Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JohnJechura jjechura@mines.edu
Updated:January4,2015
Topics
Energysources&consumption
U.S.&worldwide
Basiceconomics
Howdothevariousformscompareincost?
Generalconceptstobeusedthroughoutcourse
Definitionofefficiencies
GrowthofU.S.EnergyConsumption
120
15
EnergyConsumed(Quad=10 BTU)
100
80
Wood
HydroelectricPower
NuclearElectricPower
60
Coal
NaturalGas
Petroleum
40
20
0
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Source:18501949,EnergyPerspectives:APresentationofMajorEnergyandEnergyRelatedData,U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,1975;
19502000,AnnualEnergyReview2000,Table1.3.
EnergyMarketsAreInterconnected
https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/energy/energy.html
WorldEnergyConsumption
TheInternationalEnergyOutlook2013
(IEO2013)projectsthatworldenergy
consumptionwillgrowby56%between
2010 2040
OECD OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment
MembersasofSept2012:UnitedStates,Canada,Mexico,Austria,Belgium,Chile,Czech
Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,
Israel,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Slovenia,
Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,theUnitedKingdom,Japan,SouthKorea,Australia,
andNewZealand.
Source:
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/
WorldEnergyConsumptionbySource
Growthwillnotbeuniformamong
allenergysources
Renewable&nuclearpower
projectedtobefastestgrowing
energysources,increasingby
2.5%peryear
Naturalgasfastestgrowingfossil
fuel,increasingby1.7%peryear
Coalgrowsfasterthanpetroleum
becauseofChinasincreasing
consumption
Source:
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/
WorldCoalConsumption
Coalexpectedtoremain2ndlargestenergy
sourceworldwide.Worldcoalconsumption
toriseat1.3%peryearuntil2030&willstart
todeclineafter
Neartermexpansionofcoalconsumption
fromsignificantincreasesinChina,India,
andothernonOECDcountries.
DeclineduetoGHGconcernsand
displacementbynaturalgas
Globalcoalproductionconcentratedamong
fourcountries
China
UnitedStates
India
Australia
Source:
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/
Petroleum&NaturalGas
Consumptioninfluencedbyproduction
&costoffuels
ShaleOil&Gas
Shaleoilandgashavethepotentialtodramaticallyalterworldenergymarkets
Source:Supplementalpresentationissupportof
InternationalEnergyOutlook2013,U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/
10
ElectricityfromNuclear&Renewables
Worldelectricitygenerationexpectedto
FukushimaDaiichidisastercouldhavelong
grow93%from2010to2030
termimplicationsfornuclearpower
Renewablesfastestgrowingsegment,80%
inwind&hydroelectric
Chinahaltedapprovalprocessesforall
newreactorsuntilthecountrysnuclear
regulatorcompleteditssafetyreview
Germany&Switzerlandannouncedplans
tophaseoutorshutdowntheiroperating
reactorsby2022and2034,respectively
11
U.S.ResidentialEnergyConsumption
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/electronics.cfm
12
VehiclesperThousandPeople
Historical U.S. Vehicles per 1000 People
Symbols 1998 vehicles for other parts of the world
United States
Middle East
Industrialized Pacific
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Former USSR
Central & S. America
Developing Asia
China
20
00
19
90
19
80
19
70
19
60
19
50
19
40
19
30
19
20
Africa
19
10
19
00
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Sources:
U.S.data
Vehicles:U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,FederalHighwayAdministration,HighwayStatistics2000,TableVM1,andearlierannualeditions.
Population:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensusTimeSeriesofNationalPopulationEstimates:April1,2000to July1,2001
Othercountries/regions
EnergyInformationAdministration,InternationalEnergyOutlook2002,DOE/EIA0484(2002),p.256.
14
Energy&OilPrices
http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/
16
Gasoline&DieselRetailvs.CommodityPrices
RetailPrice
GasolineRetailCostContributions
PerGallon
$2.91
Taxes
Distribution&Marketing
Refining
CrudeOil
15%
17%
6%
62%
$0.44
$0.49
$0.17
$1.80
$18.33
$20.78
$7.33
$75.78
$1.98
$83.11
DieselRetailCostContributions
PerGallon
$3.65
PerBarrel
$153.30
RefineryCosts/CommodityPrice
RetailPrice
PerBarrel
$122.22
Taxes
Distribution&Marketing
Refining
CrudeOil
14%
24%
13%
50%
RefineryCosts/CommodityPrice
$0.51
$0.88
$0.47
$1.83
$21.46
$36.79
$19.93
$76.65
$2.30
$96.58
Source:http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/
17
CoalPrices
http://www.eia.gov/coal/news_markets/
18
NoSuchThingasaGlobalGasPrice
http://www.slideshare.net/enalytica/gasmarketoutlooklngbusinessfundamentals
19
PriceChangesWithTime
UpdatedJanuary2,2015
Sources:http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm &http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_fut_s1_d.htm
20
Howdoenergypricescompare?
