
simply drawn
down
It
to
will
c.
Fig. 67
single-riveted
before, the
and the
comer
of a
other a
is
double-riveted
lap-joint.
c.
is
As
MACHINE DESIGH.
I04
Fig. 68
are
cover-plate
butt-joints.
The
plates
Fig. 66.
thinned
down
Fig. 68.
Fig. 67.
seam
is
is
Fig. 70.
a single-riveted
longitudinal joint
calked where
method
it
is
down
is
upper cover-plate
is
lap-joints,
it
The
can be tightly
c.
shown
and
in Fig. 70.
Both
are both
drawn
as shown.
which
match.
Fig. 69.
Fig. 69 also
is
Not
in
Same
it
Plane.
is
Fig. 71
RIVETED JOINTS.
Where
method
it is
is
often adopted.
105
Fig. 71.
this
to use too
Fig. 72.
steel)
it is
Fig. 72
joints
and
bent.
such as
required to design a
It is
Each course
sections.
its
The
or cross-
around
all
riveted to
their circumference,
the shell.
determined from
(I)
The proper
The diameter
may be
of shell = 48 inches; (II) The
inch = 100 pounds; (III) The
thickness of plate
of 60,000
poimds
let
steel plates
be used
At
Through
the axis;
stress being due to the excess of internal pressure per square inch.
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
io6
Let
Z = the
D = the
/ = the
pounds
/i=unit tensile
of the shell
= unit
J2
stress in a
due
to p;
shell
due
to p;
= thickness of plate;
/( = ultimate tensile strength
/
of plate.
inch.
of metal sustaining
= 2/.
it
equal to
is
Then /i=
TzD^p
Dp
j.
LDp,
4
sustaining
it
= 7tDt,
nearly.
Then
The
section,
,a
is
twice as strong to
would
Dp
Therefore
must be used.
shocks.
due to ^ in a longitudinal
t=~Y,
factor of safety
resiUent
stress
LDp = 2Lilt.
shells to 5 or 6.
no
twice as great as in
is
Equating the
we have
that
case
thickness of plate.
it,
first
It is
To get safe
thickness,
i.e.,
is
highly
there are
joint,
which
RIP^ETED JOINTS.
is
soUd
plate,
107
The formula
double-riveted.
then
becomes
if
the joint be
t=
"
Sub-
2ftE
stituting values,
{
The
6 X48X100
,
mch, say
=0.1.2
2X60000X0.75
J'
'
-^
But the
will =0.50.
and
joint efficiency
stress is only
A mch.
it is
From
longitudinal section.
the value of
the joints
may now
be
designed.
Consider
joint.
the cross-seam.
first
Assume
Equations
This
a single-riveted lap-
is
drilled holes.
(5),
= 1.27-7-^,
f/
and
a=
(6),
+d,
-,
we
get as values of
85000
.*.
ffi
= i.27X^=
'
and
45000
jt,
/s,
fc,
60,000,
= .75mch
X.3i25
^
.7854X.75 X45000
a = -^-^^
777
.3125X60000
-^
1-
-75
'-^
'^
o
= i-8i
,,
,.
mches, say
iH mches.
'
lap-joint.
Io8
MACHINE DESIGN.
Equations (ii) and (12) apply:
From Table
= ^.2^k,
II,
ft
a=^^^'+d.
and
=60,000,
/,
=46,000, and
/<;
85000
J
d = i.27X^g^X.3i25=.74mch, say
,
.-.
=85,000;
.75,
a=
and
The
inches.
X. 75 X46000
1-57
.3125X60000
+ .75
'-^
The
total
lap in
= 1.88(^ = 1.41
longitudinal
the
2lf inches.
1/16
=2.02
^^ inches, say
joint =4.88/
= 3.66
and a
detail
The
may
the templets
Having determined
the
sheets.
let
these
Assume
bar
is
60,000
The
lbs.
63) is
{'''-^){^y' '''''
.
Here
= .3i25in.
.*.
and
''
= T=^ 2.9375
=3%,
=3-92;
nearly.
RIVETED JOINTS.
109
/,
= 8s,ooo "
II.
"
"
S,
and C, the
latter
may be
taken as
=p=
= '7235
"
or
72-35%-
C are unequal
Since T, S, and
two ways
it is
maximum efficiency.
There are
inequality.
If
tionately decreased
and S and
will
will
be propor-
before.
as d, while
may be
and
exceeds
P
C
d,
increases
by
5.7
per cent.
approximately
as the
remain as before.
There-
This
af inches.
Using
this value of
=62,600
lbs.,
^ = 39)125
lbs.,
ft
5=40,625
lbs.,
C= 39,845
lbs.,
P = 51,560
lbs.,
^T39i2^
'^
^"
of balancing T, S,
and
P
The second method
51560
would be by
no
MACHINE DESIGN.
increasing
be
first
The
d.
inch.
io
inch,
and
'
.8125
= 62,750
= 4i,67o
5 = 47,675
C = 42,i6s
P = 5S>o7S
and, since
/(
lbs.,
T'
lbs.,
lbs.,
lbs.,
lbs.,
is least,
-?-^^
=
P 55075 75-66%.
'^
The
best result
is
would be advantageous
it
to
make
first
de-
termined.
The
next step
is
to
cided upon, for the actual factor of safety which should not be
less
than
From
5.
KDp
= ~^-^ we
,
have
2/i-i-/
..
A=
2X6260OX.7588X.3i25
5
X 100
= 0.10.
48
method
RjyETED JOINTS.
strength due to perforation, and the efficiency
is
simply taken
T
as-p-.
With a=2if
inches,
and d = \
E=^^^j = 74-47%.
With a = 2f inches and d = \
inch, this
would give us
instead of 72.35%-
inch,
it
would give us
= ^^^ = 71.97%,
inch,
it
75-88%.
would give
instead of 75.66%.
CHAPTER
VIII.
Tap-bolts;
for
I.
Bolts;
II.
Studs;
Cap-screws, or
III.
V. Machine screws;
IV. Set-screws;
VI. Screws
power transmission.
A
thread
is
and Definition.
is
is
screwed.
When
a bolt
the bolt
is
drilled entirely
down
is
put
(See
Fig. 73-)
Fig. 74.
Fig. 73.
"stud"
each end.
is
One end
of a machine,
is
to
be held against
Fig. 75.
is
it,
having a hole
is
screwed
(See
"cap-screw"
is
is
is
cut.
The
113
it is
attached.
cap-screw
when
part
can be avoided.
it
crumble.
In very
many
Cast iron
weak and
it is
cases, however,
It is
is
brittle
it is
and tends
to
absolutely neces-
if
the
and the
cast-iron thread
in once for
all,
eventually
if
The form
shown
60.
flat
of the United
in Fig. 76.
The
make an
is
angle of
When
Data
foimd in
relative
to
the holding
109, p. 148.
power
of set-screws will be
114
MACHINE DESIGN.
covers
made
IIS
many forms
of small
forip,
length, etc.
Fig. 77.
Fig. 78.
Thus
upon
For consideration
we
of their design,
and
(&)
(c)
up
in detail
of screw
and
it
will
nut.
be well to
Reference
moving a load
the horizontal
thread a.
is
W
the
lbs.
stress
by screwing up.
initial stress
by tightening.
made
may be
is
to Fig. 79.
The
turning
considered as equivalent
of
the
MACHINE DESIGN.
ii6
Let
ri
= inean
^= pitch
of thread;
a=mean
pitch angle,
i.e.,
tan
a=
n+r-i
ist.
To
raise
W.
W = axial
Fig. 80.
Fig. 79.
load,
H the
the incline,
to
W,
and
F
R;
R = W-^cosa,
(i)
F = jiW^cos
a,
(2)
+ 4>)
(3)
H=W
The turning moment M
ta.n
{a
= Hr = Wr\.a.n{a-\-(t>)
(4)
a= P
and tan
<i>
27tT
,
tan (a
^
it
,,
^
,
+<i>)
= u,
while
tan a
=
I
117
+ tan S
^,
-tan a tan
9!)'
follows that
2d.
To
lower
M=Hr=Wri^^
(S)
H=W
(6)
W,
ia.n
{a-<f>)
M=Hr=Wr^-^^^The
(7)
threads with
^=the angle
of the screw.
of
The mean
Consider
helix angle
= a:
as be-
FlG. 81.
fore,
but
angle
now R
slopes from
W in
two
For raising
i?
= TFsecQ:
i?
= /iTF sec a
directions,
making
first.
sec/?
sec
I?
making the
the angle
/?
with
Hence
(8)
(9)
load,
gr=TF/+^7^^^f
27trpfi sec p
(,,)
^
'
MACHINE DESIGN.
ii8
For lowering
load,
Hr = Wr p
27:r/j.
sec
Returning now to
the eye-bolts
(a).
shown
As
,5
(II)
2nr-\-pix sec
/?'
illustrations of
in Fig. 82.
customary
It is
to neglect the
and
to con-
stress is
but
if
bolt at the
particularly since
it
fit,
engaging
threads where the action of the further working load which the
bolt bears does not
come
into play.
E3
TJ
\
T
Fig. 83.
Fig. 82.
The
the direction of
where
now subjected
axis, we have
eye-bolt being
/ is
its
to the
working load
in
the safe unit working stress for the material and con-
ditions.
If
J7
= ultimate
if
the
is
materials.
for
10
shock
Here
(as will
a tensile stress in
due
If the load is
this.
by compressing
(&)
the force
B-B by
due
bolt
we have
case
in the part
Combined
due
Fig. 78.
due
stress
to
may
working
The
results
{a).
of the
be not so great as
This
(b).
(6)
will
=T
that the
than
The
it.
stress
of
of the
89. Calculation
ing
B-B
be
between the
later be greater
may
there
B-B
to the application of
for the
On
be explained under
for
a variable one,
smaller than
A .induced
taken as great as
preceding.
may be
steel.
same
119
E-F
move along
The nut
MACHINE DESIGN.
120
The
(a distance
the
force applied at
from
from a value
at the finish.
of o at the
The average
P
=.
is
2nl.
Hence
work done
the
full
2nl = Pnl
(12)
The
resistances
three in
ist.
2d.
overcome by
this application of
energy are
number:
resistance
in
overcoming the
frictional resistance
These
ist.
will
Let
T'
be considered in order.
= the
final
= o. The
pure
At the beginning
may be
average value
due
to
considered
=T
for the
turn.
The
distance
moved through by
its line
of action, in one
turn= ^,
=7^
2d.
bolt
rials
The
frictional resistance
(^3)
depends upon the form of the thread as well as the mateused and the condition of the surfaces. (See equations (2)
V thread
Assuming a
(9), 87.)
121
more commonly
as being
F = a2
sec
"^
a sec B
'
(eq. (9)
The
),
distance
moved through by
on the
work done
overcoming the
in
/j
sec a sec
T
=
3d.
The
ftp sec
T
'
=^
sec
^ cosec a
which
The
this resistance
may be
(14)
Hence the
in
will be
cosec a.
p cosec a
frictional resistance
a mean force
friction
/?
bolt
friction
u! is
the coefficient of
point of application of
3
tance
The
dis-
T
^-fi'Snn
Equating
(12) to the
Pt:1=
T
Tp+fip
sum
sec
(15)
of (13), (14),
and
(15), gives
T
sec
/?
cosec a+fj.'^7:ri,
MACHINE DESIGN.
whence
2PtzI
P+
fip
sec
a sec
/9
(i6)
+ //'3;rfi"
cosec a
it
must be borne
subjected to a torsional
mind
in
moment whose
in plan
view in Fig.
shown
(17)
as a free
where
84,
body
all
as
of the
forces capable of
Summing
moments about
the
bolt gives
Hr = Pl-fi'Tpi
Fig. 84.
Hr
is,
To
to the bolt.
T found in
The
moment
(18)
cular section
and radius
^2
= radius
at
bottom of thread)
is
h^-M.
J
is
the polar
moment
(19)
= nr2^
c is
the dis-
this case
= 2?r.
Combining equations
(18)
is
and
the
= ra
moment,
(19)
in
and sub-
2{Pl-fi'nri)
Ttti*
(20)
The equivalent
of
and
jt
and
/g is
combined action
torsion,
90.
S.
Problem.
= o.35A+o.6sVA2+4/^2
What
is
(21)
one poimd
at the
of parts as
shown
In this case di
/2
sec
end
of a
= .500
in.,
''i
= -40oin.,
r2
r=.225
in.,
^ = .077
in..
= -25
in.,
= .2 in.,
^ = .126 sq.
a = angle whose
tangent
a = 1.0015,
cosec
= 30,
P = i lb.,
From
Arrangement
in Fig. 78.
is
in.,
P =3
O h'
7
a = i8.39,
sec/? = i.i55,
/?
T=
to the
U.
due
123
and
= 8ins.
equation (16)
2XiX7rX8
077 + .077X0.15X1.0015 XI. 155X18.39 + 0.15X3X7^X0.25
= 74.467
From
lbs.
equation (17),
74-467
^'="77^ = 591
From
,,
lbs.
equation (20),
'*
XfXo.25)
~ 2(1 X8-0.15X 74-467
3
.
;rXo.225
= 213
lbs.
MACHINE DESIGN.
124
From equation
(21),
= 691.4
incli bolt
tions (16)
pull,
it
lbs.
If a pull of
and
show
(20)
by a workman,
equa-
readily exerted
30X691.4 = 20,742
lbs.
is
either
Wrench
Pull.
turning
If this
final turning
On
if
the
a blow, or a long
beyond the
steel.
is
evident danger of
having a value
ulti-
mate strength.
It will
in this
due
', i.e.,
S91
In general this
[i
and
fi'.
It
may
moment PI
the surfaces
P=2,
lbs.,
E-F
(Fig. 78)
lbs.
upon
stated that
T^'j^P
workman
it
may
be
92. Calctilation of
up with
in Fig. 85.
working force
the bodies
A and B
at
is
What
value
joint
C-Dl
may Q have
Assume that Q
The question is,
is
is
C-D
and
Fig. 85.
are just in
due
screwing up;
To
is
is
is
screwed
tends to separate
C-D.
A
L
Next con-
= T.
shown
125
unit strain
Then, smce
'
;^. <.,^
unit stress
='^>
E'
it
L_
to
follows that
(i)
A
In any given case
this
is
and
is
X.
shortening) of
and B,
E'
due
Co
X';
Co = To-
Then
Xf^
Co ^E'A'
''-'
^^J
MACHINE DESIGN.
126
Now
X'.
C-D.
further
amount
an amount
X,
may
begin,
must be elongated a
X'.
then
to this
elongation,
X+X
'
(3)
'
ffnn
it
any
at
to compression; Q, the
-J.
FiG. 86.
When
the bolt
T = To,
into action,
is
follows
due
to its resistance
Hence
T=C+Q
and
it
first
(4)
Q=o, then C = T,
When Q comes
is
partly relieved,
and when
reaches such a
C=o and Q =
=
T T. (See equation (3) .)
An examination of these formulae shows certain facts which
may be stated as follows: The tightness of the joint C-D devalue that the surfaces, are about to part, then
creasing
A and
B.
total compression,
This
may
X',
increases
be accomplished by inIt
may
also be increased
BOLTS AND SCREIVS.
by the introduction
A and
of a highly elastic
body
127
{i.e.,
B.
when
about to open,
T',
if
general, A'
pared with
to
gasket) between
large
is
A,
the tension
so that T'
not
is
due
is
to
no opening
much
the joint
of the joint.
k'
initial tension
In
In order
should be taken
^0 = 2^.
93.
Problem
I.
no
is
gaskets, as
shown
in Fig. 87.
The
The
The number
of bolts
is
-j
-=6627
7 J ins.;
lbs.
may
equal to four or
problem
five
may
be taken
In the
be approximately 9
between
This distance
ins.,
and using
fectly safe.
about 4^
ins.,
chord length
which
is
per'
MACHINE DESIGN.
128
With
six bolts
^ 6627
^=1105
g=
Take
To
With a
is
direct tension of
due
=2^ = 2210
2210
lbs.
to torsion.
lbs.
lbs.
due
to
As stated
may
in 91, this
increase the fiber stress 20 per cent over that due to direct tension.
To
The
allowable
irnit
stress here
may be
Assume
15,000
lbs.
The
be
bolts
steel
of
15000
=0.177
a f-inch bolt.
exert an
This value
sq.
^ in.
initial
lies
an area of 0.202
sq. in.
would
(See
To
re-
91.)
94.
Problem
II.
It
is
The opening
The maximum steamThe joint must be held
be covered
pressure
is
steam-tight.
sile
is
100
rectangular,
lbs.
io"Xi2".
strength of 60,000
lbs.
5"Xf" = \^",
say 4 inches.
The opening
is
io"Xi2",
shown
as
129
in Fig. 88.
There must
around
this
for making the joint,
upon which the studs must not en-
This
croach.
makes
the
between
the
12 inches.
vertical
-M^
14 inches, and
horizontal rows
about
if
The
_CL
distance
figure.
between
TT
Fig.
With
To = 2Q = 2000
Allowing 20
2400
=Q=
12000
12
= 1000 lbs.
lbs.
stress, increase
this to
lbs.
Allowing a unit
at the
Problem
I,
we
= 0.160.
bottom of thread
15000
many
its
stress
least cross-section.
Since a
workman may
The
elongation of a bolt
as shown.
This
portion. A, has less cross-sectional area than the rest of the bolt,
be greater in
tion, will
than elsewhere.
The
unit
stress
elastic limit;
and
MACHINE DESIGN.
130
if
is
and the
ence of area
bolt
is
elongation will be
the
ture,
If there is
much
differ-
tested to rupchiefly
at
A.
INCH
of
rupture.
at
minimum
section
would
The
reduced at A, the
FiQ. 89.
Fig. go.
axial
length of
section
this
B without
with and
They
The space
greater in
and space
They
This energy
is
di-
bolts.
This
is
in both bolts,
=-E;
section
for
is less
breaking
than the
very small.
Suppose there
section.
factors
is
shocks.
bolt
of force
and space
factors
is
the
same
minimum
in A may be less
stress in B may
The
stress
it.
The capacity of the bolt to resist shock is
THEREFORE INCREASED BY LENGTHENING ITS MINIMUM SECTION TO INCREASE THE YIELDING AND REDUCE STRESS. This is
break
it
which
to resist torsion
is
moments
is
in machines.
members
most
and
effective in
Turning down a
flexure,
because
it
bolt,
however, weak-
of inertia of cross-section.
is
131
if
test.
iron,
The
tests
left solid,
Half
them uniform
One
by
to rupture
pair of bolts
was tested
The
undrilled
The
drilled bolt
mean
force applied
If
"Drop
pairs of bolts,
which tended
96. Problem.
It is
tests,"
bolts,
it
be assumed that
in both cases,
it
follows
as great
i.e., tests
which brought
tain shocks,
maximum
to sus-
to a
fastenings,
and
therefore
They should be
much as is consistent
designed to yield as
*-[TtK
Bolts
MACHINE DESIGN.
132
made
tensile strength
is
Wrought
as long as possible.
50,000
is
maximum
the
The
and
is
stress given
It is not,
stress.
lbs.
accidental stress,
used whose
iron will be
by the accidental
keep the
will
Then the
it
fiber
stress
10,000X2=20,000
20,000^50,000 = 0.4
The
be used.
cross-sectional
thread.
may
97. Jam-nuts.
tion there
ways
is
set
then
up
Two
up against
while this
and
it
is
equal
area of
body
the bolt
of
bottom of the
be accomplished by drilling.
is
against
This area
jam-nuts.
is
lbs.
in.
sq.
This
2.
to
force.
maximum
is
by the use of
nut
is
tightly.
its
screwed
axis vertical
upper end.
is
its
internal screw
there
is
any
lost
and
and
there will
is,
of the nut.
is
true of the
under nut;
i.e.,
there
is
to the bolt
I33
directly,
it
municated by
it
must be received by the upper nut and comto the bolt, since
it is
is
usually
made about
Therefore
be held in place.
98. Calculation
(c)
press
same
The
(See
common
is
power.
to transmit
screw-
worms and
including
the
of
wheels,
that of screws
is
and subject
to
analysis.
87.)
Pl=M,
it
was found
W,
to raise a load
required
^
'
will
that the
moment
h&=Wr2Kr
p/x
(k)
^-^
(page 171).
stress
Let
w=number
/,
ft
=-7-, in order to
remembering
= -35h + -6s^+4f^
of
complete
thread
(21)
surfaces
in
n- (di^ d^)
),
contact
equals
W.
W=Kn-{dx^-d^),
4
where
is
thread area.
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
134
= 2'^oo
bolts
lbs. for
may
take
material or on bronze
lubrication,
transmit power,
we may
table
Table
VII.
Value of K.
Rubbing Speed
in Feet
per Minute.
Iron.
50 or
100
150
25
400
less,
2500
Steel.
Wp^.
Wp
From
this
W tan a
27rr
2nrH
it
13S
"Pftan
appears that
(ct
tan
becomes
^tan (a + ^)'
^i))
a7v=tan a
tan
Taking the
-,
tan
(a-\-<p)
first differential
cot (a
cos^
tan
sin^
(0:
for
value between
,.
cot (a
+ w.
^
and equating
+ ^)
*-^^^
a=o and
o, for
"
to o,
+ ^)
To
tan(45-t)
e,
_tan(45-f)
max. e =
tan^4S-7+^)
To
lower
^^""(^S^+f)
[The value of
/,
(23)
this, as
jt
explained in the
to obtain
/.]
^36
MACHINE DESIGN.
Regarding the
\l
a<
a=
if
if
<j>
(j)
we have a
>9!>
tan
tan
The
(a;
tan
+ (^)
tan
efficiency of
it
is
overhaul).
{i.e.,
overhaul),
itself {i.e.,
condition of equilibrium,
i tan^
4>
2^
efficiency
24>
For
threads, with
/?
= angle
of V, with a plane
normal
to
2iirpii sec
which
is
tan a
which
is
and
a (i /i tan a
tan
+ fisQC
sec
(9)
'
'
'
'
'
(See equa-
tion (22).)
