EnergySystemsOverview

JohnJechura jjechura@mines.edu
Updated:January4,2015

Topics
Energysources&consumption
U.S.&worldwide

Basiceconomics
Howdothevariousformscompareincost?

Generalconceptstobeusedthroughoutcourse
Definitionofefficiencies

GrowthofU.S.EnergyConsumption
120

15

EnergyConsumed(Quad=10 BTU)

100

80
Wood
HydroelectricPower
NuclearElectricPower

60

Coal
NaturalGas
Petroleum

40

20

0
1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

Source:18501949,EnergyPerspectives:APresentationofMajorEnergyandEnergyRelatedData,U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,1975;
19502000,AnnualEnergyReview2000,Table1.3.

EnergyMarketsAreInterconnected

https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/energy/energy.html

WorldEnergyConsumption
TheInternationalEnergyOutlook2013
(IEO2013)projectsthatworldenergy
consumptionwillgrowby56%between
2010 2040

OECD OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment
MembersasofSept2012:UnitedStates,Canada,Mexico,Austria,Belgium,Chile,Czech
Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,
Israel,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Slovenia,
Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,theUnitedKingdom,Japan,SouthKorea,Australia,
andNewZealand.
Source:
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/

WorldEnergyConsumptionbySource
Growthwillnotbeuniformamong
allenergysources
Renewable&nuclearpower
projectedtobefastestgrowing
energysources,increasingby
2.5%peryear
Naturalgasfastestgrowingfossil
fuel,increasingby1.7%peryear
Coalgrowsfasterthanpetroleum
becauseofChinasincreasing
consumption

Source:
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/

WorldCoalConsumption
Coalexpectedtoremain2ndlargestenergy
sourceworldwide.Worldcoalconsumption
toriseat1.3%peryearuntil2030&willstart
todeclineafter
Neartermexpansionofcoalconsumption
fromsignificantincreasesinChina,India,
andothernonOECDcountries.
DeclineduetoGHGconcernsand
displacementbynaturalgas

Globalcoalproductionconcentratedamong
fourcountries
China
UnitedStates
India
Australia
Source:
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/

Petroleum&NaturalGas
Consumptioninfluencedbyproduction
&costoffuels

ShaleOil&Gas
Shaleoilandgashavethepotentialtodramaticallyalterworldenergymarkets

Source:Supplementalpresentationissupportof
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/

10

ElectricityfromNuclear&Renewables
Worldelectricitygenerationexpectedto

FukushimaDaiichidisastercouldhavelong

grow93%from2010to2030

termimplicationsfornuclearpower

Renewablesfastestgrowingsegment,80%
inwind&hydroelectric

Chinahaltedapprovalprocessesforall
newreactorsuntilthecountrysnuclear
regulatorcompleteditssafetyreview
Germany&Switzerlandannouncedplans
tophaseoutorshutdowntheiroperating
reactorsby2022and2034,respectively

11

U.S.ResidentialEnergyConsumption

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/electronics.cfm

12

VehiclesperThousandPeople
Historical U.S. Vehicles per 1000 People
Symbols 1998 vehicles for other parts of the world

United States

Middle East

Industrialized Pacific
Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Former USSR
Central & S. America

Developing Asia

China

20
00

19
90

19
80

19
70

19
60

19
50

19
40

19
30

19
20

Africa

19
10

19
00

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Sources:
U.S.data
Vehicles:U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,FederalHighwayAdministration,HighwayStatistics2000,TableVM1,andearlierannualeditions.
Population:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensusTimeSeriesofNationalPopulationEstimates:April1,2000to July1,2001
Othercountries/regions
EnergyInformationAdministration,InternationalEnergyOutlook2002,DOE/EIA0484(2002),p.256.

14

Energy&OilPrices

http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/

16

Gasoline&DieselRetailvs.CommodityPrices
RetailPrice

GasolineRetailCostContributions
PerGallon
$2.91

Taxes
Distribution&Marketing
Refining
CrudeOil

15%
17%
6%
62%

$0.44
$0.49
$0.17
$1.80

$18.33
$20.78
$7.33
$75.78

$1.98

$83.11

DieselRetailCostContributions
PerGallon
$3.65

PerBarrel
$153.30

RefineryCosts/CommodityPrice

RetailPrice

PerBarrel
$122.22

Taxes
Distribution&Marketing
Refining
CrudeOil

14%
24%
13%
50%

RefineryCosts/CommodityPrice

$0.51
$0.88
$0.47
$1.83

$21.46
$36.79
$19.93
$76.65

$2.30

$96.58

Source:http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/

17

CoalPrices

http://www.eia.gov/coal/news_markets/

18

NoSuchThingasaGlobalGasPrice

http://www.slideshare.net/enalytica/gasmarketoutlooklngbusinessfundamentals

19

PriceChangesWithTime

UpdatedJanuary2,2015
Sources:http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm &http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_d.htm