RBOBGasolinewholesale
HeatingOilwholesale
WTICrudeOil
BrentCrudeOil
Ethanolrack
NaturalGasHenryHub
PowderRiverBasinCoal(lowsulfur)
IllinoisNo.6Coal(highsulfur)
Electricity(Residential,winterseason)
ElectricityCommercial,winterseason)
Electricity(Aveconsumer,earlysumme
Hydrogendispensedcost
GivenPrice
HeatingValue
2.7906 $pergallon 115,000 Btu/gal
2.8373 $pergallon 130,500 Btu/gal
93.27 $perbbl
5.8
MMBtu/bbl
102.06 $perbbl
5.8
MMBtu/bbl
2.71 $pergallon 75,700 Btu/gal
3.97 $perMMBtu
10.55 $perton
8,800 Btu/lb
45.15 $perton
11,800 Btu/lb
4.604 perkWh
3.920 perkWh
11.4 perkWh
4.03 $perkg
324.2 Btu/scf
Price[$/MWh] Price[$/MMBtu]
82.80
24.27
74.19
21.74
54.87
16.08
60.04
17.60
122.15
35.80
13.55
3.97
2.05
0.60
6.53
1.91
46.04
13.49
39.20
11.49
114.00
33.41
HHV
102.20
29.95
LHV
LHV
HHV
HHV
LHV
HHV
HHV
HHV
References:
Gasoline,HeatingOil,&CrudeOilfromBlomberg(6/3/2013)
http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/
EthanolpricefromNYMEX(6/3/2013)
http://quotes.ino.com/exchanges/category.html?c=energy
CoalfromUSEIACoalNews&Markets(weekending5/31/13).
http://www.eia.gov/coal/news_markets/
XcelEnergyelectrictariffbook(asof12/28/2011)
http://www.xcelenergy.com/About_Us/Rates_&_Regulations/Rates,_Rights_&_Service_Rules/CO_Regulatory_Rates_and_Tariffs
HydrogencostfromDOEreport,DOEHydrogen&FuelCellsProgramRecord,Sept.24,2012
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/12024_h2_production_cost_natural_gas.pdf
23
GeneralConceptsforClass
ROM(Roughorderofmagnitude)vs.precisecalculations
Isitontheorderof1,10,100,1000,orsomethingelse?
Unitconversions!
Example:relationshipofkJ/sectokW;kJ/hr toMW
Physicalpropertiestofurtherrelatequantities
Example:whatpropertyisneededtoconvertkgCO2/kgfueltokg/L?
Productionofproducts&byproductsfromstoichiometry
Example:kgCO2 producedperkgoffuel
Example:kgCO2 producedpermiledriven
Efficiencyasrelationshipbetweenavailableenergy(potential)vs.energytransferred
Example:kWelectricityproducedperkJ/secheattransferredthroughboiler
Example:kWhelectricityproducedperkgcoal(withspecifiedassay)
25
Efficiencies
Thermalefficiency ratioofnetworkoutofsystemtoheatinputtosystem
th
Qin
Qin, j
Ratioofusefulenergyoutofsystemtoallenergyinputtothesystem
E
E
out , j
in , j
in , j
out , j
Win , j
Mayneedtoaccountforchemicalpotentialenergyeffects(i.e.,heatingvalues)
out , j
in , j
W m
H
H
Q W m
out , j
in , j
j ,products
in , j
c
i
j ,reactants
c
i
Heatrateisthereciprocalofthermalefficiencybasedonheatingvalue
Win , j
c
j ,reactants Hi
out , j
j ,reactants Hic
1 m
HeatRate
Wout , j Win , j
26
ThermodynamicEfficiencies
Thermodynamic ratioofactualenergychangetothatforreversiblesituation
Noenergylosttouniverse transferofpossibleenergydifferentfromidealbutstays
withinthefluid
Isentropicefficiency
H
fluid
fluid S 0
thermo
Mechanicalefficiencies relatesenergyto/fromfluidthatislosttotheuniverse
duetofriction,
Wturbine mech H fluid andWpump
H
fluid
mech
27
HeatingValues
Dependsonstateofproducedwater
Lower/NetHeatingValue(LHV) wateringasstate
IdealGasHeatingValue(60F)
Net
Gross
Btu/scf
Btu/scf
909.4
1010.0
2314.9
2516.2
4403.8
4756.0
4179.7
4481.6
3590.9
3741.8
766.2
866.9
1447.5
1598.5
273.8
324.2
Liquid(inVacuum)HeatingValue(60F)
Net
Gross
BTU/lb
BTU/lb
19,758
19,232
18,675
17,256
8,561
11,523
21,490
20,783
20,036
17,989
9,753
12,776
28