It is clear, then, that
erence to
V threads
power transmission.
threads
Pl=Hr = Wr ^-Z'"""i
27zr + pij.sec
(26)
^
'
,3
99, Problem.
Design
exerted to
lift
the load ?
lbs.
The
What
be the
will
efficiency of the
I37
screw ?
a bronze nut.
.'.
To
good
tan
a<
a must be
(j).
ft.
lubrication,
The pure
fi
a < 5^45'
.-.
tension
= 20,000
and
lbs.
<^
= W.
/=
o.io.
= 545'-
so that
than
less
be increased
25000
-J
In this equation
/ is
is
Assume that
screw
this
is
steel.
'
This corresponds
Then A =
25000
=
12000
to a diameter of if inches at
bottom of thread.
From
tan a
= P we
,
have
27cr
p = 27:r tan
Remembering
and
that r2
a.
r=r2 + ,
4
it
follows that
M/iCHINE DESIGN.
138
P\ tan
p = 27:\r2-\
2;r
a,
tan a
p = 2nr2 tan a,
4
27:^2
p=
tan a
.
tan
.'.
This
is
2X7rXo.8i2SXo.i
77
i-i. 57X0.1
^p =
^ ^
= .606
inch.
It
would
It is
than
The
allowable.
is
It
will
will
p.
Check
^2 = 1-62 5
<ii = 2.125
= 1.875
4^
inches,
>"2
=0.8125 inch,
inches,
ri
= 1.0625
safe, as
it is
From equation
inch.
inches,
0.5
P
= 0.087,
a=^=
^/
2X71X0.9375
27ir
is
= 0.5
r =0.9375 inch,
inches,
tan
which
j^
less
(5),
^^
//
= o.io.
the moment,
2Tzr.pfi
.'.
o. 5
+ 2X 7rXo.9375Xo.io
^
T,i
..
7-
= 2ooooXo.93757
P/
-^
-^
^^'^(2X7:Xo.9375) -(0.5X0.10)
= 3496
in.-lbs.
From
cPl
2X3496
5=4140
h = 77X0.81253
~r.
a
^ ^
,
'
From equation
From
lbs.
/.
Jr-
due
to tension,
lbs.
stress,
+ o.6s\//(2 + 4//.
/=o.35X9S97+o.65\/95972+4X4i4o2
= 12,379
lbs.
is
The
u
per square inch.
lU
20000
vv
f'=A^ = ^^^9597
which
139
efl&ciency,
from equation
(22),
tan a
e=;
tan (a
<f>)'
a = 0.087,
= S=
tan
^=0.10,
/4
^ = 5 45'.
Since tan
Since
.'.
The
a + ^ = io
45',
is
W=Kn-(di^-d^),
I40
in
which
is
the load,
the
is
<^2
number
of complete threads in
value depends
upon the
speed.
to
K = 3000.
20000
3000X0.7854(2.1252-1.6252)
= 4.5,
The
less
Then
n=^2\
^r^2
3000
(ai-^ ^2 }
and
its
nearly.
= 2j".
than
CHAPTER
IX.
Keys
etc.,
"seat," both,
and the
Motion
parallel to
as
shown
sides
in Fig. 92.
and
is
accurately on the
fit
The
and bottom.
following table
Machine Construction."
Table IX.
^i ^f
^iAAiiMMMAH
Diameter of shaft = d = I
=w=
Width of key
=< =
Height of key
ij
li
1}
2J
Si
made from
Taper Keys.
A taper
key has
parallel sides
made
is
It
to
key," because
it
is
shown
in Fig. 93,
it is
fit
on
all
prevents rela-
and has
If a
called a
key
"draw
MACHINE DESIGN.
142
wedge between
key.
When
the
hub
it is
of the
removed by driving
John Richards's
such value that
as
shown by
"Manual
of
Fig. 94.
Fig. 93.
Fig. 92.
a = 30-
is
This rule
w =-.
has
58:
and
the parts
is
143
Where
do not have
to
fit, i.e.,
it
is
vastly
D
+ 0.5
the diameter of the shaft by an
amount
A=
and
1000
to use
parallel keys.
is
to
is
95.
make the
The bearis
unstable
Fig. 96.
Fig. 95.
If great care
exactly the
is
same
wheel
normal plane
in Fig. 96.
By
Eccentricity
is
A, B, and C.
Another method
is
that
shown
in Fig. 98.
is
a bushing B is
bored out somewhat larger than the shaft and
diameter
outside
its
has
used opposite the key. This bushing
diameter exactly
the diameter of the bore, and its inner
exactly
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
144
When
and
the key
it
surrounds slightly
driven
is
home
less
than
Fig. 98.
Fig. 97.
wheel and shaft being concentric, but extra care must be taken
that
Three
making
the wheel
and
This method
shaft concentric.
is
rarely
used.
104.
is
Woodruff Keys.
be seen
in Fig. 99.
Under
this
by means
The key
is
is
Fig. 99.
it is
in the hub.
keyway
and
is
of
Fig. 100.
a diameter corresponding
being semicircular,
cut lon-
This cut-
of a milling-cutter.
to
The key
will
allow
engage the
to
its
is
be slightly inclined,
wheel on a vertical
it
may
made
I4S
shaft, pro-
depth.
105. Saddle
keys on
power
the holding
of
Saddle
sunk keys.
Sunk Keys.
105. Strength of
latter is
ness =i, length =/, unit shearing strength =/s, and unit crushing
resistance
/<,
ing resistance
will
resist will
a crush-
/cj//.
= radius
If r
= /^w/ and
moment which
be measuifed by rwljs or
^rtlj^,
whichever
is
smaller
in value.
All dimensions
in
expressed
inch, the
in inch-pounds.
moments
Lanza
30,000
lbs., for
steel
= 60,000
lbs.
factor of
lbs.,
/g
and
course, be
of
will,
Experiments made
by Professor
for
machinery
would be advis-
safety of 2
made
They
and there
feather
is
fastened in the
in Fig. 102,
It is
hub
is
a key
slides in a long
keyway
"way"
Sometimes the
shown
in the shaft.
such cases
The
and
are sometimes
keys
it is
common
may be
to use tit-keys as
fastened to either
hub
In
in Fig. 103.
or shaft.
The
tits
are forged on
the
and countersunk
in the piece to
keys.
shown
is
to
be fastened.
MACHINE DESIGN.
146
and
key
after the
is
securely in place.
it
Fig. 102.
Fig. ioi.
satisfactory
are
tits
way
in place of
tits,
but
of jarring loose.
key in a hub
of holding a
is
shown
in
Fig. 104.
Where
is
The
ing-cutter,
is
and
dovetailed key-seat
is
made
For
shown
Fig. 104.
FlG. 103.
section.
is
the dovetail
is
a tight
fit
Fig. 105.
is
calked against
it
at
A-A.
Table XI.
if
w
A
A
2i
f
i
2j
I
i
3}
3
i
4l
For
107.
147
other parts that are not subjected to very great stress, a cheap
and
satisfactory
method
is
to use a
much
this
as
If the
two parts
it
is
almost impossible in
is
drill
'^
Fig. 106.
108.
Cotter
Fig. 107.
is
a key that
is
Thus
rate them.
pump-rods,
Fig. 107
ters.
It is
ter at
AB
etc.
shows machine parts held against tension by cotseen that the joint may yield by shearing the cot-
MO
and
be
may
usually
get
LM
if
maximum
stress safely.
The
but
CPQ
difficulty is usually to
this
It
is
stick together
when
The
^
:
MACHINE DESIGN.
148
taper of the rod in Fig. 107 should be about this value in order
it may be removed
From consideration
conveniently
that
where a taper
cotter
when necessary
is
obvious that
it is
or
then
ji,
/<
= tan
<j>
That
4>.
IX.
as low as 0.08,
it
if
is,
the coefficient of
follows that
less
than tan
may have
4^.
<j>
a value
If
both
the force,
exceed
the total
not
9.
Fro. 108.
Fig. 109.
They
Experiments made by Professor Lanza* with f-inch wroughtiron set-screws, ten threads to the inch
pull
of
75
lbs.
at
the
end of
lo-inch
wrench,
gave the
following results
Table XII.
Kind
Holding Power at
End.
Surface of Shaft.
Average 2064
S.
M.
E., Vol.
"
"
"
X.
lbs.
2573
"
"
2470
"
2912
and
force
is
fits.
Fits.
Relative
it
may be
The
coefficient
linear
of
0.0000065
is
key
addition to this.
Fahrenheit
it,
table.
between
is
the expansion
rotation
I49
RELATI^'E ROTATION.
Low
sometimes used in
accompanying
see the
expansion for
wrought
for
is
it
iron
each degree
and
and
steel
Force
fits
are
made
in the
allowance,
the hole,
Mr.
is
i.e.,
The
necessary
H. Moore.*
S.
Column
I gives
fits
to
The formula
hub.
to be
used
is
Area of
Pressure
""n
surface of
tons =-
difference
fit
dia.
be-
smooth
in
tween
as possible;
be well lubricated.
if
fits
it is
best.
They should
purpose.
* Trans. A. S.
M.
E., Vol.
XXIV.
15
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
Table
Pressure
XIII.
Data Relative to
Fits
and Fitting.
to
lacking.
inner
close
fits,
hubthe
layer of
/i
=unit
stress in
To
inch;
follows:
Knowing
may
between
maximum
the
may
/ area of surface of
fit
X^ X PF\
surfaces.
Assuming the
coefficient
Reducing
112. Problem.
long
is
will
to be forced
made
proceed as
pressure in tons,
is
^A
hub
of
friction
ten times as
be
made
internal pres-
in inner layer;
/i
=0
in the
Then *
sure.
this
151
fit,
gives the
pi.
= io,oooAxPF.
7 J inches in
on a 5-inch
shaft.
What
allowance should
and
What
shaft
will
hub ?
What
be the tensile
MACHINE DESIGN.
152
From
diameter
The
is
0.0105"
""^
(5X;rX8)X(o.oio5)X9i
59-13.
The
PF = gi
internal pressure
;^i
= 10,000X0.0105X91 =9555
lbs.
= -^ii^^^
^Y^-^ =24,811
lbs.
and
/i
This
is
outside diameter of
rule of practice
twice
the
is
would reduce
/i
lbs.
half
he
tabular
hubs.
This
/i
becomes
CHAPTER
X.
SLIDING SURFACES.
General
113.
Discussion.
So
much
of
accuracy
the
The
of
their
perfection of
produced
in the lathe
spindle.
for accuracy
on the
machine.
Fig. 110.
Fig.
by Conditions
and
that
it
slides
no,
is
and
and
Wear.
slider
at the
extreme positions,
Suppose
is
as indicated
between the
of
hi.
All
slider.
is
The
by the arrow.
The
pressure
and C,
it is
is
maximum
153
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
'54
when
the slider
work
of friction
in its mid-position,
is
is
when
the crank a
on
is
its
The
center.
and
is
very
at the middle,
accuracy of
guide
Ill,
and
to
wear
after
when
position
and D.
it
Fig. 1X2.
EFG,
it
If this gib
has occurred,
is
Suppose that
wear.
gib,
to be attached to
A, Fig.
ness between
for
Suppose a
wears.
it
be taken up to compensate
will
and
Then when A
is
are
made
of equal length, as in
WZZTTX..
Fig. 112.
to
maximum
throughout
same
its
entire surface,
of rectilinear
gib
pressure, velocity,
may
and wear,
it is
The
in contact with
is
therefore the
accuracy
sn
IZO,
the
all positions.
Fig. 113.
If
A and
would
be better to cut
away
as
It
shown
SLIDING SURFACES.
155
by the dotted
line.
of the guide
when
it
Sometimes
possible.
is
position
relatively
of slotting-
the
to
come
the slide
if
design
and guide
is
may
are
it is
its
"Cutter-bars"
wear shoulders
This
itself.
made
in the
difficulty is over-
of equal length,
and the
attached to the
is
necessary
therefore, to
is
also to change
Examples:
guide.
and shaping-machines.
wiU be a tendency,
there
and
it
slide, the
position of
The
and the
slider will
many
In
cases
it is
impossible to
Thus a
of equal length.
make
the slider
and guide
When
these condi-
The
I.
made
so large in
pro-
The
II.
made
imder
all conditions.
tion of pressure
113.
Form
from yielding.
of Guides.
As
to form, guides
may be
guides.
divided
Fig. 114, a,
and
sure
lateral wear.
is
The
down and
flat
takes
up both the
is
vertical
MACHINE DESIGN.
156
it
is
shown
vided to take
up the
in
But
b.
lateral wear.
in
The
b,
gib
is
either a
Guides
table
is
and
would
if
the table
is little
the other.
danger of
a planer-table
is
wear
is
may
A-.
if
If the
this,
much
and
flatter
is
flat.
The
side
undoubtedly good
light
is
away from
up one
wedge
This arrangement
fast.
is
SLIDING SURFACES.
like the
wedge
one shown.
gib,
This form
as the bearing
is
is
157
chiefly
screws, the gib being thin and yielding, whereas in the wedge
there
is
The
The
operation.
moving part
loose ";
i.e.,
to interfere
so that
it
shall be just
move, without
shall be free to
is
in
and accu-
motion
There
is,
head of a
required to
move while
the machine
is
in operation.
never
It is
only
readjust
them
is
at
is
required.
ion
to
rest.
to other conditions of
No
It
accurate
is
gib
is
is
when
be done.
116. Lubrication.
The
lubrication.
is
As long
as a film of oil
reduced to a minimum.
The
make
of
film
of
this clear,
suppose a drop of
oil to
mation
to a plane surface as
{i.e.,
as close
can be produced)
upon
To
it
for
an approxi-
suppose another
an instant;
the
oil-drop will be spread out because of the force due to the weight
MACHINE DESIGN.
158
Had
oil
would be
if its
it
would have
If the
still
and
would
finally
The squeezing
oil
is,
out
well as of
pressure.
If the surfaces
removal of the
oil is
facilitated.
The
is
rubbing surfaces.
If
and
oil
to
make
Flat surfaces
machines
in
first
place,
is
nominal
pressure.
and
in
Unwin*
flat
sliding surfaces.
Table XIV.
Slipper slide-blocks, marine engines
100
lbs.
Stationary-engine slide-blocks
25 to 125
"
30 to 60
"
per square
"
"
'
'
incli
"
t Trans. A. S.
M.
E., Vol.
XVIII,
p. 753.
I59
SLIDING SURFACES.
Cross-head shoes of high-speed engines:
10.5
27
29
all
cases the
mean
neighborhood of 600
at the
58
40
feet
maximum
lbs.
"
"
sliding velocity
lbs.
"
"
38
maximum
velocity
In
velocity
only reached
is
"
about one third as many times per minute as in " high-speed
engines, although they
may have
same mean
the
it is
and
the
velocity,
maximum
may
be safely
used.
feet per
minute they
may
law such as
i-F
in
which formula
^= pressure
= 36,000,
per square inch, and
F = velocity
Maintenance of Lubrication.
iron or steel.
To
desirable.
nels cut in
all
The moving
its
surface should,
if
oil
from a cup
have chan-
possible,
is
The
oil-hole to
oil
should
may
The shaded
i6o
MACHINE DESIGN.
areas represent porous pads whose lower surfaces just touch the
surface to be lubricated,
oil.
CHAPTER
AXLES, SHAFTS,
119.
By
when
it is
members
stress, or
Axle
pairs.
we denote
those rotating
is
torsional stress
rotating
name
is
constrained
given to such a
is
members
member
that
due
to friction.
or spindles
its
of
When
AND SPINDLES.
or oscillating
by turning
XI.
is
called shafts
Examples are
point to another.
line-shafts
and crank-shafts.
drill-spindles.
Fig. 119.
up
first,
and the
torsional
moment due
in Fig. 119.
lected.
typical case
is
shown
161
MACHINE DESIGN.
l62
is first
made
and 5
and Q, solution
The
equals
of
graphical
sections.
all
I'
+ 1 + 1",
and
5 by
5.
a, b, c,
method
Lay
off
is
best since
the line
M-N,
it
gives the
Fig.
120,
moments
at
whose length
and
d, respectively.
At
of R, P,
Q, and
6 erect a perpendicular
and
Fig. 120.
lay off
on
c erect
it
on the same
off
on
it
where
pounds.
scale.
At
a vector representing
point
in
Select
off
any
as pole,
Od
from g a parallel
to
at the point
same
scale as
and S
area dghjd
was
Then
vector
P and
in
is
the
moment diagram.
The
Q.
Values
The shaded
vertical
ordinates
/IXLEi>,
included between
moments
The
its
bounding
by solving
lines are
moment
The moment Mb is
in
for
one section.
is
mh inches
is
the bending
mh
represented by
the
I'
and has a
in inches; the
jt is
proportional to
moment
value of the
is
163
value =i?/',
Mft
SPINDLES.
scale of the
tion at
AND
SHAFTS,
moment
elastic
moment
in
inch-pounds
moment
the plane
ratic inches;
c is the distance
from neutral
inches.
Equating
Mh and
solv-
each
is
it
tion caused
by jar
in
running
The
axles
is
in car-axles a
and wind-pressures.
oscilla-
value of
selected.*
Thus
there
maximum
forces
all
static
to be de-
In addition to this
may amount
as a
maximum
to the
rail.
MACHINE DESIGN.
164
When
/(
may be taken
for
to
ultimate strength, this being a safe value for cases like this,
where the
fibers
pression as determined by
Had
/t
Wohler and
and com-
others.
should not have been taken greater than one tenth of the
ultimate strength.
121. Shafting
is
subjected
mined
very
to simple
readily
torsion,
by
its
diameter
If
a short shaft
may
formula
simple
the
for
be
deter-
torsional
moment,
Mt=PR = '
Here
Mt=PR is
the torsional
in
moment,
pounds and
is
moment
the polar
member
c is the
in inches;
/ is
For a
and
the
in biquadratic inches;
nr^
Mt=
{i.e.,
r,
ring-shaped) section.
AXLES, SH/IFTS,
AND
SPINDLES.
i6S
2^1
Mr
and
2ri
Here
ri is
is
the
The way
Thus,
for
let
r2
= bri.
It
a decimal part of
rj.
rj,.
'
MACHINE DESIGN.
66
Meb =
Also,
(2)
(2)
becomes
M
Met =^
^
and substitution
in (i) gives
....
'--=o.3sM,+o.6sVM,^+Mt^
(3)
maximum
to the
r, }
and conditions.
For a hollow
circular section
...
= o.35M,+o.6sVM/+M<2.
4ri
To
solve for
Substitute
ri.
is
as follows:
forces combined.
combined.
(i),
(3),
First,
find
Second, find
from
(3)
Mb due
Mt due
and
Among
(4).
Comparison
and
(4)
of Solid
to all the
bending
Mb and Mt
123.
and
ri.
method
(4)
and attached
in equations
we must not
parts.
It is
fail
evident
and a
AXLES, SHAFTS,
If ^2
= 0.6^1, we
AND
167
SPINDLES.
have
'=o-955'"i-
Hence a hollow
shaft
must have
shaft
its
The weight
may
bined
if
this angle
It is
is
twisted
adopted.
is
By
is
Let
Then
M,i8o
in inch-poimds
torsion
biquadratic inches;
modulus of
elasticity
2.6
jected to
using nickel
of torsion in degrees
Mt = twisting moment
125.
be represented by ^.
5 = angle
diameter
Angular Distortion.
jected to torsion
ex-
maximum
124.
its
as a solid
steel in
0.6 of
increase in size
is
same strength
When
a shaft
is
sub-
formula
A.
I.
M.
Browne
E.
M.
"
MACHINE DESIGN.
68
EI
'
42/2-
biquadratic
inches
Mt = twisting moment
This formula
in inch-pounds.
is strictly
it
and attached
parts.
126. Line-shafts.
mit power.
They
Line-shafts are
are
made
and
Pulleys or gears
Consider
first
Because of
its
When
subjected to
it
is
it.
its
its
own
inertia gives
the shaft
is
This
subjected.
is
due
force.
The "sag"
mass
to lie off
As
this critical
speed
is
is
shaft
is
The
large.
The
size of
shaft,
and
AND
AXLES, SHAFTS,
SPINDLES.
169
is
as follows
17
= 400\.|
fix
i= distance
r= radius
of shaft in inches;
= revolutions
When
L naturally
becomes smaller.*
If line-shafts are designed wholly for strength,
is
(3),
owing
them
i.e.,
if
is
to their length,
distortion
^.
It
and check
for stiffness
is
for
strength afterwards.
^ should
Combining
this rule
(5)
tortion,
MtLiSo
for
a round wrought-iron or
.=4.8
when
d= diameter
get
'"'''
'
of shaft in inches;
H.P.= horse-power
to
be transmitted;
see
we
shaft.
I,
p. 279.
MACHINE DESIGN.
170
Having determined
against
stiffness
the
torsion
The
Consider
first
Both ends
2d.
One end
3d.
rule of practice
is
and one
free
is
a bare shaft.
ist.
between sup-
any
direction.
fixed.
fixed.
In each case
= average
= 1/100
inch;
L
2400
Each
case
y=
For case
I,
the deflection
For case
II,
the deflection y
For case
y=
Since
TtCP
.28
is
,
,
while
(Case
I)
(Case II)
(Casein^
and
for
= 30,000,000,
a load = wZ,.
^^.
77EI
y=
beam with
j^r.
ig2EI
t-t -
it
Z=
follows that
75-?^;
L=ioo'V'^;
1 = 130"^^.
and Zf=
AXLES, SHAFTS,
When
AND
must be determined
in
i?!
SPINDLES.
etc.,
the deflection
each case.
mined
-^
same
of the value of
conditions.
pull,
deter-
CHAPTER
XII.
Jour-
nals
about axes
may
be
conical, or, in
journals, as
more
machines.
in
far as size
The
cases, spherical.
concerned,
is
dictated
design of
by one or
(i)
To
(4)
To
illustrate
(2)
(3)
(i),
let
Fig.
