Design and cetailing of structural concrete using strut-and-tie models }. Schlaich, Professor Dr.Ing. University of Stuttgart, Germany K. Schafer, Professor Dring. University of Stutgart, Germany Reprinted from The Structural Engineer/Volume 697%0,8/19 March 1991Paper Pager: Schlaich/Schafec Design and detailing of structural concrete using strut-and-tie models J. Schlaick, Professor Dr. Ing. University of Stuttgart, Germany K. Schafer, Professor Dr. Ing. University of Stuttgart. Germany Synopsis So-called ‘derails’ are as important for a structure's behaviour and safety as the standard problems of design which are covered in che Codes. unified design concept which covers 42150 che details consistently for oll pes Of Concrete structure ws described ix ckis pager. (15 aged Om strut-and-twe arodels, Including the cruss model for beams as special case “after the princioles of the mechod end che modelling ‘Sess are explained, simplified rules are proposed for dimensioning all the individual members of the model and their nodes. Some examples show the application of che smechod ana! demonstrate, aio. its use for the improvement of the conceptuat design of details. Introduction CCenain pars of structures are ceritea with almost Xaggeraced accuracy whe other pars are designed using rug. chur or judgment Dazed om sasc experience. However all ars of 3 race are of similar mmporance ‘A nuit design conetor, which is consent for all Pes of steuseure ane all eir parc, must be based a0 celle physica! models, Seruc-andoe trodes, a generalisation of tte well-stown crust agaiogy (or beams, are propusee nere a he appropiate apptoach for desenung structural concrete, hich includes both Feiniareed and prestressed vonsree srustures, Ievasaetually 3 he car ofthe as ceaeury, when Rice and ese” inroduced ne russ ataiogy. Ths tod slater fines ane expanded by Leonards. Rusch’, Kupiee™, 204 oehess, une! Thurman Zurich choot, with Mand! and Wille, created its scetite basis for 2 etonal anplicaion in craing tee son 9 the eheoty of plastic Collins and Mitene\” jurenes consicered the derormazions ef the fuss model ang derived 3 cational design method for Seat and (orion "various applicaons, Bay, Franc. Leonnardt. Suptes and Thurli Showa quae nrutana.ie models could be useFaly apDlid o cena Beams eg QuCROTS ANG Othe fed caesels, From that point. "he the lagiute Foe Concrete St their efforts systematically ce expand Suen model 0 ene seructures and ‘The method had been expand alreny ia some detail in he American CE Joueaa', The imereted readers feferted to this paper ota Basso he present contribution, Here. the development oF steurandstie move and te dimensioning of eeirstrus. ties aad nodes wil be repeated aly riety. Conezzaing the design of oodes. some material wins oes beraed ref tis added “Tuen, the method is applied 10 3 few new example. including ome eomparison with cext resus. Some of the examples given ynow that the Serutangtie method is weft oot ayia imensionins ven member ik ko iA'developing sn ddequate conceptual dewen Ia a etal tat The structure's Be and D-resions Those regions pt 2 Meuetue, in which the Resnonil Mypwntesy ol near sist dscibucion astumed vid will be eter co a Uerezons bee U stands tor beam OF Ueraoullih, That inter forces OF arene ev dete Yom moment, shede 28d axial fares analysed by meatal ie Ca) yet a beats, Frames PES. ee. {FURETIEREE, the WRENS ate wachanted the wrutane C, of struts Cf and Cris considered. Sersses vo (Me diagonal c a€e Soe higher thea in che simple mode! ides with the gressuce o., = (9°3 N/mm he strut C. fated Desa bear ‘The deep Seam texted by Leonhardt & Waleher sal be evalusied wing he srucanditie method. Dimensions and reinforcement InYOUL Fe vet in