2016 57th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

Method of Optimal Placement of Distributed

Generation Sources in Order to Improve
the Reliability of Power Supply
Galina Khudyakova
Ural Federal University
Yekaterinburg, Russia
uge@mail.ru
AbstractIn this paper the method of optimal placement of
distributed generation sources to improve the electricity supply
reliability is viewed. A mathematical model of multiobjective
optimal placement of distributed generation sources is
developed. The results and analysis of test calculations for the
proposed model are cited.
Keywordsdistributed generation sources, the stability of the
source, the objective function optimization.

I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the question of improving the power supply
reliability
of
industrial
consumers
raises
quite
sharply. Because of the power supply outages caused by
adjacent grid companies industries are on the red with
significant losses. For example, through the fault of the grid
company specializing in the extraction of oil in Russia, only
one field for the year loses about 56 million rubles.
One way to prevent blackouts consumers is to offer
accommodation sources of distributed generation (DG).
The basic concept of distributed generation - a source of
electrical energy of relatively small capacity, ranging from tens
kW to 50 MW, mounted on the side of the carrying supplies
consumer. Most common in Russia are gas piston and turbine
types of power plants. The main problem DG becomes the
problem of optimal sources placement in the distribution
network. A number of researchers to solve the problem are used
as criteria for optimization the different characteristics of the
steady state [1,2,3]. However, DG sources have a positive impact
not only on the normal operation of electric network, but also to
emergency mode [4].
However, if as a criterion in the optimization mathematical
models use indicator of the DG sources impact to electric
network emergency mode, it is possible to obtain a method not
only to improve the operating data network, but also to
improve the reliability of electricity supply.
In this paper, a universal mathematical model of optimal
allocation of DG sources are proposed, which takes into
account the influence of DG sources emergency operation on
the electrical network, and can be used in the development of
measures to improve the electricity supply reliability.

978-1-5090-3731-5/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE

II. THE PROPOSED METHOD

In a work [5], the authors examined the effect of the DG
source on emergency mode for power supply system of the
enterprise. It is shown, that the input source DG parallel
operation of a stand-alone or standby mode can prevent loss of
power supply the entire enterprise. In this paper were assume a
preventive solution to improve the reliability of electricity
supply through the optimal placement of DG sources using
multicriteria mathematical model.
Along with increased reliability of electricity supply must
take into account other factors. For example, today one of the
main criteria are the economic characteristics of the DG
sources. Another important measure is the power quality,
because advanced production equipment is very demanding on
the constancy of the voltage.
Based on the foregoing, it is conclude that the problem of
optimal allocation of DG sources is a difficult task that must
take into account the complexity and contradictions of
different criteria. For this purpose, it is necessary to give them
the correct mathematical description.
Mathematically, optimization are usually reduced to
finding the extrema of the objective function, which describes
the task. The most convenient approach are considered to the
minimum search function.
Investment criteria
In today's market conditions, there are many criteria for
evaluating the investment attractiveness of projects [6]. As the
economic or investment criterion are proposed to use the
profitability index (PI), which are calculated as the ratio of the
sum of the discounted cash flows from the project to the
original cost of investment. The indicator is expressed in
relative terms, it can be used in the function expressed the sum
of different criteria, and reflects the level of income per unit of
input. The higher the index value, the greater the return on
each ruble initial investment, if the value obtained is less than
unity, then the project is unprofitable and should be rejected as
economically impractical. This should be taken into account in
the restrictions.
As mentioned above, which is located at least function, so
it need to use the inverse of the index of profitability:

2016 57th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

(1)
In solving this problem settlePHQW SHULRG 7 \HDUV is
adopted. The increasing of the time interval for the calculation
can lead us to making a wrong decision, because of the very
distant conditions of tariffs and economic situation in general.
The paper does not consider the possibility of electrical
energy sale to the side for two reasons. The first - the power
source selected at the primary stage may be less than or equal
to the natural needs of the enterprise and there will be no spare
capacity for sale. The second reason - tariffs for electricity
distribution companies established usually below the cost of
power energy production on the DG sources. This artificially
barriers are create to small generation on the wholesale
markets for power energy. However, if are change this
provision, in the model, it can enter the corresponding figure.
Sample structure is shown realizable, operating costs and
revenue of the project presented in the Table 1.
As a result, the objective function takes the following
form:

(2)
where P - total power sources DG; - the discount factor.
The criterion of the quality of electrical energy
In terms of improving the quality of electrical energy in
solving the optimal placement problem of DG sources, in this
paper are consider only the change in the steady voltage
deviation, which is responsible for the company's
network. This criterion is introduced for the following reason:
at the ends of power lines may be significant voltage drop. In
turn, the DG source affects the magnitude of the voltage
depending on distance from the supply point of the substation
is connected.
TABLE 1. THE CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS AND REVENUES OF THE
PROJECT