122
represent
is
and T2.
The
The
and the
of the lubricant.
belt,
pulley on the
ABC.
Rota-
Ti
box or bearing, D.
measured
by
measured by
the
the
T^
that rupture
+ T2.
or
undue yielding
shall
stresses.
To
illustrate (2),
ing- lathe.
The
a grind-
porm
must be maintained
173
relatively large
wearing surface
*T,
Fig. 122.
is
To
lubricant.
would
faces
grit.
its
therefore necessary,
may
upon a journal
resulting from
result.
PROJECTED area;
128. Allowable
i.e., its
length multiplied by
Bearing Pressure.
The
its
diameter.
allowable pressure
The
illustration
The squeezing
out of the
a function
faces
of
the
time as well as
The
its
oil
from between
box
of pressure.
is,
therefore,
If
the sur-
MACHINE DESIGN.
174
more
the
oil
velocity of
oil is
RUBBING SURFACES.
When
a journal
is
But
if
is
upon
it,
this pressure
has
sufficient
is
oil.
periodically reversed, as
oil is
has opportu-
oil
Hence a higher
pres-
first.
If the direction of
motion
is
oil
Therefore a
journal
is
is
assisted in doing
still
allowable.
higher pressure
Practical experi-
The
as
shown
in the
fit
bearing surfaces.
of journal
The
may
Table XV.
Kind
of Bearing.
crank-pins of shearing-machines
journals, center-crank high-speed engines
journals, side-crank low-speed engines
Crank -pins
of high-speed engines
must be
following table
be taken as a guide:
Main
Main
The
of the
2000-3000
180- 240
160- 220
250- 600
,
870-1550
910-1675
1000 1860
300- 600
Journals.
To
illustrate
may
There
be reduced
(a)
by insuring accuracy
and
and
its
this resistance
bearings; (6)
by insuring
its
oil,
maintaining the
means
fric-
of
may demand;
the
if
always a
is
may
even
(4),
is
occur.
I7S
supply to the
the friction
may
to
bearing
By
surfaces.
these
it
frictional resistance,
is
its
till its
always
raises the
fast as
it is
is
is
it
bearing.
box remains
and
This heat
gener-
If,
how-
can be disposed
it
of,
it is
air,
so that
generated.
it
is
able to dispose of
may under
enough
and
disposal,
to destroy the
pose
now
that a journal
of pressure
cool.
and surface
Suppose next
is
velocity,
and
that
it
remains entirely
ments on the
Sup-
is
increased.
friction in journals
show
All
modem
experi-
Therefore the
in-
MACHINE DESIGN.
176
this resist-
The work
velocity.
is
therefore increased
It
is
work
this
which has
of friction
and
its
The
box.
but the box has not been changed in any way, and
velocity,
therefore
was
its
before,
ing to heat
same as
the
is
is
Some change
in order to
the
by
rate of gen-
the increase in
it
was before
the increase
increase in velocity.
If the
its
bear-
velocity.
must be made
as.it
was before
in.
it
box
will
be proportion-
it
be appar-
will
ent that this change has not affected the relation of the rate
of generation of heat to the disposal of
of the journal be increased, the
as before
work
box
But
it.
of friction
of the
box
to heat is reduced.
the length
if
the
is
same
is
increased and
If,
therefore, the
dictated by
it,
it
its
surface,
is
the vital
The
reason
why
high-
speed journals have greater length in proportion to their diameter than low-speed journals will
The
lost
by PfiizdN,
^ = coefficient of
which
friction,
P=mean
(f
now
be apparent.
to friction
total
may
be expressed
pressure on
journal,
177
dl.
It follows
PfindN
may
write
= K.
dl
1
= PfmN
tions.
of values of
may
K.
nals *
The proportions
Kind
of Journal.
of engine-jour-
MACHINE DESIGN.
178
The
pressure per
running cool
out,
{i.e.,
to
being squeezed
soft steel,
and hard
lbs.
Bronze, however,
ing destruction.
is
much
Cast iron will run on cast iron where, owing to large bearing surfaces, the unit pressure
Where
is light.
the pressure
and
the pressure
way
Wrought
steel will
is light.
It
steel will
not
in engine-journals.
and hard
run on hard
steel.
Steel
under
steel if
lbs.
run under as
will
shafts,
Journals gener-
their
The
it
may
be considered as sub-
which
=P,
/s
stress;
* C. F. Porter, Trans. A. S.
t Trans. A. S.
tibid.
M.
M.
moment,
= safe
ri
to a
179
r= radius
P/ =bendin<T
o
of shaft.
This can
r.
be hollow,
journal
is
subjected
to,
is
^f^
}-o.ssM,+o.6sVM,^+Mp.
For a hollow circular section
moment and Mt
In general
it
will
the twisting
moment.
Design
the
main journal
of
side-crank
low-speed engine.
Diameter of cylinder = 16
ins.
=36
ins.
Length
of stroke
lbs.
full
pressure to half-
MACHINE DESIGN.
i8o
The
.'.
total net
At point
of
the position of
forward pressure
maximum
maximum
= 20,106
lbs.
which corresponds to
torsional effect,
velocity of piston,
no energy
is
used
and
FpVp = FcVc;
is
piston;
less
is
greater than
FV
Fp, since
F^=^^.
crank and
is
is
= 20,500
a twisting
moment
is
also a
and a
half
lbs.
connecting-rod
jFc
to five
inch-lbs.
to 20,500
the dis-
most cases
assumed;
this distance
for,
may be known,
the
length of the
main journal
im-
known, since
this length
of the
journal
Fig. 123.
must be
of the crank-pin
In
crank
diameter
are
is
and the
the
very
dimensions sought.
Assume then
6 inches long,
is
main journal 6
JOURNALS, BEARINGS,
AND
LUBRICATION.
i8l
=20,500X12 = 246,000
3^fcj
The
inch- lbs.
equivalent bending
moment
to
=M,b
-I-
3690002
M, = ^;
But
r^_
4X374375
nj
like
this
may be
taken = 12,000
lbs.
steel.
...
;_
4X374375
3/
^ 7rXi20OO
=3.41 inches;
.*.
The
diameter,* or 14 inches.
lbs.
To
maximum
know
would be necessary
to
parts,
due
due
to the steam.
the diameter of
it
The
to
is
to
make
of the cylinder.
* See Table XVI, p. 177.
M/I CHINE
82
134. Problem.
It will
Design
DESIGN.
same engine.
it
will
refer-
have an excess
of strength.
Allowing
1200
lbs.
make
to
it
fol-
lows that
1200
l=i.id;
but
1200
d = 4. inches, nearly;
and
.'.
Checking
to a
/= 1.1X4 = 4^
for strength,
this
inches, say.
'
P = 20500
-=
2
=
2'^
2.2t;
r=2
/=
,
is,
'
in outer fiber
4X20500X2.25
TT
which
inches;
inches,
/ = stress
..
lbs.,
X OQ
inch;
wrought iron or
steel.
p. 174.
engine.
Problem.
Design
This pin
also
the
cross-head pin
183
the
for
same
lubrication.
Allowing 1400
may be taken
lbs. per square inch as the permissible pressure on the journal,* and noting that the
length
^ives
dl=
20500
1400
l^i.^d,
20500
'
1400
and
d=T,^ inches;
.'.
Checking
= 4^
it
inches.
is
way
Fig. 124.
by shearing on two
is
surfaces,
A-B
and
D-E
P-
/2;rr2;
20500
'
2X71X2.2,4.'
11
50
lbs.
make
is
p. i74-
it.
t See Table
surrounds
The nature
XVI,
p. 177.
of
MACHINE DESIGN.
84
wear
it
to
an oval
cross-section.
in
new
the
position.
Maintenance of Form.
of form
dent,
of chief importance
is
or
Journals
according
theory can
lead
correct
to
the judgment
to
maintenance
whose
No
designer.
of the
proportions.
Machine
Evolution.
137. Thrust-journals.
When
rotating-machine
part
and
of the shaft
its
attached parts,
due
is
due
to the
working
to the
In other cases
of the shaft.
This
125.
may be
If the pressure
it
is
to
weight
force,
up " end
In
means
of that pressure.
is
is
The end-
inserted in a bronze or
brass
reducing
the
pressure
per
square
inch.
This
enlargement
Si
Fig. 126.
Fig. 125.
limits,
and
however.
ACD
is
its
AB
is
bear-
The
sidered.
CD.
velocity
at the axis to a
of
maximum
i8S
and D.
It
the force of
force acts;
therefore
it
the
tendency to wear.
work
From
of the friction,
this
and
be seen
will
it
to
the
circumference of this
bearing has rim for a while, the pressure will be localized near
the
center,
For
result.
is
what
is
is
usually divided up
known
as
this
thrust-bearing," as
"collar
shown
in Fig.
127.
Fig. 127.
By the
may be
is
number
The
wear.
as
increase in the
radial
is
kept
as small
the design.
It is
to
wear
work
for this
and
all
be shown
1 86
MACHINE DESIGN.
readily to be excessive.
easily adjustable.
The
is
pressure that
is
it
and the
bridges, cranes,
movement
like the
and
and
inch,
very high
is
some
in
wrought iron or
(babbitt metal
i.e.,
in a bath of
oil.
is
steel,
The
1500
lbs.
per square
The
in the
is
used,
tion
to
designing of thrust-bearings.
is
equal often
cases greatly
may
following table
may
is
is
of bronze or brass
this purpose).
Bath lubrica-
Table XVII.
Allowable Unit
Pressure,
Pounds per
Mean
Square Inch of
Projected Area
of the
Rubbing
Surface.
1500
200
50
50 to 100
100
loo
150
150 to 200
to-
75
60
Above 200
If
the journal
50
is
of cast iron
The most
efficient
M.
E.,
bearings.
t See Trans. A. S.
M.
and Proc.
Inst.
M.
of the shaft
187
of the step a
The
is
fastened to
As
the shaft, the lower to the step, and the rest are free.
cated, each disk has a hole through the middle
and
disks
indi-
radial grooves
Fig. 128.
when
the shaft
is
rotating
is
The
to force
action supplying
motion between
oil to
This
pump
the surfaces.
This form
successive surfaces to a
pressures to be carried.
end grain
of very
bearing materials.
138. Problem.
journal that
is
It
is
88
of
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
The
a small yacht.
maximum power
screw
is
screw
slip of
feet;
a distance = 4 feet
may
be resolved into
is
pitch of
moves forward
feet,
of
= 250X3.2 =800.
= 7oX33,ooo = 2, 310,000
This work
4 inches.
is
less
70 H.P.
is
70 H.P.
is
diameter of shaft
The
per minute.
ft.-lbs.
its
factors of force
and space,
lbs.,
nearly.
The
beyond
shaft
is
surface.
its
rubbing surface
is
mean
X 250 = 294
feet
velocity of rubbing
The
per minute.
The
necessary area
square inches.
is
it is
is
50
lbs.
0.75 inch;
the
^^Xn
5.52 X:?r
number
of
collars
23.7-12.5 = 11.2
equals
the
139. Bearings
and Boxes.
^The function
which
sq.
total
is
be assumed =
=
Then
same
The width
it
m.
required area
= 5.18,
say
6.
of a bearing or
must therefore
fit
box
lost
motion;
axis.
must
means
sarily
from wear
up the
of taking
must
motion that
lost
resist
results neces-
come upon
it
the material of
least
will
189
The
of sufficient strength
and
stiffness
so
it
lubrication.
the journal
shells,
this
box
and providing
itself
Thus, in Fig.
129,
the collars for the preventing of end motion while running are
By
sections
and the
lost
number
motion
is
axis O,
and
all
direction shown.
the box.
It will
in
is
it
The tendency
to
wear
is
box
Fig. 130.
Thus, in Fig.
the wear
made
Fig. 129.
into halves.
be
left.
may
is
due
The wear
to the pressure
will
the
acting in the
up
of
wear
to dress off
ipo
MACHINE DESIGN.
and thus the box-cap may be drawn further
down by
reduced to an admis-
is
sible value.
sheet metal,
may be
of the
box
at aa,
it
necessary.
of the journal
must be
raised.
Thus,
in Fig. 131,
There
is
represents the
an engine.
dency
main
not constant.
is
shaft of
to
wear because
its
attached parts;
there
The
is
also a ten-
and
>c
Fig. 132.
return stroke
to
may
be represented by
and D.
Provision needs
directions.
If the
line
EF, wear
will
be
(Fig.
132),
and
is
divided into
and
are
may
of " shims."
The
lost
its
box
is
sometimes
191
is
conical
The box
is
and
fits
at
through at A,
and
is
screwed up,
further
the
effect
being to
The ends
and C.
lowable amount
exter-
in a conical hole in
split entirely
The
is
is
an unal-
loosened and
Fig. 133.
is
lost
motion
is
reduced.
its
entire surface.
This
it
is
box has the advantage that it holds the axis of the journal in
a constant position. As far as is possible the box should be
so designed as to exclude all dust and grit from the bearing
surfaces.
need
to
when
some
yielding
rigid,
as
rigid as possible.
the length
made
is
192
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
box
free to
is
shown
move
in
in Fig. 134.
is
itself to
box
this point,
This result
shaft.
is
attained as
is
Fig. 134.
and
being at O.
The
a center.
as
box
itself is free to
move
in
itself
localization of pressure
is
impossible.
and
its
down
as
wear occurs.
is
may
is
The
is
thus be equalized.*
of lubrica-
which the rubbing surfaces are constantly submerged in a bath of lubricating fluid. This method should be
tion
is
that in
"Maw's Mod-
Unfortunately
It
merged.
is
If
it
if
the pressure
'^9Z
and surface
velocity
not necessary that the whole surface be suba part of the moving surface runs in the oil-bath it'
is sufficient.*
Let J, Fig. 135, represent a journal with its box, and let A,
B, and C be oil-holes.
If oil is introduced into the hole A, it
MM W,
Fig. 135.
shortest way,
i.e.,
it
of the box.
If oil
be introduced at C,
it
will
come out
it
ought,
when
at
at E.
The
lubricated.
It
as possible from the side where the forces press the journal
box
and C, and
closest together.*
If
and
duced
at the small
end
oil
should be intro-
journal surface.
* Tower's experiments, Proc. Inst.
M.
E., 1883
and
18
MACHINE DESIGN.
194
If
whose outline
cone or
oil will
be carried by
up between
high,
return the
centrifugal force,
A A.
oil to
its
137, the
If holes connect
is
B, the
the velocity be
will be delivered
and B, gravity
will
has simply a
flat
end, as in Fig.
oil
it
under a pressure
may
"float" the
sufficient to
journals
if
and
oil,
If the thrust-journal
tained.
bath of
Marine
Fig 137,
Fig. 136.
Sometimes a journal
about
is
it,
introduced
is
stationary,
into a tube, as
it
away from
often
is
done,
its
rotates
If the oil
centrifugal
But
if
duced into
it
If a journal
hole
is
Fig. 138.
motion, a channel
may
it
19s
where oil may be introduced conveniently, to the rubbing surfaces, and the oil will be carried out by centrifugal
tion,
force.
is
Thus
Fig. 139
introduced at
b,
shows an engine-crank
and
centrifugal
a,
where
it
force
it
Fig. 140.
its
box.
If a journal
the best.
An
mounted
is
projects from
its
delivery-tube.
hangs suspended
at
the reciprocating
part,
and
its
delivery-tube from
lubricated.
When
the
end.
which
drop of
Another
carries a
oil
oil
runs
cup
is
flat
wick
down and
attached to
hooked "wiper," C.
one of
in
its
is
in
The
through
Fig. 139.
able feed
carries
Oil
&
:)
carried
in section.
oil
of
faces to be lubricated.
the cross-head
pin of
sometimes applied
to the oiling of
is
through a part
MACHINE DESIGN.
196
When
is
to
oiling
probably preferable.
is
so
if
any reason, " tallow-boxes " or " grease-cups " are used.
These are
cup-like
an
of
filled
rise
if
there
and runs
to the
rubbing
solid
is
is
at
the least
oil- supply,
is
used
very
are:
I.
The
The
oil-cup
II.
The
Y""'J/'("'"-
fi ).^
it
^^^
'l^'iViSJ
Fig. 142.
Fig. 143.
Fig. 141.
inserted in
wicking
The
is
inserted,
and
its
In
to the
The
oil-cup
III.
is filled
and
the rod
down
it
is
friction
and
The
bath.
pad
is
inserted, its
bottom being
oil,
cut
away
is
cut
away and
in contact with
Fig. 143
an
oil-
all oil
to the reservoir.
lubrication.
be considered as
shows a ring
catch
and maintains
may
constant supply of
it
box
special
oiling bearing.
to permit this;
and extends
A-A
which runs
it,
197
oil
from the
it,
oil.
the lower
The
box
rotation of
reservoir.
CHAPTER
XIII.
By substituting
rolling
In the design
reduced.
greatly
of
motion
can be
The arrangement
the parts
of
amount
The form
is
and
their
form must be
of sliding.
of the constraining surfaces
the rolling parts will not have any effective tendency to leave
their proper guides or "races."
III.
The
rollers
and
balls
exclude
all
dust and
These points
142.
I.
made
to
grit.
Rolling, Sliding,
and Spinning.
At
is
shown
of all auxiliary
parts.
At
198
ROLLERis
AND
BALL-BEARINGS.
At
for a roller-bearing.
and
the box.
contact of
Consider
R and S
were
a cross-section
is
sufl&cient there
the journal
is
199
of
or of S, and
relative to
if
would be no reason
the surface
for slippage.
two points
this
is
of contact.
fundamental form.
Fig. 145
rollers in place.
Fig. 145.
the best service with the least wear will be given when the
and
is
groimd-steel ring
is
fitted
To meet
this
when
rollers
run between
the outer surface of the former and the inner surface of the
latter.
To
illustrate this,
known
as "spinning."
shown
MACHINE DESIGN.
in Fig. 146.
in B,
when
the bearing
of R, with
is
C-D
become small
remains parallel
to axis
of R
and
areas, as
shown
in B.
any instant
at
it
E-F.
But
on each side
will
Considering
be seen that
m
Fig. 147.
Fig. 146.
there
is
thrust-bearing.
is
in this
the action
manner naturally
known as "spin-
,.-
Obviously
is
it
point bearing, as
'even
shown
This
is
more marked
in Fig. 147.
is
G-H;
to axis
contact
C-D
areas,
E~F
and
become
and "spinning"
is
remain parallel
less friction
than a four-point.
less
never be used.
A
it
becomes
excessive.
is
ROLLER.
ating force
lies
AND
20I
BALL-BEARINGS.
This
true because
is
it is
merely
it
^
it
Fig. 148.
The
stated
mz
Fig. 149.
may now
be
asfoUows
For true
and box
rolling,
(i.e.,
main
axis
of the bearing at a fixed point throughout the complete revolution of the journal.
This
may
plates
By
r
,
on
the
principles
roll
on S,
require a force
i? will
overcome the
o
of
resistance.
to
which
}P
(i.e.,
The motion
rolling there is
proportional
of
on
i?
to
P)
causes
to
These
two forces being equal, opposite, and applied at the same distance from the center of R, form a couple whose effect would
be to give
center,
and perpendicular
This case
is
to the plane in
similar to those
shown
its
lie.
M/iCHlNE DESIGN.
in the cases there
ball in case
shown S and
and each
Each
roller in case
dotted
main
the
lines.
The
by the
intersect
all
therefore fulfilled.
In
the
shown
cases
Figs. 146
in
thrust- bearings
and
147, obviously
shown
rotation of
first.'
the
is
one of
The
OY, and
A and B
are termed
OY
O.
at
be a right angle;
it
is
It is
OF
its
As
OX
more, since
of the load,
"spinning."
it
and
is
is
at
of
any
Relatively to the
OX
which
XOY
and
the axis
is
sta-
and
the
always cuts
respectively.
all
is
moving member,
the balls,
relatively to T.
and
Fig. 150:
|c
--^^Hun
Take case A
tionary member,
in
the
OY
fulfilled.
and T.
Further-
ROLLER-
AND
In case B, as S rotates
to
and S
similarly,
AD
203
common
will
r2
BC
and
BALL-BEARINGS.
If
ri.
and,
rolling motion,
AD
would make
BC
and
r2.
But
would make
BC
AD
and
revolu-
ri
are both
the
and points
same
velocity,
motions of
and
which
and
is
of the disks
would have
have
to
as points of 5.
Hence a
cannot
roller
Consider case C.
will
have a
and
BC
to ^2
Consider
ri.
AD
about
its
axis
to
OX
r2,
will
proportional to
_ _.
then the
be
BC
will
AD
j-^ =
and
of
\i
as
has a
angular velocity
proportional to
about axis
OX
-Xnwill
be
MACHINE DESIGN.
204
This
will
lies
T when
Any
OBC.
motion
OY
rela-
actuated by S.
In ball thrust-bearings
in the cage that
it is
minimizes wear.
flat
The
groove-
of " spinning."
About 120
The
becomes akin
ball
with which
will
it
to
a cone as far as
as a ball as far as
its
relation with
its
relation with T,
concerned.
is
is
concerned.
OX
correct axis
isfied.
is
The
It
it
In each
about the
A-B
remains
where
it
Fig. 151.
Fig. 152.
four-point ball-bearing
As
far as its
ball
Fig.
becomes akin
to
a cone.
to
T and 5
205
Similarly a cup
Fig. 153.
143. II.
The form
The
any
must be such
effective
tendency
is
j\
In two-point bearings the
One
reduced to a minimum.
and cone-bearings
it
is
least play
In cup-
impossible to
and the
is
all
will allow
times,
some
of
Fig.
such
bearing
loosely adjusted.
The
that
loaded cup
its
the cone.
axis
lies
The
is
forced
down
so
Fig. 154.
top
ball
is
MACHINE DESIGN.
2o6
lower ball
the
rolling;
Investigation has
is
shown
free
to roll
to
a and
should each
/?
its
the load.
wedge
the balls to
it
becomes subjected to
acute there
is
a tendency for
III.