Bg 15 30-2 N/mm? conerese atm scenes Nine yield seen wf mae eeinforcement Theses soesmen file ata tort load F, = (195K ater cupture oF che principal rei ‘For atirs spprosimation gre mode! From Fig 4 wl be sed (Fe 1516?) neglecting che deviotion of aes near che vwsport ad (he mesh reinforcement The lever arm of the chara sttumed 10 be ROC muLh larger than expected fram te theory OF lastiiey 207262 108m When the tension chord begins (0 veld Ty eA es Deeded = 9 6KN, the soresponding toad amounts co Bev. 6x 1.08 oa ‘Troi already more than the usual design would predict. But only 0% lf the measured Inure ‘oad However for an explanatga of the records ltimaty load, the mode The Structhral Engines! Veiuie BUENO 119 Maceh Etvaper: SchlaichySchater aaa Freee re | a? Fg 1S. Beams with pmo openings inthe web: models and comresponding reinforcement Bioek-foundanon The srobiem is given in Fig 19(), Following the load path method. he wo pressures apolid co he foundation from above ad below art subdivided ssenecind 26 shown is Fig 19(0), The component F ezpeesents that Fig IR. Fram wh closing moment: (ay (0) mode! and load which is aiverted co the reinforcement jor similar tensions 9f alumna and bear: (c). (8) and Fare diverted co the edhe sie, ‘bad model ana reinforcement for disimiar dinentions 0) volumin and 22 U-turn has 0 be arranged in between F, and F, gear: (e), ($008 mocel und veinforceren far disumulat domension® sit acrossing of sh load paths. The models easly completed of column ang beam "he nonzofisl compression ang tension enores C, ant T, Theit coe 9 5 A 20 s sa From Fig 191, ‘The column compression cores &, F, and F, are disnbuted ase in che tcapsvorsedireeion over the wiath ofthe foundstion and ehereby coeate Since che tension force Tin the coluren ceinforcement ig carried co the ceaasverse tension. Ty Ti, To 28 Bottom of the founeation and combines chere with the load path of F, oT | = Hf ‘e () comoresson cro fe) tension crore Fig {7 Openiag in slob with constant moment ‘The Structural Rnginene! Waleume fin) Mo.fi/ 19 Maccls anitPaper: Schlaich/Schifer Lig (9. flock Jounchaiom: (4) levout und applied Jorees: th). Fe) wrt-andetv made: I) correspinding reinforcennen: fe} muds iy te titration of the iorizomal forces A an! comnhinedt rinjorceiment if tes mol 8 upped within the wich « f the column, ts contribution co the ensile chord T, aH = Fo, ust be arranged wichin this wiath af well, «.g, By horizontal legs of the flume reninesement (Fi 19) Fig 20. Hoe footimes: fat adel fora footne wh roush ious: (6) model for u footing wich smooth points: fe) tiglified met fo" the walls in horzontel projection end correiganding cemjorcenet These legs can be avoided aod the longitudinal reinforcement can be cvenle distbuted over the whole Foundation width fs accordance With Fig. 19(e), che additional cansverse tension T= 0-5 ah oe, ‘also vovered by reinforcement. Loops would Be necessary in his $386 for me anchorage of the column rentorcement Fnear the BpWoM oF che ‘lentil forces have fo be svere by reinforcement, The reinrorcemest for 1, must be extended 19 the leit end of the foundation and the transverse restorcement tor Ty, T= T, 38d T, over che whole mth. NO hooks are accesary foe beter anchorage of horizontal bars appeoximstely twvouhuds of the necesiary achorsue length of the Code i provides “pehiad” the aoues af the Mode! The vorgression sei C, ceeds 20 special check. if the compressionsuper oe >eeliminary proposals for this detail using see girders embeded in \erete (Fig 2) were cejented after une strucanducie mde (Fig 20) ‘wed now the cabie Cores could be igroduced immetively withoue any ing of embedded members ané the associaced high reser and ‘ormations. The compression