Capital costs (K)

Operating costs (C)

The profitable part (D)

Cost component

Cost component

Component of income

Purchase and
installation of
equipment

K1

Loss of energy
efficiency in the
network

C1

Turnkey
construction

K2

Fuel

C2

Transportation
K3
costs
Design work

K4

Pipeline and
hot water

K5

Buying electrical
energy from the
network
Purchase thermal
power from the
network
Repair and
maintenance

C3

4
C5

Reduce costs for the

purchase of
electrical energy
Reduce costs for the
purchase of fuel
cells
Reduce
environmental
penalty payments
Reduction of losses
associated with
power outages
Reduction of losses
electrical energy

D1

D2

D3

D4
D5

Other indicators of electrical energy quality, in addition to

frequency, according to the standard GOST 13109- 97 [7], due
to the specific modes of electrical consumers operation and
should be supported in their normalized within:
(3)
Improve the reliability criterion
This criterion reflects an increase in supply reliability by
reducing the number of outages caused by adjacent grid
companies that quite important for the mining industry.
Except for the autonomous, power supply system are
connected with higher distribution companies. Lines in the
calculation of these connections are generally isolated in the
so-called section, the cross section of the overflow value
depends on the number of persons in the work lines. In the
event of an accident involving a deficiency of active and
reactive power caused by the emergency shutdown line (s)
included in the section can observe the process of reducing the
stress on the tires substations. Overcurrent accompanies these
processes on the remaining lines in the work that will lead to
the lines of the current protection. When approaching the bus
voltage substations to critical level may lose part or all
consumers.
However, the cross section of flow regulation can be
carried out by generating a load input nodes. Knowing this
dependence are proposed as measures to improve reliability of
power supply, produce placement DG sources in power
systems. Dependence are defined as a ratio of efficiency [5]
equal to:
(4)
where 3 ij change the power flow in the cross section at the
emergency
shutdown
of
one
of
the
lines;
3 DGij change the power flow in the cross section when
connecting the power of distributed generation.
Function F 3 can take on negative values when installed
power DG sources much more power the consumer
loads. However, in practice rarely investor establishes DG
sources capacity far in excess of its own power loads
enterprise. In this case, even when the all the lines included in
the sectional area due in island mode.
The resulting vector of objective functions {F 1 , F 2 , F 3 },
scalar transformed in multiobjective function weighted by
weights, and takes the following form:
(5)
where 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 weights, i - the reporting unit for the
connection of the DG.

2016 57th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

The above function F i (P) stores sorted by Pareto for

i > 0. Therefore, the decision to minimize the value of F i (P)
is for arbitrary Pareto optimality [8].
The weighting factors in the model function as the
preferred choice, which gives it an additional
flexibility. I.e. the decision-maker chooses weighting values in
accordance with the objectives of the project:
x investment project (as a new business);
x improving the quality of power energy;

TABLE 2. LOAD TEST NETWORK SUBSTATIONS

RI
node
11
17
19
10
6
16
20
12

1 bus bar,
^9`
2,7+i0.9
0.25+i0.1
0.54+i0.29
2+i1.7
0.2+i0.45
2.5+i1.18
0.6+i0.43
3.2+i0.95

2 bus bar,
^9`
3.2+i1.12
0
0.06+i0.07
1.3+i1.68
1+i0.84
2.4+i1.21
1+i0.77
3.4+i1.35

RI
node
15
23
7
9
5
14
22
13

1 bus bar,
^9`
0.82+i0.9
0.56+i0.675
1+i0.45
0.7+i0.675
1.3+i0.4
1.8+i0.7
0.78+i0.73
2+i0.15

2 bus bar,
^9`
0.6+i0.6
0.36+i0.9
1.3+i1.4
0.5+i0.775
1.5+i0.3
1.5+i0.6
0.39+i0.69
1.9+i0.2

x improving the reliability of power supply.

It should be also noted the presence of constraints in the
optimization model. When connecting the DG sources on the
low-voltage substation load consumes electricity generated
without transformation, the excess are transformed and
transmitted
to
the
distribution
network
610 kV. Transformers and sewerage systems power energy
have a limited bandwidth, and these points must be considered
as respective inequalities such transformers:
(6)
where P DGi the power of the DG in the i-th node kW;
P i power consumption in the i-th site, kW; cos power
factor; S nomi the capacity of the transformer kVA. Other
technological constraints defined likewise.
However, there is a large group of various constraints
related to economic (e.g., limited budget) and environmental
factors (e.g., the level of pollutant emissions), limited space to
accommodate the DG source et al. In case of a stand-alone
mode of operation should be a power balance of. Using of the
tool restrictions can empower the proposed model, i.e., can be
taken into account virtually any factor.

III. EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATIONS

As a test power system network (Table 2, 3) is selected
oilfield, single-line diagram is shown in Fig. 1. Powering
substations "PS-2" and "PS-3" (110/35/6 kV) is produced at a
voltage of 110 kV to 110 kV switchyard "PP-1" double-chain
lines. In the event of an accident on the 110 kV lines partially
or completely de-energized objects field, which leads to
serious economic losses.
All test calculations were carried out in an environment
Microsoft Excel 2010, the calculation of steady-state regimes
were carried out in the same environment with the help of
software package Inor XL. In the spreadsheet detailed design
scheme test network was constructed, by means of the
application "Solver" was the minimum objective function,
where the method of solution has been selected genetic
algorithm. The above restrictions are at the stage of setting
solver, with a stopping criterion.
In this paper solver operates with only three variables: the
number of blocks, the capacity of each unit, the node to
connect the DG. Upon reaching the stopping criteria derived
variables and conditions will be the minimum of the objective
function.

Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of the test network

2016 57th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

TABLE 3. DATA OF TRANSFORMER

RIQRGH

R,
{Ohm}

X,
{Ohm}

G,
{S}

B,
{S}

Kt

S,
{kVA}

7, 9, 11, 19, 22
17, 10, 20, 5
6, 16, 14,
12 , 13, 15, 23

1.48
2.72
2.72
0.788

24.4
24.4
24.4
10.5

7.51
5.44
5.44
9.23

46.3
32.7
32.7
44.3

0.177
0.175
0.175
0.174

6300
4000
16000
10000

Computer implementation of the algorithm the optimal

placement of DG sources includes two stages. At first
searched most severe disturbances in the network, through
the cycle of variant calculations. First of the normal mode,
then turn up calculated when you turn off one of the lines
included in the section. In the second step starts the search
of engine solutions for finding the set of parameters under
which takes the minimum value k eff .
For the given test network in addition to the limitations
imposed by the characteristics of the basic equipment, are
used the following limitations:

QRGH  is the largest gas distribution point and central

boiler with manifold, thereby significantly reduces the costs
of connection to the power engineering systems.
V. FINDINGS
1. It is shown that the problem of optimal allocation of
DG sources may be aimed at improving the reliability of
power supply of industrial consumers.
2. The advantage of the proposed optimization model
based on a weighted objective function is its flexibility, that
is search for the optimal solution based on the objectives of
the project. When the most important criteria in terms of the
decision maker, the maximum weight is assigned, and the
remaining criteria exhibited the most minimal weights.
3. In the current work such factors and criteria as a
variable load conditions inherent in certain types of
production, the dynamic characteristics of DG sources
associated with small permanent generators and others were
not taken into account. Further work is planned to extend
the existing model, updated with the above characteristics,
as criteria and target constraints.

x connecting one node to no more than two sources;

x one value of the function F <1;

REFERENCES
[1]

x resulting DG should be placed in a single node;

[2]

x value of 0 <F 3 <1.

Weighting values shown in Table 4 below.

[3]

TABLE 4. THE VALUES OF WEIGHTING COEFFICIENTS

Weight coefficient

Value

0.3

0.1

0.6

Because the main objective of improving the reliability

of power supply put the consumer, then the improving
criterion of the power supply reliability given the highest
weight value.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of variant calculations becomes the most
severe violation of the output of the transformer T1 at SB2,
which leads to an overload of twice the lines included in the
cross section, causing them Overcurrent protection. In
addition there is a significant voltage drop on the tires LV
substations 35/6 kV, to values below 5 kV, which will
trigger the protective equipment voltage. Thus, the work
function of all consumers deposit.
Its minimum value (0.849) objective function reached
the following set of variables: the connection of one gas
turbine generating unit 8 MW to the low side of 2 bus bar of
QRGH16.
Efficiency ratio in this connection point is 0.984 and it is
a good indicator, but the smallest efficiency factor when
calculating been obtained for QRGH 14 (0.952). There is
obviously influence on the investment criteria, as the cost of
building the station turnkey organization and parallel
operation of all nodes are about the same, but in the area of

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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The biography
In 2010 Galina Khudyakova graduated from the Heat Power Faculty of
Ural Federal University. In 2015 she was awarded the PhD in Engineering
sciences. After graduation started working in the university as assistant,
later became the senior lecturer at the Department of Thermal Power
Stations. The scientific interests is distributed and small-scale power
generation.