144.
is
less
Then
and
balls
concerned.
show
experiments
much
should be very
Careful
is
for balls
Po^Kd^,
<i
K=i 500
K=
for
= diameter
hardened
steel
of ball in inches.
balls
and
four-
point bearing.
For cast-iron
For
balls
and
rollers
Po = Kdl.
K=ioot>
for
hardened
In thrust-bearings,
balls
=, we have
if
diameter of cone,
steel.
the total
load=P and
the
number
of
n
* See article by R. Janney in American Machinist, Jan.
t See excellent article
.1901.
by Professor Stribeck
5,
in Z. d. V. d.
1899.
I.,
ROLLER-
^ND
BALL-BEARINGS.
207
is
It
number
of Bearing.
and
the
{i.e.
number
given the
r= radius
^To
of ball.
of
i?
= radius
AB = 2r.
by the chord
one to
mid-point of A-B.
of
ball
two consec-
From
draw two
balls
utive balls
their diameter d.
circle.
the
of balls.
145. Size
circle
is
to
^^' ^^5-
the
Then
r
= i? sin
a, and,
180
smce
n
r
R=
180
sm
This
is
when
be as
much
This
may
it
When
4
may be allowed for by making
one
It is desir-
than
by an amount
MACHINE DESIGN.
2o8
ning,"
faulty
and Sealing.
adjustment,
On
and
rolling
grit,
any danger of
felt
used both to retain the lubricant for bath lubrication and for
keeping out
all dirt.
CHAPTER
XIV.
147. Couplings
Couplings
to connect the
are those
nent or disengaging.
148.
Permanent
manent coupling
is
The
They
other.
and may be
are therefore
perma-
classified as
Couplings.
shown
The
simplest
in Fig. 156,
Each
and
is
form
of
known
shaft has a
per-
as the
keyway cut
Fig. 156.
at the end.
The
bored an exact
length.
the key
When
is
the sleeve
driven
fit
is
home and
the chapter on
Means
is
entire
its
down
Rotation.
209
My4CHINE DESIGN.
149. Flange couplings are
illustrates
the
frequently
used,
and
type.
Fig.
157
indicated.
OJS-H|
Fig. 157.
The number
diameter
d'
a torsional
of bolts
moment about
to
3+d.
combined strength
their
Their
to resist
nd^
nd'^,.
16'
/= allowable
stress
in
outer
fiber
of shaft,
pounds per
square inch;
<;^'=
//= allowable
This equation
will
approximately give
d'
150,
Compression
and
The
first
is
shown
in
211
and
tudinally
two
rings
is
is split
in halves longi-
The
these tapers.
Fig. 158.
lit
Key
Fig. 159.
151.
The "
outer sleeve
bushing
is
Sellers
" coupling
shown
is
in
160.
split
cone
left for
three
is
Openings are
An
Fig.
Section o-b
Fig. 160.
tolts
by means
and thus
is
of
closed
also provided.
which
down on
and
are
key
MACHINE DESIGN.
212
132.
For
Oldham's Coupling.^
Rl
Where
identical.
parallel,
the
coupUng
Oldham's
may
be used.
shown
in Fig.
161,
and
Each
shaft
It is
L^
foregoing coup-
the
of
all
to
a flange or disk
it
Fig. 161.
face.
its
fit
and are
153.
the grooves
Hooke's
Coupling.
each other.
joint "
Each
is
tongues, which
run
freely,
The
may be
intersect,
used.
It is
Hooke's
shown
its
in
end.
Fig. 162.
Each
stirrup
is
intermediate member,
at a right angle.
the reader
is
the
axes
of
whose turning
of this
pairs
are
mechanism
"Mechanics of
Machinery."
154. Flexible Couplings.
may become
some form
Where
slightly out of
in Fig.
163.
alignment are
of flexible coupling
is illustrated
shafts
Each
is
advisable.
to
be connected,
Their principle
its
end a
which has
number
213
The
of pins.
pins are
so placed that those in the one circle will not strike those in
the other
if
either shaft
When
rest.
one shaft
is
is
Fig. 163.
155. Disengaging
positive drive
commonly
of two
and
called
couplings
or
of
two
general
Positive-drive
friction drive.
toothed
members having
in Fig. 164,
are
classes:
couplings are
They
claw couplings.
in action.
is
consist
shown
keyed rigidly
Fig. 164.
to
its
shaft.
When B
is
jF,
moved
214
M/iCHINE DESIGN.
and
D
is
the
The
in the groove ,
and
may
equals the
following equations
may
and
In the
is
opposed
Some-
first
be used.*
mean
If
be written
/"~a"
shaft,
split ring
freely.
it fits
fit
which
^ ^"^ /'
the
torsional
A'
stress.
all
the teeth
is
en-
/^
stress.
and
is
/,'
the area of
is
the
root of the
stress.
156. Friction
By means
siderable
of a lever,
axial
conical surfaces,
which
pressure.
This induces
friction
resists
friction
relative
with a con-
between the
rotation.
To
analyze the forces, consider Fig. 166 which shows two conical
* See
article in
9,
1903.
is
2a.
rK
tS
The
angle at the
2i6
MACHINE DESIGN.
Table XVIII.
157.
Weston
ciple of the
^=o.io
= 0.15
=0.20
= 0.20
Friction Coupling.
Weston
on cast iron
on paper
iron on leather
iron on wood.
For heavy
friction coupling, as
shown
may
Section ILB
Fig. 167.
be used.
The
of iron rings
sleeve
of the
wooden
is
sleeve
carries
their sliding.
Fig. 168.
will
rings.
Then, when
is
pressed toward
/x
If
is
total
217
friction
the
158.
Fig. 168.
To
is
left,
thus
its
proper speed,
is
is
shown
in
of the rings,
When
the driven
CHAPTER
XV.
BELTS.
Motion by
159. Transmission of
and
let
Belts.
In
CD
be their
tensible
common
connection
between
and
tangent,
let it
represent an inex-
two cylinders.
the
Since
it
is
of the
Fig. 169.
cylinders,
Two
and
linear velocity
different radii,
same
velocities
which are
belt.
Let
become
CD'
pulleys,
be drawn;
this
is
The
belt will
true
Suppose
line to
become
angular
This
the cylinders to
rotated
is
have angular
when
it
belt
endless,
remain always
tangent to the pulleys, and will transmit such rotation that the
2l8
BELTS.
219
The
points
and
to
an open
belt.
and CDD'C'C
an open
is
and
is
and
Since the
belt.
practically inex-
the same;
is
therefore
in
as their radii.
it
is
not.
motion
Hence the
In the
is
reversed, while
first
corresponds to
gears meshing directly with each other, while the second corre-
While
it is
in
idler,
many
or to the case
places positive
demand
gears
belts are
Of course
ness;
is
would
it is
and
is
it
of the belt.
of belting,
it is
20
MACHINE DESIGN.
The proportioning
belt.
and
ute,
is
now
is
that
be
conveniently used
X = the diameter
with
16-inch
But a pulley
used on a dynamo.*
less
dynamo
30-inch pulley
It is
to run
the largest
is
hangers.
dynamo
min-
Let
then from
therefore
^ = 2.5
Suppose
it
is
6 inches.
It is
change of speed,
i.e.,
with one
belt.
Two
changes of speed
Fig. 171.
may
this
it is
means
is
to the counter as
velocity ratio
to the
would be \/(i8oo-^i5o)
By
If
line shaft
=Vi2
=3.46.
But
this
This
limitirig size is
and
its efficiency.
(See 171.)
221
BELTS.
equal.
The
and
4.
is
the
dynamo-shaft.
30 inches,
repre-
is
to
be
eter
The
pulley on the
shaft
is
to run
one fourth as
fast as the
the counter-
may
belt
= 24
must be
inches.
towards the
the rotation be as
and
Thus
pulley.
if,
in Fig.
172,
pushed
will be
to one side, as
will consequently be
is
shown, and
some new
carried into
Hence,
advances.
maintain
its
left
position on a pulley,
as
it
may
the cen-
When
and
trans-
Belts.
In
AB
and
and the
belt will
if
the axis
CD
is
CD
are
fulfilled,
were turned
some new position, as CD', the side of the belt that advances
toward the pulley E from F cannot have its center line in a
into
But
if
may
CD,
it
will
run
off.
perpendicular to
M/tCHINE DESIGN.
22
in
way
such a
is
known
and
as
"twist" belt, and when the angle between the shaft becomes
90,
it
Rotation
Fig. 174.
and
it is
To make
a "quarter-twist" belt.
is
is
transmitted from
io
this
clearer, see
B\>y an open
belt,
/
I
/
/
I
I
/
)
^'
^+-7
c
2 ^/(^
-.D'
Fig. 173.
that of A.
arrows.
to pass
The
Draw
Fig. 174.
direction of rotation
the line
CD.
If
now
is
as indicated by the
the line
become an
axis,
may
be turned about
belt
ED
it,
the pulley
B when
During
CF, which
is
rotation occurs,
to the axis of
A.
its
this
is
A and
it
belt
may
FC
line
The
part
ED,
since
it
has
supposed
is
and D,
remain stationary.
CD
CD
B may
as an axis,
be swung into
BELTS.
223
of
AB
and CD,
means
lines
Let
and F.
Draw
of a belt ruiming
EK
and
FH
any convenient
size,
on the pulleys
and
to the other
EK
Draw
by
center
the circle, G,
and
FH.
In
/^
MACHINE DESIGN.
224
Crowning Pulleys.
164.
Ac
15
'^/'Y
have
AE
its
If
as in Fig.
pulley,
flat belt is
CD.
greater than on
jj
The
on
AB
will be
AC
tend
will
to
SJ
Fig ^176
will
why
nearly
i.e.,
pulley.
the
of
except
165.
"crowning."
Cone Pulleys.
of different degrees
obtaining them
series of steps,
is
By
series of steps.
by use of cone
is
tight
must be
to another
is
used on
be the same
changed.
would be too
pulleys.
may
first
considered.
The
length
tion;
Then
pulley.
sum
of
will
be constant.
and
r,
R+r
and
is
is
their radii
For
(R + r)-^d).
changed
so
in the
by hypothesis constant.
R + r;
but
is
225
BELTS.
made
in the variables
and
r,
so long as their
It will
now
given steps
R'+r'^a;
same
in
belt
Let
both cases.
to
It is
some other
/ = radii
R' and
constant,
is
sum
and
radii of the
r'
=b.
R+r=
Fig. 177.
For an open
it is
belt the
r',
found
is
L=2V(P-{R-rf + n{R + r)
+ 2{R r)
If
and
(arc
whose sine
changed as before
r are
Rr
would
{i.e.,
is
{R r)-^
d).
R + r = R' + r'=a.
and
open
belts
The determination
difficult
of cone
matter,
Method
for
Cone-pulley Design.
and
is
is
due
to
The
fol-
Mr. C. A. Smith,
226
MACHINE DESIGN.
American Society
of the
Suppose
p. 269.
of
X,
first
that transmit a certain velocity ratio are given, and that the
The
is
given.
Fig. 178.
and O'
circles
steps;
draw a
straight line
GH
at J,
and lay
off
a distance
JK equal
to the distance
between centers,
GH.
common
the
so determined,
Any
line
draw a
OD
is
AB
tan-
be
that
circular arc
drawn tangent
OD, draw
a circle
step.
But suppose
that, instead of
BELTS.
227
= r,
equals
Also, '
r.
Ob^O'E^FO^FO'.
and FO'=x.
r
and C
steps
r=
Therefore
from
if
to
it
The
FO=C + x,
but
C-\-x
and x
ri
triangles
Hence with
AB,
any pair
of cones
located,
the cone
and a
r,
determined by a
as follows:
measure
velocity
distance.
r=^,-
drawn tangent
tangent to
The given
Therefore
such that
= Q7g-
Suppose
perpendicular
the
may
straight-edge
to
distances from
the arc
it
to
AB
and
and O'.
of
connected by a
produce rotation
practically
Belts.
belt.
Fig.
this tension
equal.
Let
in the
the belt
and
is
is
applied tending to
represent
this
tension.
is
now
If
Rl, be applied to
the
upper
Then
rotation begins *
i.e.,
is resisted
With
side.
of the pulley.
pulleys
Tz
an increasing moment, represented by
driver, its effect
two
represents
179
When no moment
till
it
is
at the surface
as long as Ti
T2=P,
in
which
T'i= tension in the driving side and T'2= tension in the slack
* While the moving parts are being brought up to speed the difference
tension
must equal
of
228
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
The
side.
at the
T
To
The
increased
is
= T3.
Therefore
I 2
is
and pulley
surface.
Consider any
Fig. 179.
Fig. 180.
element of the
belt,
ds,
Fig.
181.
It
is
in
equilibrium under
T + dT,
end
of ds:
dF = fipds,
the
friction
of the pulley
pulley face.
Let
and
ds;
first
determined.
BELTS.
t=aUowable working
229
tension in
4=;
t
w= weight
'7= velocity of
22
^= acceleration
due
to gravity
= 32.2
feet per
second per
second
of belt in pounds;
M/tCHINE DESIGN.
230
mass X velocity^
Centrifugal
force
= j--
radius of curvature
ifl
C= -^
in foot-pounds-second system.
As an abbreviation
T w
v^
let z
v^
12'wv^
cds
= Tds.
12'WV'^
gi
:.c = T,
and
T
Now,
Since
dT
is
introduced by considering
-pds
of ^5,
is
comp. =0,
in Fig. 181)
pds + cds^T
a = total
d
is
dQ\
dd
dd
/
sm~^{T + dT)U,-s^.\.
is
radians.
Also
dT and
their product
pds^cds^Tdd.
pds
= Tde-cds = Tdd-Tds.
r
But
ds^rdd.
pds
in
Therefore
:.
dJd
be considered equal to
dropped.
dd
may
may
be
BELTS.
Summing
the
moments about o
231
(Fig. 181) gives
T + dT = T+p.pds.
dT =tipds=}iT{i-z)dd.
:.
dT
= fiii-z)dd,
-Y=^fi(^-z}J^dd.
log,yi = //(i-z)5
common
and
log
T
=
^
J-
The
.4343//(i-z)/?.
now
established:
Ti-Tz-'P,
(i)
Ti + T2 = 2T3,
(2)
T
jr = 4343/^(1 -z)^
log
When
of z
is
so small that
it
under 2000
is
^3)
feet per
(3)
becomes
= .4343/^jr
J
2
The
right-hand
members
may
If
of (i)
of
and
(the
(3)
belt.
by the
belt)
velocity, or
P=
W
y-.
The
power
in feet
value of
is
MACHINE DESIGN.
232
The
fi,
value
the material
and with
and character
Experiments made
of Professor
belting running
efficient driving is
about 3
to
above hmits,
initial tension,
= r3^
T1
if
+ T2
-,
is
//
the belt
and the
The weight
= w = 0.035 lb.
The
of leather belting
This
belt.
is
is
and v
and
is
/.
...
= 300
lbs.
is
Table XIX.
lbs.
about equivalent to 70
The
Values of
z.
BELTS.
9000
feet-
i z
per minute.
reduce
to zero.
is
so great that
no pressure
between the belt and the face of the pulley and hence
exists
there
233
is
no
friction.
168. Problem.
= 0.667
^A single-acting
connected
foot in diameter,
The number
The plunger
pump
of strokes per
minute
is
50.
is
by spur-gears
of
is
gears
being such that the pulley-shaft runs 300 revolutions per minute.
The
The
The
inches in diameter.
per
square
minute, and
inch.
its
axis
is
power from
the line-shaft
runs
is
is
100
18
lbs.
at a distance of 12 feet
the pulley-shaft.
The work
number
by the head
of
to be
is
done
equal to
in feet against
which
it
is
The number
pumped.
number
of
mmute =
strokes per
water corresponds
to
lbs.
of
100^0.433=231
One
The
foot
Xo.833X5o = i4.55,
vertical height
a pressure of 0.433
lb.
or
"head"
of
feet.
4
of pounds of water
= 14.55X62.4 = 908.
0.6672x7:
velocity of
is
pump-
in
= 209,748
is
equal to
MACHINE DESIGN.
234
Pa = 209,748
148
P = Ti
=
ft. -lbs.
minute
per
lbs.
Fig. 182.
To
find
R-r
Fig.
(see
n measure
T
log Tpr
= r =
a = i8o-2^ = i8o-7
Therefore ^ = 3 35';
in
sin/?
182)
io'
g"
^7=0.0625.
= i72'^
50';
i 2
.-.
maximum
the
The
is
lbs.,
= ^t
300
0.83
0.2
= 4 mches,
say.
169. Problem.
sixty -horse-power
Power
suppUed by a
is
minute.
The
is
10 to
dynamo
is
to
run 1500
its shaft.
to be designed.
ratio of
I
would have
to
BELTS.
dynamo, =12.5
feet,
if
235
This
tained by
means
is
be ob-
Suppose
that the diameter of the largest pulley that can be used on the
counter-shaft
=48
counter-shaft
inches.
Then
the
The
counter-shaft
= 3-i3-
be used on the
dynamo
ft. -lbs.
inches, nearly.
Ti-T2 = ^^ T^ =336
5890
lbs.
Con-
to the counter-shaft.
X 1500 = 5890
dynamo-pulley moves
Therefore
and the
=19
first
line-shaft
ratio of diameters
The
feet
per minute.
axis of the
coun ter-
"^"^
shaft
is
Rr 24-7.5
= 7 54'.
=
a 180- 2/? = 164 12',
6 = i64.2 X0.0175 =2.874.
Therefore
The
to
5890
/?
is
i'-z = o.56s.
Hence
log
-^ =0-4343X0.3X0.565X2.874 =0.2111;
.:
1^=1.626.
-t
ri=i.626r2.
(p. 232),
0.435.
MACHINE DESIGN.
236
Ti- 72 = 336
But
0.62672 = 336
.'.
.-.
The
double belt
slips at
72 = 537
lbs.
71=873
lbs.
a double
it
1X2.9=8
belt
Driving
of
This
The
{i.e.,
velocity
therefore,
ratio,
then,
From
is
when ^
of
the
equation
7
, when
is
belt
(3),
the belt
constant), de-
remains
also
independent of the
initial
T^;
tension,
Our problem,
square inches.
300
Capacity.
constant.
= 873 =2.9
is
170. Variation
231,
lbs.
calls for
p.
lbs.
72
The
on
tension, 7i
difference of
Because
T3.
pulley,
follows that
dT
is,
however, dependent
the
p,
as
directly
varies
72=7,
then,
73,
since
and
belt
dF = fipds = dT
it
and hence
fdT^Ti
This
up "
This result
problem.
and
of
is
If
is
73
and decrease
is also true.
Therefore
fi
an increase of
in the expression
-This
is
T^ would
amount
increase
BELTS.
The
P may
value of
237
by increasing
also be increased
6,
either
fi,
T
of
either
increases
the
and
ratio Tfr,
-t
Increasing Tz decreases
the
therefore
increases
life
the
of
belt.
It
also
in-
runs,
greater
lost to
or 6
is
amount
frictional
But
power
if
Tz
P by
When
increase of
AppHcation
crease
If,
possible, therefore,
fi
or
d,
is
//
pressure
remains
preferable to increase
is
it
= 2 Ts
may
belt-dressing
of
hence a
is
constant.
resistance;
is
serve
sometimes
to
in-
11.
is
is
and therefore
T
to increase t^t-t
is
away from
If
the pulleys
T
and
and
Fig
An
idler-pulley, C,
may
183.
Its
purpose
by increasing the
tension,
Ts =
pressed
be to increase
rp
rp
may
It is
MACHINE DESIGN.
238
Or
it
may
T
-
value as
is
In
force.
value of
may be
this
tact, a,
and
T3,
may
be
made
as small a
friction
small.
remembered that Ti
is
/i
may
should be
was designed.
This
upon
to
is
it
Fig. 185.
The weight
and
it
may become
Fig. 184.
slip
a,
and
of the belt,
driving capacity of
diminished;
is
or, in other
how-
The
is
had been above, there would have been a tendency for the
belt weight to increase the inequaHty of driving capacity of the
BELTS.
The
pulleys.
is
conclusion from
this,
239
as to arrangement of pulleys,
obvious.
171. Proper Size
tends to bend
around a
belt
of Ptilleys.
Work must
it.
it
is
AB,
B.
If
by the
therefore, to
belt,
it
useless heat
why
The
runs upon
it
upon D.
friction
do as
little
which
The more
pulley.
is
worn
is
Suppose
out.
moves from
toward
if
it
in
bending the
between the
It is desirable,
belt fibers.
bending as possible.
more
runs
This
efficient
is
than
one reason
little
ones.
can be avoided.
if it
belts
may
Triple
"
Quadruple
"
"
"
Double
"
"
"
"
"
"
20"
"
"
"
30"
"
between Shafts.
make
In
the design of
and the
total yielding
Belts have
if
there
some
may
the
elasticity,
stress is proportional to
There-
is
its
yielding
much
weaken the
joint.
sufficient to rupture or
173. Rope-drives.
The
less yielding
might be
where d
is
lbs.
Experiments
MACHINE DESIGN.
240
vary greatly in the value of the coefficient of friction for a welllubricated rope on a flat-surfaced smooth metal pulley.
on
of
fiat
pulleys;
The
(3J,
Table XX.
Angle of groove in degrees
made
for
[i
in the
angle of groove
of grooves.
IJ-
may
formula
It
30
p.
BELTS.
The
very rapidly.
241.
minimum
values,
d..
I"
D.
24
li"
48
36
li"
60
72
D =40(i.
It is still better to
make
Two
systems of
EngHsh and
of ropes
the American.
are used
As long
tightener.
by
side
side.
In the latter a
is
as all
the
grooves
each
in
share
system,
provided
original
tension,
of
all
the
ropes
the
its
same
had. the
same
the
amount.
larger
those in the
should have
unequally divided
among
in the
load will be
rope.*
of
be
the
contact
same
by
the
if
the
products of
respective
the arcs
coefficients
are
equal.