forces ae applied direc in the aiecton the iagonai model ute via profiled casc-stee components without joe dirurbacce of the thin coacrete deck (Fig 2c). Transverse forcing Sar, weed tothe east stel components, cary the Ce forces he model, The sees istabution i Further improved by smeating the Se A over a texcer length ar suggested Oy the cefined mode of Fig 23). (he check of the conerere comprestion tress applied by the cast seat sis ag further explanation Fine cables ac inclined aca considerable angle in acerca suppor she ge dee, 2 usually the case, a bottom Mange stust be 2zched (0 "eel member (or veriesl DDO of the deck snetusions tavand-ie models can be used for eracing the iateenal forees in plated cetals, They are very helpful in CMe conceatual design of 2 all leading the designer iqtuitively co simple and send soistons. ‘ucancie modes ace alsa a bass (or che quancictive check of deals dono strutuees, However, the metnod also requires some engine, islenge ana raining 9 which chs papers itended co contribute with fy Of prneiples and a few angticscons of the method ferences Schiaich, J. Schafer. €., Jennewein, M. Toward 2 constenc design of seraccural coneree'. PCT Journal. 32, No.3. May-tune 1987, pp? i50 Ricer, W.: "Bie Bauweise Hennebique’. (The Hennebique system), Schweizeriche Baucetung, B2. XXX. No.7, January 1899 Moreen. E-: Der Eiendetonbau, seine Theorie und Anwendung (Reinforced concrete, teary 80d applicasion), Stucgart, Verlag Konrad Wiewer, 1912 Leanaarae, F.° "Reducing the shear reinforcement ia eeiniotesd concrete beams and siabs', Mog. Concrete Reseurch, 17, No.33, December 1965, 9187 Riser, Hu: “Uber die Greezes der Anwendbarteic dee Faenwerkanalogie Sei der Serecnnung der Senubtextiakeie von Stahiberonsalken’ (Oa the timliauons of applicability of the truss Snalogy forthe shear design of RC bess), Fawetrje Commu ‘Ammict ev tli Uotversite de Liege, 1964 5. Supfer, H."Erwecerong der Monracn'shen Fachwerkanalosie mit Hilfe dee Prinaint vom Misimum der Formanderungsar%ei (Expansion of Mérsch's russ analogy by sepiicaion of ce aiaipie (of minimum ycraia enersy), CEB Bulletin, 20, Pars 1968 1. Titimann, 3 Mart, 2. Pralong, J. Ria, P.- Zimmerli. 8 dletuag tum Fortidunsskurs {Er Bauingeseure’ (Advances lecture for Cin Seguter), iat fr Bauceramik und Konstruion. ETH Zurich i983 (se further references chere) 4S. Mars, 2.: ‘Basie cools of reinforeed concrete beam design’. ACY Journal, Ianuary-Feeriary 1988, po48-55 9 Maser, 2. “Plawisene Berechaung von Séahlbetonschelben ine Balken’ (Plasic analysts of reinforced conccee deep beams snd beams), Bericht No. (asi (Se Baustatik und Koastrudtion, ETH Zurien, sly 1979 0. Collins, M.P., and Micehell, Ou: “Sheae, and torsion design of peesreeed and gonsprestressed concrete Beams’. PCY Journal. 25 No. 8, Septemeer October 1980. 7232-100 Sotiaich. J. and Weischede, D. "Gin peaktiches Verfahren um metnocitchen Bemessen und Konstruieren ion Stahlbeconbau" (A, Dracieal method for he design aeu detailing of structura) concrete, Bullen dToforrasinn a, 150, Pris, Comite Euro-averntional da Beton, March (982 Suhlncn. J. and Scher, X: Koasirnore in Sahermbate Design tnd detailing of sructural concrete, Serontavsnuer FHS, Pate I W. Ernst & Sohn. Berin-MUnchen, 9787-1005 (Pvived ¥ersgn ualsned in che Setonklender 1989) 13. Zell, W.-"Sructversuche aa Stahibeonkonsolen bei Verdederang, Ges Bewehrungsyrads’ (Pate dete on RC corbels with dilfecent feinforcemene rtiasl. “dsehlpberiet um Forschungsvorhaben, Iastiat fur Magsvbau une! Bauxolcchnologis, Universit Kaelin, 9m Ja Leonhard, and Walther. Wandartige Trager’. (Deen beams, Barsin, Heft Nn. 178. Bevin, W. Eons Se Sohn, 1986 The Siructur) Fayinaer’ Volume fa/No.4/19 Marcts 6m)