20

Howdoenergypricescompare?
RBOBGasolinewholesale
HeatingOilwholesale
WTICrudeOil
BrentCrudeOil
Ethanolrack
NaturalGasHenryHub
PowderRiverBasinCoal(lowsulfur)
IllinoisNo.6Coal(highsulfur)
Electricity(Residential,winterseason)
ElectricityCommercial,winterseason)
Electricity(Aveconsumer,earlysumme
Hydrogendispensedcost

GivenPrice
HeatingValue
2.7906 $pergallon 115,000 Btu/gal
2.8373 $pergallon 130,500 Btu/gal
93.27 $perbbl
5.8
MMBtu/bbl
102.06 $perbbl
5.8
MMBtu/bbl
2.71 $pergallon 75,700 Btu/gal
3.97 $perMMBtu
10.55 $perton
8,800 Btu/lb
45.15 $perton
11,800 Btu/lb
4.604 perkWh
3.920 perkWh
11.4 perkWh
4.03 $perkg
324.2 Btu/scf

Price[$/MWh] Price[$/MMBtu]
82.80
24.27
74.19
21.74
54.87
16.08
60.04
17.60
122.15
35.80
13.55
3.97
2.05
0.60
6.53
1.91
46.04
13.49
39.20
11.49
114.00
33.41
HHV
102.20
29.95

LHV
LHV
HHV
HHV
LHV
HHV
HHV
HHV

References:
Gasoline,HeatingOil,&CrudeOilfromBlomberg(6/3/2013)
http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/
EthanolpricefromNYMEX(6/3/2013)
http://quotes.ino.com/exchanges/category.html?c=energy
CoalfromUSEIACoalNews&Markets(weekending5/31/13).
http://www.eia.gov/coal/news_markets/
XcelEnergyelectrictariffbook(asof12/28/2011)
http://www.xcelenergy.com/About_Us/Rates_&_Regulations/Rates,_Rights_&_Service_Rules/CO_Regulatory_Rates_and_Tariffs
HydrogencostfromDOEreport,DOEHydrogen&FuelCellsProgramRecord,Sept.24,2012
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/12024_h2_production_cost_natural_gas.pdf

23

GeneralConceptsforClass
ROM(Roughorderofmagnitude)vs.precisecalculations
Isitontheorderof1,10,100,1000,orsomethingelse?

Unitconversions!
Example:relationshipofkJ/sectokW;kJ/hr toMW

Physicalpropertiestofurtherrelatequantities
Example:whatpropertyisneededtoconvertkgCO2/kgfueltokg/L?

Productionofproducts&byproductsfromstoichiometry
Example:kgCO2 producedperkgoffuel
Example:kgCO2 producedpermiledriven

Efficiencyasrelationshipbetweenavailableenergy(potential)vs.energytransferred
Example:kWelectricityproducedperkJ/secheattransferredthroughboiler
Example:kWhelectricityproducedperkgcoal(withspecifiedassay)

25

Efficiencies
Thermalefficiency ratioofnetworkoutofsystemtoheatinputtosystem
th

Wnet Wout , j Win , j

Qin
Qin, j

Ratioofusefulenergyoutofsystemtoallenergyinputtothesystem

E
E

out , j
in , j

in , j

out , j

Win , j

Mayneedtoaccountforchemicalpotentialenergyeffects(i.e.,heatingvalues)

out , j
in , j

W m
H

H
Q W m
out , j

in , j

j ,products

in , j

c
i

j ,reactants

c
i

Heatrateisthereciprocalofthermalefficiencybasedonheatingvalue

Win , j
c
j ,reactants Hi

out , j

j ,reactants Hic
1 m
HeatRate
Wout , j Win , j

26

ThermodynamicEfficiencies
Thermodynamic ratioofactualenergychangetothatforreversiblesituation
Noenergylosttouniverse transferofpossibleenergydifferentfromidealbutstays
withinthefluid
Isentropicefficiency

H
fluid

thermo H fluid S 0 and H fluid pump

turbine

fluid S 0

thermo

Mechanicalefficiencies relatesenergyto/fromfluidthatislosttotheuniverse
duetofriction,
Wturbine mech H fluid andWpump

H
fluid

mech

27

HeatingValues
Dependsonstateofproducedwater
Lower/NetHeatingValue(LHV) wateringasstate

Fuel + O2 CO2 g H2O g N2 g SO2 g

Higher/GrossHeatingValue(HHV) waterinliquidstate

Fuel + O2 CO2 g H2O N2 g SO2 g

H HHV H LHV nH2O H Hvap
Tref
2O
Compound
Methane
Propane
nHexane
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Methanol
Ethanol
Hydrogen

IdealGasHeatingValue(60F)
Net
Gross
Btu/scf
Btu/scf
909.4
1010.0
2314.9
2516.2
4403.8
4756.0
4179.7
4481.6
3590.9
3741.8
766.2
866.9
1447.5
1598.5
273.8
324.2

Liquid(inVacuum)HeatingValue(60F)
Net
Gross
BTU/lb
BTU/lb
19,758
19,232
18,675
17,256
8,561
11,523

21,490
20,783
20,036
17,989
9,753
12,776

28