Fig. 186.
Am. Soc
'
MACHINE DESIGN.
242
u'
'^
= coefficient
of smaller sheave
=0.12 cosec
Then
fta
should =fi'a'.
: . cosec
r
-fa'
= cosec
X.
2
The
hesion
Table XXIV.
'
u.Q
243
BELTS.
more turns
to
of a smaller rope.
is
speed, taking
first
cost
and
relative
CHAPTER
XVI.
FLY-WHEELS.
Theory
174.
Fly-wheel.
of
Often
in
machines there
In
and yet
resistance,
is
in
is
less
uniform rate
and
effort
resistance,
which, because of
weight,
its
when
is
in excess,
the resistance
and gives
in excess.
is
when
it
usually
is
To
fulfill
velocity,
to
store
its
because
office
it
is
a fly-wheel
by reason
is
W, moving
The
it
kinetic energy,
with a velocity
is
of
able
E, of a
v, is
expressed
The
allowable
by the equation
E=
To change
E, with
constant, v
Thus
must
vary.
to be accomplished.
ning-machinery
should
be
greater
* See 43.
244
FLY-IVHBELS.
than a half of
245
pump
or a punching-
mum
If the
and the allowable variation are known, the minibecomes known and the energy that can be
velocity, V2,
stored
maximum
;
of velocity
is
175.
Wv2^
W^
2g
2g
2g^
Find the
during
Wvi^
maximum
a cycle of
^.
is
as follows:
=.
Assume a convenient mean diameter of flyFrom this and the given maximum rotative speed
system of units.
wheel rim.
W thus:
2gE
W = V-^V:^'
Substitute the values of , V\, V2, and ^ = 32.2 feet per second,
whence
of
fly-wheel rim.
The
Their
effect is to
reduce slightly
In
is
capable
but most
* Numerical examples taken from ordinary medium-sized steam-engine flywheels show that while the combined weight of arms and hub equals about one
third of the total weight of the wheel, che energy stored in them for a given variation of velocity is only about 10 per cent of that stored in the rim for the same
variation.
MACHINE DESIGN.
246
of the time
it
machine against
frictional resistance.
At
the
resistance to
parts of the
however,
intervals,
shearing
vs^hich offers
action.
its
moving
is
this resistance.
The
When
inch.
punch
the
is
about 50,000
lbs.
It
thick.
per square
which
= diam-
punch, / = thickness
eter of hole or
The maximum
of plate.
As the
= 58,900
lbs.
the
=
the
If
The
=29,450.
punch =2
punching
resistance, -^2,
in.
cross-head, as
to
Its vertical
If the
usual,
it is
actuating
mechanism be a
and
DE
each = J
inch.
Then when
when
it
reaches
horizontal lines
it
EF
the
punched, which
DG and
moves from
to G, or
it
is
may
to B,
Let
punch reaches
BD
E
it
ACB.
and
slotted
OG
Draw the
and OF.
through an angle
FLY-IVHEELS.
of
247,
19.
and the
ratio
of pitch diameters
inverse
rotates
60
5.
Hence
The
gear = the
the shaft
maximum
overcome the
instant
when
the
punch
is
resistance;
i.e.,
to
be designed
This would
Tl:
Crank
lilt
Dl
Fig. 18S.
Fig. 187.
The need
Assume that the flywheel may be conveniently 36 inches mean diameter, and that
a single belt 5 inches wide is to be used. The allowable maxi-
for a
mum
fly-wheel
tension
is
of single belting
is
therefore apparent.
= 5 X 70 = 350
= Ti
makes 150
150X2X^ = 942
lbs.
is
and
At
this
form
may
be used,
i.e.,
log
;u^.
^=0.4343
i
Assume an angle
of contact of 180.
Then
a48
MACHINE DESIGN.
^=3.1416,
and
T
=
^
.-.
2.56.
i 2
^^=$ = ^36.7
Ti
lbs.
7^2 = 213.3 lbs. =the driving force at the surface of the pulley.
Assume
that
equivalent to 25
the
or to do the
acts,
shaft
moves during
X0.5" = 14725
the belt
variation of velocity
=1225
in. -lbs.
=P = 188.3
lbs.,
the punching
=312
X-^
360 ^
95,
does
= 188.3
pulley-
and the
driv-
work=Pxspace
95
lbs.
The work
ft.-lbs.
The
ft.-lbs.
X 7^(^-7 = 188.3
left
for
the
= 1225312=913 ft.-lbs.
wheel rim; 7^2= minimum
of the fly-wheel rim.
while
its
velocity
the value of
equal 913
is
Let
T/i
= maximum
The energy
it
is
fly^
cent
velocity of
reduced from Vi to
W must
ft.-lbs.
=10
punch
punching through
the
=P, to
Assume
is
of
punch multiplied by
lbs.X7!:X2
lbs.
work of punching.
The work
percent.
to the
= 188.3
machine
Then
lbs.
of the
resistance
frictional
fly-
IF = weight
and
FLY-iyHEELS.
249
w = ^-^^^^^.
Therefore
The punch-shaft makes 30 revolutions per minute and the pulleyshaft 3oXS = iso=iV" revolutions per minute.
Hence Vi in
seconds
feet per
i? being fly-wheel
diameter in feet
=3
feet.
150X3W
^i=6^
^23.56;
=21.2;
Z'2=o.90'z;i
^1^
= 555;
^'2^=449;
913X2X32.2
^
^
Hence
To
0.26
^^^
lb.;
contents of the
A =2135
rim=mean
cu, ins.;
=555
lbs.
=
T
0.26
2i'?i;
The
cu. ins.
^-^
cubic
hence
._
2135
36"X;r
If
vi^-V2^ = io6.
= 18.45
sq. ins.
made square
its
side
= 4-3-
Pump
177.
Fly-wheel.
The
pump,
fly-wheel
is
necessary to
p. 233, is
The
belt.
due to suction)
is
machine.
rate of doing
work
pressure
when
is
the
is
constant.
The
rate of doing
diagram,
is
is
the
work
greatest.
force
is
maximum
In Fig. 189,
diagram,
is
A
the
MACHINE DESIGN.
2SO
tangential diagram
belt,
draiATi
4 inches wide,
is
The
rim
The
=n-Xo.833X5o = i3o.9'.
of
velocity
=i48x
the tangential
This
upon
crank-pin
the
as an ordinate
The
as
axis
= ^599
may
at
lbs.
lbs.
be plotted
Fig. 189.
line
XXi, using
between
area
DE
and
draw
XXi
represents the
work
DE.
The
the belt
is
it is capable of doing
the same amount of work.
But
work must now be absorbed in accelerating the fly-wheel.
Suppose the plunger to be moving in the direction shown by
stroke
this
the arrow.
is
From Eto F
From
storing energy.
the fly-wheel
is
the effort
to
is in
the resistance
The work
is in
excess and
the fly-wheel
must
that represented
FG.
belt
From G
is
to
line
This work
FLY-JVHEELS.
becomes stored
left-hand
member
may
be written
XiEF+XGD+XHKXi=GMF.
"
done by the
Obviously the
The
251
member
of
this
represents the
the right-hand
fly-wheel to help
the
the belt.
The work
may
in
represented by
foot-pounds
the
To
velocities.
= 3825.48
ft.-lbs.
The
GMF =0.4.
area
kinetic
the
mean
=.
=5
of fly-wheel
variation of
The
lbs.
X0.449'
Therefore
difference
of
530 X 32.2X2
V-^V:^
fly-wheel
diameter
ins.
sq.
foot.
Hence
w=Assume
ft.-lbs.
W
energy =~ {v)i^V2^) =iS^o; W
the
find the
37.3;
GMF
fly-wheel at
the
area
will
= 2.5
run
feet.
It
will
be
7^12=1542.3;
7;2
= i39i.3;
7/12-7/22=151.
X530X32.2X2
^^
Hence
^^^^
151
Hence the
=2504.
The mean
cross-sectional area
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
252
of
4.5"
ins.
6".
The
the machine
of
resistance
frictional
neglected.
is
It
From
given data
draw
the
From
parts.
and the
this
lent rectangle
driving force,
draw
the equiva-
The area
crank-pin.
of
velocity
work done by
the
while the
upon
the steam
diagram which
tangential
Find
difference
of
Solve for
velocity.
W,
and equate
energy at
kinetic
to the expression
179.
it
Mathematical
analyses
In the
in
customi^ry
to
actual conditions;
and
the
in
are
first
it
is
contrary to the
An examination
For
full
treatment
.M.
E., Vol.
XXII,
p.
XXIV,
p. 98.
is
of.
the
problem
be
of fly
FLY-IVHEELS.
thin radially,
it
can be shown
tension
is
due
up
that,
253
when
it is
rotated about
its
weight of
This
and
is
in Fig. 190:
= " centrifugal
i?= radius
A =area
in feet;
P= total tension
/(
=unit
w= weight
of material
square and
g =32.2
2P=sum
rim in pounds;
in
tensile stress in
feet
rim
in
pounds;
as represented
by a piece
inch
foot long;
of horizontal
components
2P=
But
c-
"
P = cR.
Mv^_Wv^
R ~ gR'
written
MACHINE DESIGN.
2 54
P=ftA;
Also,
W
}tA=v2 =
/.
wAv^
;
For
w = o. 26X12
and
lbs.,
it
ft
=20,000
lbs.
Furthermore,
second.
size or
an
examination
the
of
formula
depends not
at all
used as represented by
/(
and
ui.
the
new
free ring of
all sections
=/(
pounds per
square inch.
new and
same
vital
of the
rim when
its
it
amount
to as
form
To accommodate
hub and
much
to
An arm
arms a number of
of rigidly fastened
same speed.
arm,
in,
out of
its
if
rigidly fastened
FLY-IVHEELS.
The
and
rim tends
become akin
really
to
255
bow
beam
The
fallacy of applying
once.
the section
is
immaterial, as
is
is
member
to resist flexure
of the section.
under
all conditions,
the wheel
when
is
stresses,
the rim
considered as performing
is
its
functions
i.e.,
by changes
This
relation
may
shows the
is
at rest
any power.
work
is
encastre
being done.
are induced in
ing of the
it.
stresses
arm tends
to shorten
it
radially, thus
drawing
etc.,
Arms
the bending
greatest
pounds
to the
weight
of Pulleys or Fly-wheels.
Let T = the
due
in the
In addition
turning
moment due
The
arms
to variations
power transmitted.
moment
transmitted in inch-
MACHINE DESIGN.
85
n = number
of arms;
square inch;
=modulus of
Then
T=nft may be
written
If
unknown
is
the
to the
bending
nr^
= radius
of shaft in inches;
#,/(, and
as before.
Fig. 192.
1 02.)
The tendency
flexure on the section
Let
and
A = combined
/a
(See
= allowable
3 to shear
the
for
A-A may
arm
through
to fail
off,
using
shearing areas of
as a pivot.
and
3,
square inches;
square inch;
/
= distance between
inches;
centers
and
2,
and
and
3,
in
FLY-1VHEELS.
257
in
pounds per
square inch;
Then
Afsl
= h^,
arm is bolted to
make the bolts
If the
employed
to
area.
method may be
has been
Since
weight
common
is
so great
make
a factor
in
them of
least
cost,
fly-wheels
it
That
this
practice to
is
many
serious
accidents.
Up
to
in a single piece.
have
hub
is
is
divided to relieve
made
in three sections,
each having
itself to
the conditions of
The hub
sections
are separated
babbitt metal.
Then
and
this is filled
with lead or
hold
hub
two
Sometimes the
is
only
split into
parts.
from 10
to
chiefly with
transportation, wheels
and shrink-rings or
MACHINE
258
In
still
larger
DESIGN.
The rim
is
Sometimes the
generally made
made in as many
arm is cast with
is
the segment and sometimes the amis and segments are cast
separately.
The hub is commonly made in the form of a pair
them
are fastend to
them by means
is
to
to receive the
te a forced
fit
on
its
to
arms which
shaft
it
is
it
may
best
be kept
r'^dZr"^
V-
~J
midway between
the
arms and
^^
^^^
shown
fT^nP^?
^^^^
V----^^-~-J
^^- ^93-
Fig.
in
into
193
are
recesses pre-
As they
They should
The
are
sile
sort.
at
steel
is
and
their area
is
links
The
it is
clear
Many arms
are
much
better than a
is still
better.*
The
On
arms
will
is
cast as a second
which
* Disk wheels have the further advantage of offering less resistance to the
air.
761.
FLY-IVHEELS.
the ends of
fourth inch
filled
with
arms
the
all
fit
around.
oakum
so that there
(See
and
is
This space
Fig. 194.)
259
may
be
rim in this
is
tension.*
of
weakness whether
^^^^^
Tension
Rod
Fig. 194.
If
is
Fig. 195.
shown
wheels of
in Fig. 195,
medium
well braced by
as possible,
size,
is
common
is
used, such as
The
ribs.
and a
which
and
heavy
joint
and
its
velocity)
hub.
to the
He
found
also
that jointed rims are only one fourth as strong as solid rims.
and
is
it is
wiser to
riveted, is so
* See Trans. A.
S.
XX
arms.
an uncertain material
to use
and strongly
many
is
M.
all joints
much
E., Vol.
and XXIII.
t Ibid., Vols.
J Ibid., Vol. XXI.
better than
XX,
p. 944,
any built-up
p. 322.
"
cast-
MACHINE DESIGN.
26o
iron
latter are
The
steel
wheels can have at least twice the rim velocity of the cast wheels
with greater safety and
same duty.
may
therefore be
XVII, Trans. A.
Jan. 1896, and Nov. 1897.
referred to Vol.
less
pressure
on the
much
S.
M.
E.,
made
CHAPTER
XVII.
TOOTHED WHEELS OR
182.
Fundamental Theory
of
GEARS.
Gear
^When
Transmission.
contact.
is line
The
Such pairs
which are
of motion elements
and
c,
and
pairs,
Fig. ig6
and
These
ac.
line,
and
b to a.
When
It is
the gear c
angular velocity,
is
i.e.,
at the rate of
it
is
of
fore constant
and
=m
The angular
The
same
sidered as a point in i or
c.
centro be
is
linear velocity
The Unear
in
in
which Ri =radius
of be in
b,
whether
above expressions
may
in
is
con-
same point
it
in c
= 2itR2m
be in
e.
But
be equated thus
2KRin = 2i:R^n,
261
262
MACHINE DESIGN.
Hence
Ri
whence
be is located
by dividing the
which
Thus,
ab and
let
whose angular
divide
it
into
=.
velocity, ratio
m+n
right, or
n from
through
be,
equal parts;
ac toward the
Draw
left,
of these
These
circles.
It
In
fact,
ratio
is
allowable.
cyUnders
themselves
are,
Slipping, however,
pitch
these
is
the
is
sHpping.
Fig. 197.
from the
circles
Fig. 196.
result
Draw
explained that
without
centers;
the line of
no
Hence
variation
teeth
are
be divided into as
many
equal parts as there are teeth in the gear, the arc included between
TOOTHED WHEELS OR
two
of these divisions
pitch
may
is
or, otherwise,
it is
the distance
divisible
is
any one
by
is
AT'
= number
P=-r7.
then
of teeth;
From
relations
these
and
impossible,
P= circular pitch
Let
it.
inches;
in
D=
N=-fr:
P
NP=^r,D;
fractional tooth
circumference
let
Circular
on
263
GEARS.
if
the
Diametral pitch
Thus
diameter.
if
is
number
the
^ = diametral
kD
N
p=j^-
pitch,
teeth per
of
Multiplying the
TzD
inch of pitch
together gives
is
Pp =j;t -j^=n.
Circular
(gears with
wooden
teeth inserted)
Diametral pitch
is
usually
hk
is
of the tooth
the tooth;
is
&, c,
AD
is
ance
through
is
is
the
AB
ahm
is
is
AC
circle.
Clear-
depth,
=CD.
minus
is
the ]lank
the addendum; a
addendum
Backlash
is
the profile of
circle
is
^'^'
'^
same
line.
In cast gears
pitch.
be
MACHINE DESIGN.
264
allowed, because
may
it
may be
considered
equal.
184. Conditions
if
Teeth of almost
many
It is
and
These
value.
in all cases
unde-
which
variations are in
sirable.
cases unallowable,
The
in
constant.
The
The
If
is
motion of the
is,
a,
is
must remain
and
centro,
c,
he,
EF, a normal
If these
to the tooth
be supposed to be
CD,
ratio>
in
order that the motion communicated from one gear to the other
a, shall
it
185. Illustration.
and
rotation of bodies h
that the centro of b
is at p.
main
The
In
c,
and
and ah be centers of
c falls at he.
CD;
velocity ratio
is
such
But
it
must
also be on the
same
straight line
it is
centre
for
its
at he,
is
is at he.
common normal
form that
their
centers at
some other
point,
265
p might be
at
of such
centro of the motion of h and c for the instant, and would corre-
different motion.
The
essential
as follows:
The
may
may
be maintained,
must
tooth outlines
therefore be stated
normal at
the point of contact shall always pass through the centro corre-
sponding
to the
Fig. 200.
186. Given
^Ha\Tng
in
Tooth Outline
to
Find
Form
of
Engaging Tooth.
may
gear, which will engage with the given curve and transmit a
Let
be the
given
velocity
ratio.
ft
m + n^the
of centers
Draw
gears.
the line
"pitch point,"
motion of the
PB=m;
from
two gears.
To
toward the
lay off
i.e.,
the
relative
PA =n.
and
will
then be the required centers of the wheels, and the pitch circles
266
MACHINE DESIGN.
may
be drawn through P.
wheel A.
curve in
normal
If,
therefore,
normal
any
normal
to the curve at
will coincide
c,
coincide with
and a
is
when
with P.
and
it is
Also,
since 6
if cj- is
P when
is in
c is
the pitch
Fig. 20I.
Fig. 202.
Since the two pitch circles must roll upon each other without
slipping,
and arc
it
Pf = arc
Py.
and a and
of the
rotates
backward
6.
At the
6'
a' coincide at
normal aa.
aboxit
will coincide with a' and a" will locate the point a' of the desired
a' .
is
located
This
The
by merely laying
point
off
b'
arc Pb'
=arc Pb.
to
determine
and through
more
may
The curve
be drawn.
more
Many
but, given
may
infinite
could, of course, be
points.
outlines;
<;urve
267
number
would
of curves that
But
corresponding
be found.
the requirements of
fulfill
in practice
almost an
therefore,
They
exclusively, used.
are cycloidal
Tooth Outlines.
187. Cycloidal
and involute
It is
curves.
is
under-
stood.
In Fig. 202,
let
and
always in contact at
be the pitch
Also,
he.
let
motion
circles of
be the describing
is
circle in
is
a pair of wheels,
of their relative
move
common
point in
or upon h or
tact.
The
c, its
point
direction at
their
centro.
M,
any point
therefore,
in contact at he;
therefore,
and
vt
rolls
Suppose
to rotate at the
having no
slip.
The. point
M
b,
its
and
and a curve,
e',
on the plane of
it
will
the point
in
m with
c to revolve
suppose
is
at right angles to
is
When,
line
e.
always be
And
since
which joins
it
MACHINE DESIGN.
2 68
normal
be,
by the point
and
side of h
inside of
by
rolling
on the out-
c.
This proof
and
its
is
diameter
independent of the
may
size of the
lines
become
of the teeth of c
if
radial lines,
to use the
same generating
the
straight
c.
Then
c.
would be
generating circle,
circle for
It
is
circle will
All
work
therefore necessary
set of gears
which need
to interchange.*
The
describing circle
may
be
made
still
they
i.e.,
lie
As
convexity
in
equality with
opposite
e,
same direction,
When
tangent.
the
becomes
still
directions.
As
the
circle
c,
which
is
have their
approximates
it
first
of
when
circle
common
is made
In the
larger.
and
finally
c, it
now
is
If
ratio.
it
in the other
269
it
In Fig. 203,
AB
is
laid off to
engage
circle.
The
shown.
CD, and
^^'
'
it
ened
If
at the point
planes of
an
M in the
pencil be
this
h,
paper an
and that
c,
epicycloid,
arc
on
of the
to
mark
of the paper,
describing
it
will
them simultaneously),
describe
hypocycloid,
circle.
circle.
Since
is fast-
supposed
In
as required.
is
(loecause
upon
of the
always
it
gen-
ing
by
circle.
The
addendum
circles cut
the describing
circles.
Thus,
in Fig. 202,
in contact until
if
is all
line of centers.
If c
but after
if
b were the
latter gives
It
would be
smoother nmning
wheel with
But
it
MACHINE DESIGN.
70
should be possible to use either wheel as driver to meet the varyingconditions in practice.
may
teeth
is
on one side of
be explained as follows.
^The
all
its-
is
of action
The
circle to the
The
action.
It is
is
arc of action
and one
space),
it
or
begins
pair.
In Fig. 204,
gears
let
AB
CD
and
be the pitch
on each of the
ofE
e,
and
circles
which
circles of
a pair of
circle;
i.e.,
Through.
the circle
is
which contact
will be just
equals
beginning at
the
P when
till
AB
after
will
it
has ceased at
not drive
CD.
The
e,
e,
The
P on
assumed arc
it
the point at
by the arrowt
e;
of action, contac^
but
if
the pitch
and there
will
be an interval
when
direction of pressure
ceases at
is
the
circle-
surface,
and
this
is
always
TOOTHED
the pitch point;
H'HEELS
OR GEARS.
The
Pthe
pressure
it.
action
i.e.,
may
271
line of
and the
Hence
will
it
component
of
of action
line of
greater
the
pressure,
and
there-
Fig. 205.
If
wasteful friction.
shall be partly
may
it
on each
may
will
be insured in
driver.
This
in Fig. 205.
is
and
either wheel
circles
will describe
and a hypocycloid on
A, B, a, and ^ to
correctly.
