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Alloy
Composition
70% copper
30% zinc
Properties
Hard and malleable
Resistant to corrosion
Bronze
88% copper
12% tin
Duralumin
95% aluminium
5% copper
Stainless steel
74% iron
18% chromium
8% nickel
Pewter
96% tin
3% copper
1% antimony
99% iron
1% carbon
High carbon
steel
Cupronickel
75% copper
25% nickel
Magnalium
70% aluminium
30% zinc
Strong, hard
High wear resistant
Withstand great pressure
Attractive, silvery
appearance
Hard and tough
Light hard and strong
Uses
Making kitchen
appliances and
ornaments
Making decorative
ornaments and trophies
i.
ii.
iii.
The medical field- The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine uses
superconductor alloy to produce a strong magnetic field which helps medical
specialist to do diagnosis more accurately before operation or other treatment.
Superconductor alloys such as niobium-titanium and niobium-tin are used in
construction of MRI apparatus.
Bullet trains- The train uses the help of a magnet to move as though it if floating.
The production of electrical energy- A magnetic superconductor alloy in a nuclear
reactor can produce more electrical energy
c. As a cooling agent as ammonia gas is easily compressed and has a high heat capacity
d. Making chemical substances such as in dyes, synthetic nylon fibres, pharmaceutics and
refrigerants
e. As a cleaning agent - Ammonia solution reacts with vegetable oil or hydrocarbon to
produce cleaning agents
f. Preventing the coagulations of rubber latex
g. Making explosive substances such as trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Pollutants
Air pollutants such
as sulphur oxides,
nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons,
carbon oxides and
soot
Chemical industry
Mining and
processing of
radioactive minerals,
nuclear power plant,
nuclear weapon
industry, medical
and scientific
research facilities
Agricultural industry
Radioactive wastes
Excessive artificial
fertilisers and
pesticides and
organic waste
4. The control of industrial waste can be carried out through the following ways:
a) Law enforcement
a) Environmental Quality ( Scheduled Waste) Regulation, 1989
b) Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation, 1978
c) Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulation, 1979
b) Education
a) Campaigns
b) Mass media
c) Education curriculum
c) Recycling waste
d) The use of technology in treating industrial waste
a) Using an electrostatic precipitator-traps ashes in the smoke
b) Plasma torch- to convert toxic industrial waste to harmless substances
c) Modern landfills
d) Switch from fossil fuels to solar energy
e) Using a scrubber
f) Direct burning- agricultural wastes are directly burned in a heating furnace
g) Disposal drums- to store radioactive wastes
h) Biogas technology- process agricultural wastes naturally through digestion of
anaerobic microorganism.
i) Scrubber- to filter poisonous gases
j) International cooperation
i.
Montreal protocol (1987)
ii.
Langkawi Declaration (1991)
iii.
iv.
v.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.4 The need for Preservation and conservation of the environment from Industrial waste
Pollution
9.