/?
roll
con-
will describe
These curves
If the epicycloid
will
circles as
These curves
be the
the plane of A.
in each gear be
may
stantly tangent at P.
of B,
limits, contact
all positions,
will
an
will
and hypocycloid
the pitch circle,
M/iCHINE DESIGN.
272
If
centers
line of
drives as indicated
of
189. Involute
/?
to P,
to C.
Tooth Outlines.
If
a string
will
wound around
is
end, this
its
point will
as the string
unwound from
is
the cyHnder.
Or,
if
the point
axis,
its
the point
wood
cardboard made
AB
to a;
IS
C;
/?
is
a circular piece
straight-edge
a.
As
having a pencil-point at B.
io A,
/?,
a and
/?
rotate about C,
"of
if
and
ders;
is
AB be
a cord
fixed.
Fig. 207.
BD in a reverse direction.
Fig. 206.
The
/?
gency of
and
the string
fast
circumference of a,
the
same as
it
held on
free
Let
a and
8,
is
always a normal
Fig. 207, be
two base
cylin-
Let a and
P upon
Then any
B, and,
if it
is wound from
move from A toward
/?
a.
plane of
273
be a tracing-point,
will trace
an involute of a on the
an involute
of
/?
of
^S.
AB
is
the constant
and
contact,
normal
and O'P
The
is fulfilled.
Hence the
AB
And hence
AB.
AB
addendum
circles
with
is
always
in
is
OP
the line
to both
it
necessary condition
will
AB.
The
lie
at the intersections
arc of action are found by drawing radial Hnes from the center
One
is
that a change
ia distance
OH = OP
;
A KJ ST
that
is,
{i.e.,
\J
This
nearer together;
of their radii
Suppose
now
that
must be equal
unchanged.
is
to
the
unchanged
ratio
of
the
MACHINE DESIGN.
274
same tooth
be transmitted as before.
ratio will
190. Racks.
its
outlines, the
A rack
is
and
infinite
is
tangent
is
to the pitch circle of the wheel, or pinion,* with which the rack
The
engages.
line of centers is
The
is
determined by laying
off
The curves
may
rolls
on the
pitcla circle.
is
now
a straight line, the tooth curves will be cycloids, both for flanks
and
CD
In Fig. 208,
faces.
is
AB
is
all
move without
within
Fig. 209.
simultaneously a cycloid on
AB.
These
epicycloid on
AB.
These
will
pinion,
* Pinion
one
is
draw
engaging gears.
the
GH of
CD
number
and an
outlines.
addendum
the rack.
of a pair of
Also, a point
on
be correct tooth
EF of the
circles.
slipping
Fig. 208.
describe
and
will
To
circle
When
begin
K.
is
It
follow arcs
the
of
describing
circles
275
through
to
is
continuous
one
in
but
direction,
only
where
motion
is
reversed.
may
Involute curves
is
CD
Let
teeth.
and CD',
rack
When
it
pair of gears of
finite radius,
line is
drawn through
the pitch
this
which
the involutes.
draw EF,
centers,
Hne;
Fig. 209,
The base
OP-
AB
making
will therefore
circles
be the base
to
this
But
pinion.
the base circle in the rack has an infinite radius, and a circle of
infinite
radius
drawn tangent
EF.
coincident with
But an involute
line
normal
EF
EF is
to
Therefore
would be a straight
to the circumference
pendicular to EF.
line
is
a straight
in
the
path of the describing point, and passing through the pitch points.
If,
move
GH, and
addendum
191.
circle
on the same
EF through P to
LM of the
side
is
intersection of the
addendum hne
EF, and
Annular Gears.
sponds to what
EF cuts
pinion.
known
the
may be
Thus,
MACHINE DESIGN.
276
in Fig. 210,
AB
CD are
and
Teeth
AB
obvious that
a and
/?
may
in the circumference of
on the planes oi
of
/?
i.e., it is
be describing
AB
CD
These
an.
an annular gear.
of metal
In this case
and a point
will
an ordinary
becomes a ring
and CD.
constructed to
will be
Fig.
is
it
may be
AB
and CD.
Fig. 210.
and
circumference
in the
on the planes of
AB
ratio.
to a spur-gear of the
addendum
circles.
circle.
If the
Let
pinion
EF and GH,
move clockwise
driving the annular gear, the path of the point of contact will be
from
circumference of
The
/?
to
to P,
and from
along the
K.
and
describing point
is
The
is
that the
produced
Let
and
O',
TOOTHED
and
draw
tVHEELS
AB
OR GEARS.
277
Through
With
These
line.
will
circles,.
FE in
circle
toward
These
move
the pinion
will
NQ
When
in line
to
D,
to
with PB.
circles
always
circles.
through
Draw
profiles required.
if
CK'
will describe
Then
it
tangent at
fast, say,
an
circles of
line
GH
K.
of rotation
is
reversed.
have "interchangeable
In practice
i.e.,
it is
sets in
desirable
which any
gear will "mesh " correctly with any other, from the smallest
pinion to the rack, and in which, except for limiting conditions
of size,
any spur-gear
changeable
system.
sets
may
will
be
made
gear.
Inter-
is
is
space
(less
backlash).
must
If
this
form
The second
'cvcloidal system
condition
is
for
an interchangeable
set
in
the
MACHINE DESIGN.
278
constant.
If the
circle
As
at the base;
be thinner
will therefore
grow thicker
pinion.
It is
teeth.
less
than twelve
and may
to
if
become wider
maximum
fore the
made
bottom than
at the
is
There-
one whose
is
Each change
and
number
in the
of
teeth with constant pitch causes a change in the size of the pitch
circle.
of
the
number
in the
number
is
however, this
of tooth outline
is
not necessary.
much
The change
Practi-
in the
form
all
It
is
For any
found that
same
pitch
"Treatise on Gearing."
sets of gears
with
milled gears as
above, but also to large cast gears, with tooled or untooled tooth
surfaces.
279
MACHINE DESIGN.
if
the pitch
is
CD
will
mesh
As. in the
together properly.
there
are
number
gears with
The
numbers
cutters as there
The
variation
is
it.
different
of teeth.
and
since the
and the
amount
that
the tooth surface extends beyond the pitch line increases with the
pitch,
it
is
greater in the coarse pitch cycloidal gears than in the fine pitch
involute gears.
For
this reason,
it
is
only
"Treatise on Gearing":
TOOTHED iVHEELS OR
Place
it
P as
latter at
GEARS.
shown
AB is an
in Fig. 213.
and using
it
is
281
tangent to the
g, as shown exaggeratedly
in Fig. 214.
it
Epicycloid
Fig. 213.
to p.
Fig. 214.
Fig. 215.
Fig. 216.
now
drawing-paper.
two
circles
with
its
until
paper.
point
Insert needle at
cloth about
Now
The
and swing
of
R
at
tracing-cloth
shghtly beyond Q.
Q.
Swing tracing-
of tangency of
the
two
repeating
the
operation gives a close approximation to true rolling of the generating circle on the pitch circle and therefore the path of the
point
as
epicycloid
marked on
P-
roll the
an
by
is
circle,
in the
MACHINE DESIGN.
Fig.
AB
O
is
center, swing in
as
depth
EF, according
circle
EF
to
yV
and aPb.
traced,
outline.
whose center
circle
addendum
the
now been
217, has
is
CD
circle
With
O.
at
and the
to
draw
The completed
full
195.
the
tooth profile
fillet
is
the
curve cdPe.
a wooden
arm
to
fit
may
it
It
may now be
svrang succes-
outline
and make
free to rotate
may
all of
be drawn
the teeth.
be drawn similarly.
Fig. 217.
It
is
given.
Draw
centers 00'.
Through
On
The
pitch-circle
Draw
of
AB,
the
Fig., 218,
circles,
making
EF
common
and the
P draw CD,
the angle
about
draw a
/?
CD.
Take
the
line
are
of
common
tangent to
CD.
pitch,
tangent
at the point
TOOTHED IVHEELS OR
With another
of tangency Q.
needle,
Now, employing a
tracing-cloth.
283
GEARS.
mark
the point
on the
vent slipping, roll the traced line on the base circle EF, pricking the path, aPh, of the point
the drawing-paper.
is
and
is
latter
This path
Draw
proceed as follows:
JK.
base circle
EF and
inward beyond
a.
it
will
the
In general
To
addendum
JK
will
complete the
GH
and
inside of
the
circle
lie
About
swing a
circle
to
gent to
JK
and
ac.
deaPf
less ac
EF Ues inside
of
JK we
draw
is
The
fillet
should be
the
fillet
made
a radial
tangent to
With a
it.
de tanIf
the
line.
If
JK and aP*
Let
= pitch diameter;
Di = outside diameter;
D2 = diameter of a circle through the bottom of spaces;
P = circular pitch = space on the pitch circle occupied by
a tooth and a space;
p = diametral
circle
pitch
=number
diameter;
=numbcr of teeth;
t = thickness of tooth on
a = addendum;
may
pitch line;
as the Willis odontograph, which locates the centers of approximate circular arcs;
the templet odontograph, invented by Prof. S. W. Robinson; or by some geomet-
arcs.
MACHINE DESIGN.
284
c
= clearance;
= working depth
of spaces;
Then
N+
N-
Dn
"
D2=D-2(a+c);
N' D=
'
P- D
It
'
PN N=Dp;
"
Pp^n;
P'
= 2p
P-=-
no backlash;
P^
-_
20
p20
10
The
20;
di
=2a-+c;
inches.
may be
=
face
about 3P;
of
rim =1.25^;
Width
thickness of arms
of
they
= i.25i, no
taper.
Diam-
each
side.
Table XXVIII.
Diametral
Pitch.
Gear-teeth.The
285
maximum work
trans-
be found.
Let O, Fig. 220, represent the axis of a shaft perpenLet A ^maximum work
iV= revolutions per minute;
per minute;
let
to be transmitted
let
i?r= torsional
2FnrN=A,
If the
work
is to
and
whose radius
is
is r^, i.e., it is
to another shaft
r^.
by means of
teeth.
r^,
2nN
is
i^i
= torsional moment =
be transmitted
Fr
and Fi =
i<'r
by the gear-
moment divided by
of face of gear
all
and
any
pitch,
The
value of b
and
may
load appUed at
of teeth
its
i.e.,
end.
It is
that there
is
over several pairs, and hence they would have an excess of strength.
It is also
This
is
is
a safe assumption
if
the width of
MACHWE
286
face, h,
if
DESIGN.
ahgned and
rigidly supported.
i.e., 2,P,
and
All teeth of
the same pitch have not the same form, as was explained in the
The fewer
strength.
and
will
levers.
<ii^
Fig. 219.
Fig
Fig. 220.
of figures
systems.
In the
latter
he used a rolhng
The
proportions
slightly different
on a
by complete
having a diameter
circle
221.
from
system, but no serious errors will result from applying the formulas
derived by him.
The
at
the end
of action being
normal
this force,
which
called the
and
is
This load
the tooth.
is
is
To
is
working
at b
the load
by the arrow at
to the profile at a.
effective to
apphed
when
is
applied
a, its direction
The component
of
is
stress in
weakest advantage
taken of the fact that any parabola in the axis he and tangent to
* Proc. Phila. Eng. Club', 1893, and Amer. Mach.,
May
bF
incloses, a
that
may
beam
of uniform strength.
all the
parabolas-
(as
Of
287
sec-
and
d.
Having determined
Mr,
so-
i^
= /P^(o.r.4-^).
i^
= /P&(o.r54--^^).*
P= working force in
pounds;
stress in
6= width
N =number of teeth
in the gear.
and
velocities is lacking.
The
Table XXIX.
following table
by Mr. Lewis
is
recommended
288
MACHINE DESIGN.
In these formulae, for a given gear the whole right side of
known and
value of
more
is
The
given.
is
is
trial.
Design a pair
distance between
difficult
to be transmitted
determined by
is
197. Problem.
6 H.P.
It
is
centers
to be |.
and the
10 inches
is
The
pinion shaft
makes
The
ration
= 10
|,
and the
and
velocity
sum
their
If
made
The
of the pinion
=8
inches,
its
Com-
the weaker.
velocity
pitch diameter
= i5oX^Xy5- =3 ^4- 2
feet
per
minute.
6 H.P.
=6X33,000 = 198,000
F = ~
108000
ft. -lbs.
per minute;
=632
lbs.
314.2
Assuming
be taken
=4800
b =i
The maximum
lbs.
inch.
feet
per minute,
value of
632
Substituting
=48ooXPXi(o.i24-^^'^j
,^
25.13
iv=-p=-y^.
But
this,
transposing,
and clearing
P2_4.56P-f 4.84=0,
b=^P, but
of fractions,
may
for
TOOTHED IVHEELS OR GEARS.
289
P-2.28 = o.6.
from which
P = i.68
inches.
inch
is
bad pro-
portion.
632
=2
inches,
o .684P\
=4800X2 XP(o.i24-^^
25-13
P=o.62
This corresponds
inch.
5,
giving
5X8=40 teeth for the pinion. The engaging gear will have
5 X 1 2 = 60 teeth.
When the solution of the quadratic equation leads to an
imaginary quantity
it
will
be necessary to increase
value
must be increased
or by cutting
down
still
h.
If the
either
=KP
{K being
less
than
3),
to
assume
thus giving
o.684P\
'^fKP-^C0.124-^p-;.
In this substitute
satisfies the
trial
values for
until one
is
found which
equation.
Only
and by making
the pitch curves of proper form, almost any variation in the velocity
MACHINE DESIGN.
ratio
may
be produced.
about one of
ellipse, rotating
elliptical gear,
and
if
its foci,
may
pitch curve
is
an
crank of a slider-crank
This
some-
is
is
i.e.,
several times
reversed.
If
such gears,
many
tically this
cutters
would be required
Prac-
is
All
Spur-gears serve
It is
necessary also
upon
ing
To
gears
being
illustrate, let
called
a and
a line
CD
This
ratio is
at a distance
the
point
from
it
to that of B.
from
it
equal to
CE parallel
of intersection
is
parallel to a, at a distance
bevel-gears.
Fig. 222, be
h,
ratio.
Draw
In this
of these
lines
to
the
point
line
to
h,
Join
O, the
OF, which
291
the line of contact of two pitch cones which will roll together
For
^r^=
and
if
it
may
MC and
NC,
slipping be prevented,
if
But
same
any pair
MC
ratio, =^rrp:
may
all pairs
and
be used to
roll
together
insure
result,
200.
therefore
To
of radii
Cycloidal Teeth.
ist.
may
If
The
theo-
be explained as follows:
a cone,
(Fig. 223),
be rolled
will generate
a cone,
is
an element
he of
hypocycloid.
If
now
Also
is
called a spherical
.surfaces
to
transmit the
required
A one upon
may be used
:
constant
velocity
MACHINE DESIGN.
292
ratio.
of the relative
it
the axo
is
normal
any time
will pass
describing element
is
And
always the
line of contact
since the
also,
Tangent
If
may
making an angle
off
contact
may
wind
in
a plane
If
supposed to
is
line of
tangency
and advance
in the
upon
and spherical
sections of
may
These surfaces
be used for tooth surfaces, and will transmit the required constant velocity ratio, because the tangent plane
normal
the constant
is
and
this
draw
it
To
determine the
would be necessary to
and then to
Practically this
is
be given,
always
in the surface of
An axo
is
would be impossible,
used.
and C,
M, and K,
an instantaneous
axis, of
which a centro
is
is
will
move
the circle
a projection.
293
LAKM.
MHK
LGM
LM
and
MK. They
tooth curves
are
called
drawn on
are
the
"back cones."
If
the base
now
circle
the tooth
let
MDH
MNG be a part of the cone MGL,
Fig. 225.
The
circular arcs
exactly the
Fig. 226.
and the
teeth
volute, as required.
Then
MHK,
developed.
may
be laid out in
may
be wrapped
be cut
by means
The
to the other.
Also the
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
2 94
to the other.
cannot
an
cut
accurate
Small
bevel-gear.
liowever,
practical purposes.
The
cutter
is
made
Two
curvature
its
made
is
made
for each
For the
cut
first
are,
accuracy for
space.
bevel-gears
sufficient
it
is
cuts are
point a of the cutter travels toward the apex of the pitch cone,
and
Gears cut
in
work
Suppose a planer
line
is
this
satisfactorily.
may
be
made by
planing
in
some
slowly fed
tooth curve
it
in
toward
will
embodying
by Mr.
it
Corliss of Providence,
Planers
and constructed
of Rochester,
Given energy to be
axes;
Draw
the axes
OA
selection
may
the teeth.
transmitted,
line of
p. 290.
tangency
Any
pair of
approximately.
limit
of the
may
be conveniently at D.
=D0-i-2.
of face,
Or,
if
is
Now
located by
^ either case
PD=P0^2>-
295
the width
limiting condi-
may
of torsion
be found.
-J-
In order to compute
it
is
to be transmitted
required to carry i^ by
we determine
the pitch
of face,
h,
PD.
equals
(The radius
and not
{i.e.,
Having found
MR,
=MiV
MN
is
because the
teeth are laid off on the developed back cones and not on the
MN
The
is
tinguish
The
it
circle in
large end,
from O.
and diametral
mean
5 is to 6.
is
pitch of the
measured
at the
each other as
X| = the
But
order to dis-
circle.)
bevel-gears.
whose radius
circle
Hence
M and
from
are to
If this value
does
If the
give an integer
for the
point
MACHINE DESIGN.
296
pleted as follows
as centers,
The drawing
known.
is
draw
Draw
of the gears
be com-
the arcs
may
Fig. 227.
thus located
The
Lay
draw
tops of teeth
off
upon
AB
lines
toward
to
show
the line
AB
four points
DG.
HJ
JK toward
Use large
Skew
Bevel-gears.
Spur-gears
297
serve to
communicate
But
intersect.
it is
axes are
moved
intersecting
if
no longer
which
line,
is
rolled
There
ratio.
inter-
in contact
the generatrix of
If the
intersecting.
upon
will trans-
however,
is,
upon each
may be formed on
these pitch
Teeth
elements
"Skew
Bevel-gears."
make them
friction
in the
The
same plane.
difficulties
motion
Such
of con-
is
seldom
of the subject of
Skew Bevel-gears
much
If line contact is
in different
planes, both
rotation
and B,
is
which are
planes being
GH
be cylin-
"\
Any
S either between
of them.
This
line
may now
B or
and
line,
be drawn through
say DS,
may
be taken as the
or helical surfaces
may
common
tan-
EF and GH,
DS being
MACHINE DESIGN.
298
their
common
Each one
tangent at S.
The
is
in these gears
contact
point contact;
is
made equal
threads,
to 90,
Worm- gearing.
is
known
as
called the
gearing
is
three, or four
becomes a
it
When
threaded screw,
is
gear,
which
is
still
a many-
If a section of a
worm
worm,
motion
to
parallel to
follows that
it
worm-teeth
will
of a rack
its axis,
From
the worm-wheel.
and pinions
of the
moved
if
same as that
be straight
and
like those of
if
there
is
worm-wheel
to be contact
where except
CD
different
between the
in the plane
EF,
follows
it
and AB,
it
Worm
is
Fig. 229,
show a
necessary to
make
Fig. 229.
any-
accomplished in practice as
made of tool steel, and " flutes "
it
is
are cut in
a spur-gear of the
of being sharpened
If the
would be formed
is
lines.
in
if
and pinion;
making
it
into a cutter.
Van Nostrand
is
tempered.
and
are finished
is
gradually reduced.
cutter or
somewhat
worm
"
is
greater,
The
and
to
is
distance between
capable of being
is
by means
"hob
that the
centers, however,
velocity ratio
It is
worm-wheel
relation to the
299
till
The
and the
the distance
teeth of the
Fig. 229
worm-wheel
are
the
worm
is
made
to
cut
its
By
own worm-
wheel.*
Fig. 230 represents the half section of a
single
worm
mediate thread, B.
worm
will
centers.
it
it
The
worm,
a double
if
worm
the single
it
is
to B',
the thread
an
inter-
worm
turns
will
single
it is
If
comes
to C, while there is
It follows that
If
comes
A,
worm.
line of centers;
the
of
therefore,
line
of
worm
* This subject
and
in
is
only needs to
fully treated in
make
many
revolutions
MACHINE DESIGN.
300
The
worm
a single
is=
the
it
the
number
worm-wheel.
in
which n equals
ratio
this
of teeth in the
engages
to that of
is
Worm-gearing
is
where
is
it
All
under
c,
p. 133, in the
efficiency, etc.,
forms
of
developed
Speed
This
of rubbing.
is
when
are obtained
it
feet
best efficiencies
per minute.
When
pressure
the
is
The
worm.
about 200
this is
At high speeds
Pressure on
teeth.
angle of helix.
3.
Angle
it
of helix.
this
should be
should never be
less
make it impossible
but 20 gives very excellent results. It
Practical .conditions
than 15 for
fair efficiency.
oil
satis-
factory.
following
experiments * applies
using
cation,
table
based
301
on Professor Stribeck's
worm and
hardened-steel
phosphor-bronze
wheel.
Table XXX.
Rubbing
300
400
500
2700
1850
1250
600
pounds
This
3500
may be
taken as a guide.
When
the angle
is less
is
greater
increased.
Two
have a
and
at a
velocity ratio of 20 to
i.
is
20 to
1,
worm
is
single-,
double-, or triple-threaded.
If the shafts are 10 inches apart the greatest allowable pitch
50 inches
may
^-^
-i\ inches.
rise of
worm
will
be
an ordinary
lathe.
may be
cut in
MACHINE DESIGN.
30 2
If
is
it
^^^ ' 20
2.5
worm =
7- =6.87 inches.
6.87
=2.2 mches.
worm =
,
Pitch diameter of
= it;.88 inches.
^
The
question
now
whether
arises
worm.
= 2.5
Twice
this
dedendum = i.84
worm.
It is
thread
= 9.04
a great enough
is
is
inches,
inches.
inch.
diam-
moment.
torsional
+ 2.2
dedendum=o.92
15.88
2.2 inches
If the
2.2 inches
worm;
pitch circumference of
pitch circumference of
.".
that
If the
double thread
of the
worm
line.
This
is
hehx
per minute
pressure,
=300 X
W, between
bath lubrication, a
7.3
182
the teeth
steel
feet.
may
At 182
in
equal 3500
lbs.,
assimiing
is
the
TOOTHED IVHEELS OR
GEARS.
303.
The
worm.
total
worm-wheel
in foot-pounds per
by the pitch
W"=
minute
revolutions
^5
= 62.5
feet
its
multiplied
pitch
its
velocity = 15X1^
per minute.
3500X62.5 =218,750
This same amount of energy
The
will equal
moment on
twisting
is
ft.-lbs.
=6.63 H.P.
-f-
the
velocity
of
^=
218750
^87300 X
= ^^74
,,
lbs.;
12
i?f
To
= 1274X1.1 =1401
in.-lbs.
resist
whose strength
is.
represented by /^.
fj
= radius
of core of
worm =0.64
inch;
.',
/s=
Fr 1401
1=
=3400
KYi
.412
'^
lbs.
This
worm
is
will
steel.
circular pitch.
MACHINE DESIGN.
304
P= circular pitch in
i=arc EF,
It will
in the
*
if
pounds;
inches;
make b as great as
TF=35oo and P = ii inches.
be impossible to
problem
Had
axis in
this
would
call for
calculated.
The
pitch radius of
been
-^^^=2.02".
2
Tangent
of
hehx angle =
.'.
r
2.5
=0.1955.
a = ii +
drawing
of the worm-wheel,
the
worm, and P,
the arcs
CD
and
and addendum
With
circles,
as a center
G,
H, and K;
also
= 90.
Below
the teeth
and
/?
draw the
EF lay
join this
tooth outhnes in
the
off
Make
the
angle
by the web
LM
other sectional
to the
hub N.
The
difficulties of construction,
2IO.
Compound Spur-gear
i.e.,
two elements.
three elements.
they
Thus
may
and
c.
h and
Chains.
Spur-gear
contain links
in Fig.
may
chains
carry
vi^hich
more than
workman.
be compound,
35
means
of
them d
is
other,
and a point
Fig. 231
of c
moved with
circle of h,
all
is
same
motion
ping;
is
the
but c and b
now
rotate in the
same
direction.
Hence
it
The
3o6
MACHINE DESIGN.
wheel, d, which
size of the
the motion of
and
Hence the
h.
insertion
any number of
of
and
idlers, c
b,
pitch circle
it
unchanged
idlers
does not
same
direction;
and with an
If parallel lines
and
a pair of gears,
and
upon
effect
its
and transmits
c,
an "idler," has no
called
is
It
h.
if
on
which
is
is
in the
same
laid off
have to
Fig. 233.
Fig. 232.
be
In Fig.
The
pitch
gears,
and hence
circles of b
centers
Ci
and
is
61.
and the
be,
this four-link
The
intersection of this
of c
and
in
be,
four link
Ci is
line of
which
and
b.
three-
mechanism
The
The
h.
mechanism,
pinion
it is
c,
the centro,
61, circles
Obviously
link
and
is
in practice.
spur-gear chain
is
shown
in
TOOTHED IVHEELS OR
Fig. 233.
The wheel d
now
307
bd
GE/tRS.
may be
obtained as follows:
angular velocity d
_ C
angular velocity c
angular velocity b
angular velocity d
B
C
angular velocity
of the last
cd
cd'
bd
.bd'
angular velocity b
Multiplyi:
The numerator
point
The angular
The
h.
cdxD
cdxB
.bd
.bd'
The
consists of the
diameters or numbers
last
is
first
driver
is to
the
gear chain the velocity ratio equals the product of the number of
teeth in the followers divided by the product of the
teeth in the drivers.
number
number
The
direction of rotation
of intermediate axes
is
odd.
is
even,
and
is
number
of
reversed
if
the
not reversed
if
the
is
CHAPTER
XVIII.
SPRINGS.
211. Springs Defined.
and are
maximum
(a)
allowable value;
The
springs
is
then
it
reduced,
yields
when
to
full effect of
is
supported
stresses.
Car-springs
in
tents
"Bumper"
due
(d)
and
their con-
to axial shocks.
The
expanding spring.
(/)
A power-hammer strikes a
action of a spring.
(g)
This spring
may be
SPRINGS.
39
rawhide or "hard-fiber ") yield ahnost imperceptibly and transmit shocks almost unchanged.
Long
(h)
stress
due
may become
bolts
reduction
of
to shock.
Springs
Many
Fig. 234.
The
Fig. 235.
applied at a distance
^ fbh^
F=-^
and
4FP
,
J=^^,.
the unit stress in the outer fiber in pounds per square inch,
f is
all forces
all
dimensions in inches
is
is
the
modulus
For a
flat
such as
is
shown
b,
rectangular cross-
in Fig. 235,
ibh^
'
and
6/
6FP
J=,
Ebh^'
in outline,
3IO
The same
MACHINE DESIGN.
equations hold approximately for the cantilever
They
SPRINGS.
of
Divide
AB
GFHBi
larly
and
an inconvenient width.
is
say
Conceive
six.
conceive that
EDKAi
the
portion
BiLKiEi, and
ADE
moved
to
AiDiEi, and
simi-
AiMKiEi,
the two parts are rigidly joined along the line KiEi.
AB
ditions
311
BFG
Also
moved
BiDiEi, and that they are rigidly joined along the line DyEi.
The amount of material is unchanged. The bending force is
The
changed.
leaf
way
spring
to the portions
therefore
is
from which
it is
whose
practically
position
is
equivalent
made.
Many
form as shown
in
in
Fig. 239.
Fig. 239.
F may
Let i^=load
in
pounds;
in inches;
in inches =2;raA'';
, =modulus of shearing
elasticity
J = extension or compression
Then
may
i2FaH
-
-<Jf-"
,.
=f;
in inches.
be developed
and
^_
Mm,
iV=^-^n,
pounds
MACHINE DESIGN.
312
In a helical spring for an axial load using a rectangular crosssection of wire the axial height of wire
the equations
It will
radial breadth
= h,
become
l^h
/.
= h and
Fan &2+F
-^
of this type as
it
would
to
make
JE.
fc^F
a spring
equal strength.
Movements.
Fig. 240.
under
class (i) as
in Fig. 240.
The
mentioned above.
spring
is
The
a spiral of
general case
is
shown
flat
/=unit
/= developed
length of spring;
^ = angular
deflection
J = distance
in inches
moved through by
cation of F.
Then
F=
~
oR
and
J=R^=
S.
M.
is
_,,
Ebh^
referred
E., Vols.
to
Reuleaux's
and XVI.
CHAPTER
XIX.
MACHINE SUPPORTS.
2i6. General
support
pillar
is
Laws
best
for
Machine Supports.
and simplest
When
for
^The
single-box
machines whose
size
and
form admit
of
member,
its
The amount
I.
by the
II.
use.
a support
amount
The
is
a single continuous
of material
vertical center
is
determined
tained, the
with
its
must be
Une
be sus-
supported.
III.
The
and uniformly on
all sides.
If
The
The
members
of the
if
they
by the straight
217. Illustration.
be
fulfilled,
In
but there
lines of the
brace form.
first
an appearance
three principles
of
instabihty.
It
may
It
is
should be
MACHINE DESIGN.
3^4
2 1 8. Divided Supports.
is
divided
up
into
becomes necessary,
This question
Fig. 242.
Fig. 241.
be
illustrated
by lathe supports.
base necessary
The
is
determined and
unnecessary material
is
cut
In
For
brace
is
left to
workmen
away on
the width of
desirable to
Fig
compression
member
into
narrow
this
The
shows a
and the
For convenience
243.
The
It is allow-
This
common
incorrect
cross
support somewhat
stability
to the
may
is
done
by a curve.
MACHINE SUPPORTS.
bearing
more
its
if
it
315
were
straight,
and
is
no
stable than the form B, the width of base being the same.
'wyjL
Fig. 244.
shown
in Fig. 244.
If there
no
is
in
D.
and
would be allowable.
and the
a.s
form
is
the
A, B, and
ia-
correct
stress is
and the
fiber stress
beam
This increase
in
probably not of any serious importance, but the prinbe regarded or the appearance of the machine will
ciple should
not be right.
If the supports
Fig
245.
pillar,
a machine be supported on
change in the form of the foundation cannot
a single -box
all sides.
If
is
its
form.
3i6
MACHINE DESIGN.
foundation might sink away from one or more of them and leave
a part unsupported.
in
its
stress
form and
But
if
occur, because
if
still
When
on three points.
rest
any one
of
possible, therefore, a
is
it
ma-
Many
box
should be
left
and
section
to
is
make
if
some
of the legs
More
still
maintain
its
Thus,
if
form.
Fig. 243,
But
if,
be
move
maintaia
This
upon
is
will
relatively to
each other
this is equivalent to
a single
of special importance
when
in the foimdation.
yielding floors.
220. Reducing
Number
of Supports.
^yy)'/y/////yy^^//>''^^/^^^^^-'''.'^A
Fig. 246.
In
number
Fig. 247.
of supports
may
be reduced without
MACHINE SUPPORTS.
six points of support.
may
In
two pairs
support.
The chance
of the
in
and one
will
317
il to
in
The
5.
is
12 feet,
221. Further
Correct
is
total
6 feet
both cases.
correct
methods
of
gj
[I
^
^
J^fe
Fig. 248.
Professor Sweet.
Fig. 249.
by the box
pillar;
its
a represents
paraboUc
outline.
The unsupported
is less,
down
it is
moved
length of bed
in
some-
to the support
is
will
by a
thereby
maintain
floor or foundation.
is
usual
is
at
CHAPTER
XX.
MACHINE FRAMES.
222. Open-side Frame.
such as
is
action of the
punch or shear a
direction,
and hne
force
This force
of action
is
may
apphed
to the
-side frame,
During the
frame tending
be represented in magnitude,
by P.
It is
Con-
Fig. 250.
Let
AB,
are in equilibrium.
at
Two
Pi
The
free
body
Hne
let their
is
now
of action be
subjected to the
and an external
force. Pi.
3'8
The
MACHINE FRAMES.
319
at
H, and
JK.
stress
The
due
to
to zero at
H.
This
maximum
This
LM
square inch at
and
NO
where
in the
between
to zero
LM
The
outer fiber at
at
AB.
maximum
varying from a
stress at
A.
/i
|e-r;i-i-8^-^
Fig. 251.
Fig. 252.
Flc
which
machine
to
Let
it
pimch |-inch
The
and
h=^\
of the section
be required
about
to design the
H, and
frame of a
Now / =^)
is
inch.
say 50,000
lbs.
The
ultimate shearing
The
'
MACHINE DESIGN.
320
The material and form for the frame must first be selected.
The form is such that forged material is excluded, and difficulties
of casting and high cost exclude steel casting.
The material,
must be
therefore,
cast iron.
when
and ends
In the
is
used
latter case,
its
and
and a
will therefore
sion
AB may
of the
be assumed so that
punch appears
section
may
Combined
right;
The dimen-
also be assumed.
its
torsion
The frame
may
From
be determined.
maximiun
If this is
a safe
=bidi
&2^2 =78
Then
square inches.
12
= 3002
bi-quadratic inches.
Then
59000
/i=J=^8- = 756,
,
/i
The
castings,
Pic
59000X27X9
3002
+/ = 5532 =maximum
about 20,000
too small.
lbs.
'
is
The
factor of
This
is
MACHINE FRAMES.
should be used in
this design:
made
is
When
This
stress results.
of imresiHent material.
must
I.
321
II.
be shrinkage
These shrinkage
due
is
of cast
stresses
to external forceis.
stresses cannot
Cast iron
tension,
is
side.
fiber stress
therefore be
more
is
weak
satisfactorily distributed
body of metal at
result.
The form
Fig. 253.
If,
to resist
however, there
is
it
sustains
a very thick
a,
would be
and
better, the
Fig- ^54.
Dimensions
cross-section
GG, a
line
is
found
to
The
MACHINE DESIGN-
32 2
required
are as follows:
values
= 7.o5
inches;
Then
/,
l
'
/i+/ = 2448
=^.5922^
A 156.25
^6
^"
Pic
SQoooX 2 5.05X7.05
^^ ^
5032-5
= -r =
lbs.
factor of safety
=niaxununx
fiber
The
spots.
little
may
gravity axis
CD,
of
in
,,
lbs.
the
shrinkage,
one P3J,
at
shows
before, put in
and
Fig. 255
to P,
two opposite
and having
P3 must be resolved
into
forces,
Ps
their common
h from it. P
well
flexure
is
CD free. K is
to each other
The
section.
As
of
= 2070.4
= 20,000^-2448=8.17.*
= reach
lbs.;
stress
fulfills
square inches;
to
produce
two components,
produce
tensile stress;
tending
to
produce shearing
stress.
is
The
as follows:
greatest
unit tensile
On a piece of
form cardboard lay out the figure to scale. Cut it out carefully with a sharp
Balance the figure exactly, by trial, on a knife-edge. The line of contact
knife.
with the knife-edge is the gravity axis. Its position may be marked and its location
measured to
scale.
* This discussion neglects the action of gravity which would exert a counter-
of safety.
t
tion
The
of the
''Mechanics of Materials."
MACHINE FRAMES.
323
sum
The
to tension
JK
greatest unit shear
=fs=~7
and opposite
action of P, equal
and Pe
is
forces,
each=P, may be
will then
intro-
-/
V.
Fig. 256.
arm h, and P5
The maximum
will
stress.
to flexure,
j^=P-T-A.
Any
section
may
be thus checked.
will
be
MACHINE DESIGN.
324
The
appearance.
and
mechanism,
may
is
the pinion
is received; B is the
G are parts of the frame added
E furnishes the guiding surfaces
C, D, and
for the
punch
"slide."
The method
sho^^'n, the
workman.
The
the
mechanism
parts C,
train has
D, E, and
been designed.
Fig. 257.
See
Fig. 257.
any
piece,
table
RK
must be held
must provide
under
line as
is
It is
The
thus determined.
at a convenient height
above the
shown.
AH
If is specified
floor,
is
and
cut
to the floor
thus determined.
LM
be assumed so that
MACHINE FRAMES.
it
shall
The
of the machine.
bounding
lines of
LS and
curves
of the part
MT
may
be drawn for
None
325
DNE,
line as
LSTM,
made
LS and TM.
The supporting
The member
appear as attachments.
that
inner outline
its
is
pulley,
VW
should be designed so
shghtly from
to
V-.
frame by a curved
as
XX,
the
amount
by the
trolled
which the
and should
outline.
of
core.
metal and
its
its
It is dictated
arrangement
stroke.
may
by the maximum
maximum
from a
The
tool
carried
is
The
belt
is set
at a constant velocity.
(accidentally) so that
it
strikes the
table just before the slider has reached the lower end of
resistance, R, offered
its
by
by
be con-
force, P,.
The
main
ends of
The
member increases
by the
its
stroke.
slider velocity,
and hence
* See Chapter V.
fails.
MACHINE DESIGN.
326
The
From
Let
designed.
P= up ward
XX
Let
machine
= the
by
The maximum
^
thereby limited
may
frame
when
be
the break-
stress equal to P.
is
the
section
tensile
Pic
= / + /i = ^+T-
Frame
of a Side-crank Steam-engine.
is
Fig. 258.
The
right
the cylinder
and main
left.
In the
shaft;
and
and
force
acts alternately
first
case
it
applied
toward the
tends to separate
The frame
is
main
it
tends to
Let the
ths
frame
piston
*
tool.
is
is
is
shown enlarged
toward the
AB
be considered.
in Fig. 259.
up
The end
If the pressure
AB
will be:
I.
of
from the
Flexure
MACHINE FRAMES.
due
to the
N,
moment,?/, resulting
327
in tensile stress
with a
P^A=fi
lbs.
Fig. 259.
aibi
are laid
off
This
shown
is
graphically at n>
Tensions
ab.
left.
dze^ki
Aieiai
S
k.
(m)
(n)
Fig. 259.
The
stress
due
neutral axis
fiber,
If,
from the
Ni
drawn through
lines,
due
the section,
tween the
it
will
is
same
the
parallel lines
ciki
and
diCi.
and reduces
in all parts of
it
it
become
bidi
become
eiOi.
to
to
The maximum
fiber,
When
the force
and
is
is
due
equal to bidi.
acting toward the
reversed,
shown
at
left,
the
to ^2^2-
tension due
and uniform
This
latter
in the
upper outer
fiber
from 03^2
MACHINE DESIGN.
328
The maximum
to 0262-
is
compres-
The maximum
&2<^2-
stress,
rod.
If the gravity axis of the cross-section
and
The
gravity axis
increasing the
The
stress in
same
duce flexure
less
amount
and decreasing
section
to the
may
and the
it
upper
force, P, as before;
will
be
less,
is
be due
because the
force constant.
shown
will
but the
part.
in Fig. 260.
is
The
force
is
applied at this
Fig. 260.
Fig. 261.
is
Join
'
MACHINE FRAMES.
XX
draw
axis
to
XX
c will
XX
is
the gravity
The dangerous
will occur.*
stress will
=0C.
The
known
terms.
in
known
terms.
The
the lever-arm of P,
/,
stress at
/i
'
members
to
Then
perpendicular to CO.
329
Pic
=j-,
-.
area 01 section
Fig.
a bedplate,
line, either to
separate
The problem
is
to design G,
A, the
line of action
being
GH.
EF; compression
results
in
may be found by
From these values A and B may be designed,
beam whose length is /, supported at both
is
equivalent to a
* This
is
not
strictly true.
If
OC
is
frame
XX
OC
XX
MACHINE DESIGN.
33
component
horizontal
for
its
tion of
P reverses
of the compression in
or B.
moment
tends to bend
to the
The data
and
becomes
convex downvi'ard
becomes compression.
rigidly
together,
as in
Fig. 262.
Fig. 263.
by
must
bolts at
loose,
and A.
and that
and
if
to concentrate
pass through
A and
Suppose that
tends to bring
would be a tendency,
at
made.
therefore be
C and D
at
^.
The
is
attached to
have worked
slightly
nearer together.
There
to
Assump-
all,
to relieve pressure
would
MACHINE FRAMES.
is
are tight.
AE.
the surface
at
Suppose that
perpendicular to
reaction,
let
The hne
MN
EA.
and the
intensity
is
therefore the
R=P ^2.
assumed
forces equal to
component
the
maximum
and with
their lines
there
is
stress
due to
flex-
Then
=i?3.
=/+/i.
_Rlc
^1- J-
,_Rz
^"T'
the
be
Introduce at
to
line of the
In any section of G, as
of the
reaction
XX,
331
when
MN
perpendicular to
is
steam hammer,
The
part
EA
KL would
beam
KL.
if
built in at the
to
frame
is
due
section will be
PI
stress
= / = -5^-
Then
F,=li.
beam equal
section,
and
values c and /
becomes known.
may
it
the
may
the hori-
moment ^, and
beam
but more
to the flexure
The
therefore
not equivalent to a
like C, Fig. 263,
Pli
the
greater
when
it is
in the bolted
it
Also
The assumptions
stress is greater
it is
than
If the force
give safety.
maximum
MN than when
mid-
maximum
MACHINE DESIGN.
332
Steam-hammer Frames.
228.
The problem
known.
is
maximum
of
is
The energy
the height of
by gravity
The energy
hammer-
and
is
fall.
Double-acting.
2.
is
falls
to
by steam admitted
its
lighter
hammer-head
blow = W^/
or,
if
is lifted
its fall
by
steam
downward.
it
energy received
mean
force applied
of the
The steam
Type
maximum
steam-hammers:
Single-acting.
I.
a steam-piston
/ is
the
is,
force.
Type
if
therefore be
is
the
is
is
mean
and
and no
from
hammer
force
is
is
type
downward upon
The
i,
=^.4 =the
by area
of piston,
During the
frictional resistance.
the
the cylinder
when
fall of the
is
hammer.
In
The hammer
strikes
may
result
an anvil which
may
may be
may
is
such
this
steam
is
compressed by the
MACHINE FRAMES.
advancing piston.
is
used for
The
this compression.
it
333
is
communicated
to the frame.
Under
hammer
all of
the
is
i.
Steam
'bt
is
and
MACHINE DESIGN.
334
The compression
Fig. 264,
is
b.
toward
Vertical
hammer;
since
or,
vertical ordinates
V2
V2 of the clearance space, or -r, the piston movement
the volume
BF
ured from
represent
TN
is
hammer,
by the area
the
NTHG.
hammer must
When
again.
may
be
W
=-t-.
below
RKMN.
The work
If the
is
exposed to atmospheric
suffi-
let in
DK.
give out in
it
some
at boiler pressure,
curve.*
is
inch.
hammer
and
is
D, steam
The advancing
of compression
compression
point, as
DK.
is
Wl, the
RKMN: or,
RTHL must
pression
by
trial.
must begin
The
NTHG
common
LKMG. The
EM.
is
The
* Assuming
NM,
may
be found
by compression
represented by
must equal
represented by
cylinder-head
Hence area
RLGN is
upon
is
the lower
pK = constant.
MACHINE FRAMES.
acts
The
=p2A =P.*
on the outside.
frame
to the
If
335
hammer
have stopped short of the end of the stroke, the compression curve
less
EM.
than
Obviously
if
greatest pressure
would have
the force P,
axis for
is
to the
EM.
Therefore
its line
of action,
that water
is
it
before the
hammer
The
water.
resulting force
is
be very
The
great.
by the use
is
Thus
of a "breaking-piece."
may be
Then
imknown.
is
For, suppose
KP,
This force
may
may
be Hmited
a,
factor of safety
and
thus limiting
its
value.
=2000
attached parts.
/,
= 15
per cent;
admitted to
* In
which
the
lift
boiler
is
i.e..
MACHINE DESIGN.
336
The
2000
lbs.
sents
40
=40
and
lbs.,
NT represents
work
of hfting the
as the
just
accomplish
hammer
this,
NM,
pressure acting
downward on
breaking-piece =iiCP
mum
equals 258
lbs.
resulting pressure,
The total
=p2A =258X50 = 12,900
the frame
If
must be absorbed
The maximum
represented by
=P.
that
lbs.
repre-
by the
the anvil.
reaches
NG
In Fig. 264,
lbs.
hammer =
the
Hence
lift
K,
is
5,
= 5X12,900 =64,500 lbs. This is the maximay be used as a basis of the frame design.
231. Stresses
in
maximum working
Fig. 265,
NG
Double-acting Frames.
force
may
type
the
In
hammer.
represents the
In
The
hammer by
area
NTHG
lifting.
The
is
HSJL
point steam
represents
area
D.
below
let in
this
it,
and
all
hammer by
on
At
To
NTSJLG
/,
inches;
A,
effective
inches; clearance
The
at
= 15
area
of
= 85
=50 square
lbs.
by gauge.
all
MACHINE FRAMES.
the energy of the
hammer, and
maximum
maximum working force
Then
= 325 X 50 = 16,250. If Z = 5,
= 16,250X5 =81,250 lbs.
337
the
rn
Fig. 265.
Hammer
acting
pressure
lift
the
inch
is
is
Frames.
to the
Thus
If the throttle-valve
hammer when
* So that
it
may
of the
it
40
is
The
per square
lbs.
boiler pressure
is
hammer upward,
reaches
in.-lbs.
boiler
necessary to
its
the
upper position
=85X50X24 = 106,000
which
in 230 a pressure of
of stroke,
hammer frame.
hammer.*
and length
The energy
necessary
is
MACHINE DESIGN.
338
just
to
hammer
the
lift
is
40X50X24=48,000
in.-lbs.,
The
in. -lbs.
it
must
to rest in its
out
the
resulting
force.
An
automatic
device for closing the throttle-valve before the end of the stroke
The steam
be used.
is
A crane
= 10,000 lbs.;
to the
travel
Maximimi
is
be de-
to
load, 5 tons
radius
Fig. 266
floor line.
center lines of
members.
its
load of 10,000
in
the
frame
above
feet
may
for compression
left
lbs. acts
downward
:
may
be considered
This
first.
is
held
i.e.,
One
support,
i.e.,
force,
in the
AB,
is
hne
cd.
The
crane
is
a "four-force piece."
known
M.
But the
be,
and
MACHINE FRAMES.
da must pass through N.
Hence
MN
339
common
line of
Draw
is
the
MACHINE DESIGN.
34
brace;*
at
H, whose Hne
third, a
whose
downward
reaction at
line of action
AB
where the
jib
LK
reaction.
is
Fig. 268.
and
brace reaction,
ae.
and
EA
jib isolated,
produce flexure
in the jib.
to
The
in the
ae, be,
upon
in equilibrium,
hne
and ab
it.
The
and tend
and
jib.
The
jib equivalent to
vertical
a pin con-
MACHINE FRAMES.
force acting at
is
FA*
is
FB, =15,000
= 10,000
341
lbs.,
acting at
is
AB,
lbs.
Flexure
produced
also
is
in the jib
by
own weight
its
acting as
which
selected
Two
riage.
may
be
For
this crane.
jib,
trial
moment
From
=6
= 81
lbs.
The
1800
inches;
total
The
lbs.
^'
I
Pi =450
values.
450=4550
T=Pli-\
at
PI3+
due to
this
Introducing numerical
total reaction at
diagram of moments
is
therefore 5000
of flexure
may now
be
741,600
Divide
in. -lbs.
The
-^
jib
lbs.
lbs.
moment
=w/ = 8^ XiSX 12 =
the
TQ
into
moment =
in
Qto
sidered.
by
The moment
may
be found
similar method.
The moment
in
at the
which
at
any pomt
at the left of
wU^
^
r=455oX/4H
,
Fig. 266.
moments may be
MACHINE DESIGN.
342
drawn.
The
The maximum
value
=/
force
due
must
act at T.
to the forces
where
M = 741,600
Mc _
"' 741600X6
at T,
is
An
lbs.
Between
24<SX2
is
equal to
= 8971
FE
in.-lbs.
lbs.
The
and
there
is
no
tensile stress
this result
needs to be considered.
The
chain which
up and over
is
jib.
The
fastened at
load
is
passes
the
hook
to the sheave at
of 10,000 lbs.
friction,
is
a tension of 5000
lbs.
If a load
MACHINE FRAMES.
chain from
of
5000
tending to bring
to
produce compression
tween
lbs.
there
and
is
to the
is
winding drum.
and
There
in the jib.*
12,000-5000 = 7000
a compression of 5000
343
therefore a force
is
The
while between
lbs.,
The
lbs.
and
cross-sectional area
of the
tensile stress
sile stress in
=9204
lbs.
lbs.
The
factor of
caught up, or the failure of the support under the load while the
chain is slack. When this occurs a blow is sustained by the stress
members
The energy
of the crane.
is
stress
Hence
large.
is
resisted is large
of this
But the
fall.
jib
force
is less
and
resilient
The
of the
members
is
material
Hence, in a crane
is liable
to modified
large enough.
in general
it
will
Fig.
beam supported
of flexure at
by the distance
* There
is
at
C and D
upon
its
CA
also flexure
in inches,
due
The
force
It is
with a load at A.
equivalent
The moment
=9000
lbs.
X 60
BC in
Fig. 266.
inches
= 540,000
it.
MACHINE
344
=M.
in.-lbs.
The
flexure
DESIGN.-
moment
maximum
is
The maximum
therefore as shown.
flexure
7 = 176;
'
c=6
inches;
'
The
'
'
455 by the
effect of the
2X176
X^- =
540000
0200
lbs.
ae,* = 5ooo
The compression
jib.)
drum
the mast
is
lbs.,t
and the
is
9200
^The
The
factor of safety
length, 19 feet,
is
such that
the
formula
of the
is
is
intermediate between a
formula"
will
be
used.t
force
This
The
19,000
form
is
needs to be treated
is
is
colunans,
This also
it
tension
= 60000 -^9200
as a "long column."
member
between
The
small.
is
lbs.
safe as before.
237. Brace.
lbs.
B.
in
=6.5, which
of the
(Actually reduced to
lbs.
weight of the
component
stress in
this
= 5000
and compression
due to
fiber stress
at this point,
AE in Fig.
is
is
and hence
the cross-sectional
266.
"Theory and
Practice of
Mod-
ern Framed Structures," by Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure, page 143. Published
by John Wiley
& Sons.
M/tCHINE FR/tMES.
and
C are
345
(the values of
and
of the
and
is
is
of the cross-section,
moment
of inertia of
Values of
and
are as follows:
For wrought
"
'
'
"
The
"
"
mild
steel,
"
"
iron,
flat
"
-7=42000-128-
hinged
"
-j
flat
"
= 52 500 - 2 20 -.
I
-7
= 52500-179-.
The formula
considered as hinged.
P=
-1
to
be used
therefore
is
52500-220-,
from which
'
= (52500-220 -j^
selected
and values
of r
and
become
A^
r = 3.8
inches, and
Carnegie's tables give for 2 channels,
above equation,
square inches. Introducing these values in the
3.9
with
mum
= i9'Xi2=228",
gives
P = i53,27o
lbs.
= 19,000
lbs.,
MACHINE DESIGN.
346
the
factor
of
safety
= 153,270-^-19000 = 8 +
it is
This
is
a larger
probably inadvisable
may
<a-
The
member if
MACHINE FRAMES.
347
The
position of these
two channels
relative to
The
distance,
I,
formula gives
/
= (s25oo-5)
220'
= 19000-^2 =
9500 lbs.) multiplied by the factor of safety, say 6. The radius of
gyration, r, is about a gravity axis parallel to the web, =\/l -^-A =
in
which
is
9500X6X0.488
= ( 52500-^^
^
\''
The
but
value of
it
may
/,
be
-^
therefore,
less if
^' = 51.8.
/ 220
1.95
requires.
238. Crane
may
steel
factor
brace in the
to
The
jib.
mild
The
lbs.
safety
= 6,
the
cross-sectional
inches.
say,
area
and com-
made
lbs.,
of
and
must equal
If
lA
inches.
MACHINE DESIGN.
348
fore
flexure
at
11
35,800X^1^
= 8055
lbs.
= maximum
= 750X2;
= 7^;
/. /
-^
= 1611000X7.5
750X2
The
factor of
60000
safety
= -^;;;:;7- = 7.4,
safe.
8055
Fig. 273.
35800*
Fig. 274.
The moment
maximum
load
moment due
is
suspended at
to the load
its
is
center.
jib=M= +
4
in which
'
foot of length,
The
resulting
588600
X6=
2X248
maximum
7120
lbs.
M =49,050
fiber stress
ft.-lbs.
due
to
= 588,600,
flexure,
in.-lbs.
MACHINE FRAMES.
Compression
in jib
Compression in
jib
due
to chain tension
due
to load
to
349
= 10,000
45800
=
=
lbs.
= 35,800 lbs.;
both = 10,000X35,800 =45,800 lbs.
-r-area
two
of the
526 lbs.
30
Maximvmi
pression
fiber
= 6.96.
If
The
jib
load might be
joint at -F
to
combined
The
lbs.
and com-
flexure
factor of safety
0040
could be used.
The
due
stress
may be
moved
must be designed
nearly
up
to the mast,
hence the
The
= 8950
lbs. in
any
The
direction.
pivot
and step
vertical
downward
pillar crane.
represents one or
M in the
H, and
rods;
MH represents
The
line ah.
vertically
and
vertical force at
may be
ports
designed.
i= 10,000
The
brace
The
276):
The
tension rods
may be
designed for
lbs.
forces sustained
FE,
KL,
The
lbs.,
supported
H and = 30,000
From
lbs.
HK
KM
the brace.
may be
pillar is
horizontally at L.
and the
outline of the
is
more tension
horizontally at
well as
floor level;
The
H must be
frame of a
at
lbs., as
by the
pillar are
as follows
4, = 15,000
(see Fig.
lbs.,
acts
MACHIUE DESIGN.
35
horizontally toward
the right
EB, = 15,000
component
of
30,000 lbs.
5000
acts
lbs.
these data
to
lbs. acts
left at
CD
at
acts
LH
toward the
upward
at L,
may
BC
lbs. acts
producing a
The
of 10,000 lbs.
the pillar
H.
left at
DA =30,000
H, and
force
and K.
total
AF =
From
Fig. 276.
240.
steam
Frame
riveter.
of a
Steam Riveter.
Let Fig.
action of these
force
AB
may be
moment
277 represent
are ah,
on the
EH
line ^0
and
HG
= 35,000
The Hnes of
ca.
The
he,
BC
and
being known.
lbs.
CA
The
X 74" = 2,590,000
The moment
MACHINE FRAMES.
in
3SI
any horizontal
EFG.
The stake
shells
cross-section
and large
flues
may be
riveted.
In order that
it is
it
made of
may be
material
Fig. 277.
The two
bolts
53,500
and
lbs.
force
upon each
sus-
therefore
is
would be=
The
6X53500
,
is 6,
The
diameter corre-
50000
sponding=2.86
inches.
M/ICHINE DESIGN.
352
bolt
is
certain
if
and the
amount,
total
yielding
might
will yield
exceed
the
unit
bolts
strain
= \imt
an
The
stress -r
coefficient of elasticity, or
;=1
but
and
.
.'.
/= =
lbs.
E= 28,000,000
6440
= .00002^"^ men.
28000000
A = ^
,
= 6440
is
APPENDIX.
The
following
method
due
to Professor L.
M.
maximum
the
velocity of the
Hoskins.
OA=y.
AM = x.
OB = d.
Angle
"
"
"
^05
=900.
MAO =
AMO = r-
oi.
OMB=p.
Z= 2a = length
From our
chain (see
of stroke of slider.
22)
we know
APPENDIX.
354
velocity of the slider
The
is
determined by erecting at
necting-rod
h,
and cutting
extended
Our problem,
then,
corresponding to the
this
necessary.
if
is
maximum
value of
x and
a'^=y'^+x'^
mechanism
y.
b^t
length
y, x,
and
Calling
a.
y, a,
2xy
cosa;
(ij
(^^
^"'"^^h
a2=y2 + ^2_2^^_Z_,
Clearing
(3) of fractions
......
and transposing,
+ y^ a^) (x + b),
2xy'^=x^ + x'^b+y^x + y'^ba^x a^b.
2xy'^
(3)
{x^
...
(4)
Differentiating,
2y^+4xy^
=2,x2
+ 2bx+y^+2xy +2by-
-a?.
Transposing,
{6fii:y-2xy-2by)-^^ =2,x^
+ 2bx+y^-a?-2y^.
(5)
APPENDIX.
355
dy
of y, j-
'
y^=3x^ + 2bxa^
a^
(6)
from both
sides of (6),
x^+y^a^=4x^ + 2bx2a^
From
(7)
(3),
2,2
2^3'^
x+b
-^
(7),
'Y'=4^^ +
x+b
..
2bx2a^:
'
(8)
(6),
Dividing
(9)
by
a^
and transposing,
a^
x^
x^
52^6+62~63
Equation (10) gives us the relation existing between
and X
for the
(9)
maximum
(10)
a,
h,
APPENDIX.
3S6
By
a
corresponding values of r, Curve
-r
and solving
Ordi-
X
nates are
-r-
abscissae are r-
h are
known.
a
Solve for
-r.
From Curve A
X
find the value of
r-
of^.
From
But equation
is
r and
the
known
value of b
found.
maximum
tion
y^=^x'^+2bxa^,
all of
now known.
AOB
The
Let
moved through by
stroke, then
ni=b+ad.
the slider
APPENDIX.
The
357
time of
maximum
its
the
m
2a
Curve
curve
shows the
we can
velocity is reached.
its
From
-r
this
what per
position of
7-
ordi-
2a
velocity of the shder to the velocity
ay
i.
Add
To find
and
7-
and
we have
r
b
^ corresponding
to the
maximum
;
'
ordi-
velocity
0MB, namely,
Let
d.
s(sd)
value of
s=
cos^/? = -^"^
Then
Curve
y
unity to the ordinates for actual values of -.
the values of
of the slider
b, a,
accomphshed when
is
y
= ratio of the maximum
nates
20
maximum
nates
^ and
between
relation
b+a+d
.
/?.
Curve
is
and values
of
j-
as abscissae.
APPENDIX.
358
Table XXXI.
OF
^Assumed Values of
0' ^,
b
2a
-r,
AND
B,
APPENDIX.
359
INDEX.
Acceleration, diagrams of
55-63
263
270-272 273
Addendum
Angle of action
Application, machinery of
Arc of action
Axle design
Axles, shafts,
and
270-272, 273
161-164
spindles
161-171
Backlash
263
and
Ball-bearings.
173-174
206-207
158-159
Bearings
186
188-192
Roller-
and
Ball-bearings.
Belts
cone pulley
crowning pulleys
design, theory of
distance between shafts for
driving capacity, variation of
218-243
224-227
224
227-233
intersecting axes
239
236-239
234-236
222-223
pump-belt design
233-234
rope-drives
239-243
dynamo-belt design
shifting, principle of
221
transmission of motion by
218-221
twist
221-222
weight of leather
Bevel-gears
Bolts and screws
analysis of screw action
calculation of bolts subject to elongation
232
290-297
1 12-140
115-118
125-129
361
362
INDEX.
PAGES
and
up
definition
133-140
118,
119
19-129
12-1 15
129-132
jam-nuts
U. S. standard threads
wrench-pull
132
113,
14
124
188-192
Boxes.
Box
pillar, see
Supports.
80-81
Brackets
Cams
44-49
81-82
Cast-iron parts
10-12
Centro
15-16,
location of
Centrode.
17,
19-22
12-13
16-1
263
213-217
Clutches
4-8
Cotters
147,
claw or toothed
combination friction and claw
148
209-2 1
213-214
217
compression
2 10-2
flange
flexible
210
212-213
friction
214-217
Hooke's
Oldham's
sleeve or muflF
Weston
Cranes, problems in design of
Crank-pin, design of
Cross-head pin, design of
Cutting speeds
Cycloidal gears
belt design for
212
212
211
Sellers'
Dynamo,
29
28,
Constrained motion
friction
209
216-217
338-350
182
183
30
267-270, 274, 276, 277. 291
234-236
INDEX.
363
PAGES
Efficiency of machines
13
size of
17-18
Energy, definition of
in machines
law of conservation of
50-66
i
sources of
Fly-wheels
244-260
257-260
construction of
design, general
method
245
pump
249-252
245-249
punching-machine
steam-engine
stresses in
252
arms
255-257
252-255
244-245
stresses in rims
theory of
Force, definition of
149-152
77-8o, 318-352
Force-fits
Frames
closed
329-331
cranes
338-35
318-329
31 8-324
350-352
324-326
329-331
326-329
332-338
open-side
punching-machine
riveting-machine
slotting-machine
steam-engine, center-crank
steam-engine, side-crank
steam-hammer
clutches
232
240
214-217
Crosby
Tabor
41-43
42-43
4'
Thompson
Involute gears
Instantaneous center
Instantaneous motion
42
272-274, 275, 276, 279, 292
10-
.'
'
3^4
INDEX.
PAGES
Jib-crane
338-349
172-197
Journals
allowable bearing pressure
calculation
of, for
173-174
strength
178
crank-pin of engine
182
183
general discussion
172-173
heating of
175-177
192-197
179-181
lubrication of
main journal
of engine
177-178
proportions of
177
184-188
thrust-
Keys, classification of
feathers
141
145,
146
parallel
141
round, taper
147
saddle and
flat
145,
145
146
taper
141,
145
142
Woodruif
144,
145
splines
strength of
Lathe, bed
80
supports
314-317
17
velocity diagram
26
Linear velocity
22
points in different links
Line-shafts
26
168-1
Linkage
14
Machine cycle
Machine frames, form dictated by stress
See also Frames.
Machine function defined
Machine parts, forms of cast members
proportions of
208
192-197
157-160
77-8o
2
81,
82
67-82
INDEX.
365
PAGES
179-181
i^
location of centres in
compound
19-22
Motion, chains
14-15
constrained
4-8
definition of
free
helical
instantaneous
kinds
plane
of,
in
10-13
machines
8-9
relative
spheric,
Pairs of elements
13
Passive resistance
5-8
Pillar crane
349-350
270
Pitch arc
Pitch circle
262
Pitch, circular
263
263
diametral
Planing-machine, bed
lubrication of
78-79
table
Prime mover
Pulleys, cone
224-227
224
223
239
255-257
252-255
crowning
idler or guide
proper size of
stresses in
arms
stresses in rims
Pump,
Quick-return mechanisms
lever-crank quick-return
slider-crank quick-return
233-234
249-252
245-249
318-324
30-38
32-35
30-32
35-3
10
366
INDEX.
PAGES
83-1 1
Riveted joints
boiler-shell
problem
105-1
loi,
counter-sunk rivets
efficiencies of various
loi
kinds of
90-97, 99
failure of
87,
88
general formulae
97,
95
kinds of
86,
margin.
98
methods of riveting
more than two plates
83,
103,
perforations of plate
plates not in
84
104
loi
nickel-steel rivets
84,
same plane
104,
85
105
102
slippage
99
and
88, 99,
efficiency of
350, 352
and ball-bearings
198-208
206-207
201-206
208
198-205
allowable loading
form
of races
lubrication
102
90-97- 99
84
Riveting-machine, action of
frame design
and sealing
and spinning
rolling, sliding,
size of
Rope transmission
87
100
length of rivet
Roller-
102
207
239-243
113,
vs. solid
line-shafts
simple torsion
Shaping-machine, force problem
Sheave-wheels, angle of groove
diameter of
Shrink-fits
Skew
bevel-gears
115,
148
167
167-168
165-166
166-167
168-171
164-165
52-54
242
240
149-152
297
55-63
ig
INDEX.
367
PAGES
52-54
54-66
15-16
location of centros
maximum
velocity of slider
353-358
64-66
24-26
153-160
158-159
155-157
form
of guides
general discussion
153
157-165
lubrication of
proportions dictated
by wear
154,
Slotted cross-head
155
18-19
and
324-326
spindles.
Spiral gears
297-305
308-312
309-3 1
311-312
310-31
261-290, 305-307
Springs
cantilever
coil or spiral
leaf
Spur-gears
Steam-engine, boxes
crank-pin
190
cross-head pin
174,
177,
174,
177,
fly-wheel design
183
252
force problems
54-66
229-331
326-328
frame, center-crank
frame, "girder bed"
frame, " heavy duty"
main journal
174,
general
182
method
of design
grasshopper motion
parallelogram
177.
328-329
179-181
336-338
332-336, 337
39-43
4^-43
40, 41
39,
40
74.
39
75
68
flexure
75.
76
shock
73.
74
motion
Stresses in machine parts, compression
Watt
parallel
constant
tension
torsion
variable
74
76,
77
69-73
368
INDEX.
PAGES
Supports
313-317
314-315
313
316-317
3i5-3r6
divided
general laws for design of
reduced number of
three-point
Thrust-journals
184-1 88
261-307
addendum
263
270-272
angle of action
annular
276
arc of action
270, 272
backlash
263
290-297
263
bevel-gears
circular pitch
clearance
263
267-270, 274, 276, 277, 291
263
263
cycloidal teeth
depth, total
depth, working
diametral pitch
263
264-270, 272-274, 280-283
forms of teeth
277-280
interchangeable sets
involute teeth
line of pressure
non-circular wheels
pinion
pitch arc
2 70
pitch circle
262
283-284
proportions of
racks
274, 275
skew bevel-gears
297
297-305
305-307
261-290
spiral gears
spur-gear chains,
compound
spur-wheels
strength of teeth
theory of
289-290
274
298-305
64-66
3
23
22
INDEX.
369
PAGES
Velocity, linear
relative
22
22, 24,
26-27
35-36
i
297-305
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