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    Shumway

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    jjfdytryupoihh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10
    Michel Foucault By David R. Shumway Univers Press of Virginia (Chaslocewvill and London Derick R. SAUMWAY (1988) brichoR Teves CU fram a Vigo, Caeniatenild Contents (A th ar tue Cray per On foot oan Autor 1 hap Ton FocnitsSemegin 14 hpi The Molec wd theGue 37 hap Fer ST Bp andthe Diappenace Man 55 hope Faw ‘eso nd Geneon 94 chap si ‘iil Techno ed se Cont f hadi a Chapt Se Sou the Wil o Kaowlege 148 hate Sigh Golson Fut of Five Thing t0 Do with Poul be Nea and Rfomee 163 Sted Diapers SD Inder 3 Mo MiciEL roucauLT las of reine nan opp tan ofthe pony of resatnay change es welts hae bree "ene ‘eb an linet ess pda change ot the pen {Ft nme (5 9. One rot oh concn of pres at eer mem oad ii ad pen, Whe Pose turn we need weak Maciel cat one teat USsonnus he vegan he ene of pore new the ‘enc ofthe pice, ot it wha ht igh poe ‘ec orp prcce.Foualegos hte oot ea tag Bs bot he dom if ever eae de whch gan weal Ean Ar will be mgpened in comune wlan Fovctl dit so ae Sts ptt ine Subj and Pore” Foul tems op bck fom che ene hs ocepon of power then he sy tha Wee ‘teal te werner he chon of owe ol ie ve oppor cern pooner pve oe ete a ft “power eee only ovr fe nbc tnd sly at dtey ne fe" Aa Mego ingle ce pronsonceneet eget clef the at Soa bon Tey uy ere in ein Ses ehe problem a he bj change whch I aes ocptuuigyorer mah nto. We wl mee ie nop tte ange ewe 1 fT Sexwality ° feo Chapter Seven Sexuality and the Will to Knowledge About halfeay through the fis volume of Tbe Hit of Sealy, Foucrule aks therorially abou he sim of the series be was beg ‘ing. He anrwers hati into eracarbe into history he ble of {a Bie nda.” Le Biju inde, novel by the eighteenth ‘craary French wer Derr, tells o's sultan who receiver foe igni ring thar can case women’s sual organs to speak. The ‘aking er, Foucul claims, i one af our sce’ emblems, The ‘ale ofthe altars ring ws dat the sexes ie made to speak did ‘ot i or society, 100, ha sought, albeit by more promi means, fo exact the cut of ex. And yet Foucaule maps ha our problem ct oaly “to kaow whet marcus fing cones a similar power fn ut,” but aso to know “on which masters Ginger ie has been ‘placed; whac game of power ie makes puible or prersposes, and Tow ic tat exch one of ur ha become a srt of atenive and impradene slam wich respect tO his own ex and that of othe cr Wert with ay oft 1 begin by mentioning a ilsrtion ‘book under dicusion here bectse it vt the kind of hacaion Fouaule (pil uses o bepia his books. Why does he deviate fiom his pace thi time? One reson may be thatthe book a4 ‘whole wer inended at an intoducion to « planed si-volume ‘work: Another mighe be, however, ther Foueaule found 4 more fective opening by narrating the history of sexuality chat we most tee ell ourselves. aa chapter ented "We ‘Oxhet Viera” Foucault describes che familia sory of the represion of sexaity that begin co develop sometie ater the start ofthe seventeenth eocury and eiches te fall weight during the nneteadh. This ‘eprcion tthe work «bourgeois mort that retried sex co fhe home and to the conjugal faily. Ie imposed silence on see and ‘Sablibed che procretve maried coupe asthe oem forall sexx Ailey. Excepe fer the candstine wold of brothel and pomogee: ut 1 ‘machen FOUCAULT phe—thote whom Seeven Marcus called the “other Viercians— Trodesn puritaniss ha nponed tiple edit of bon, aoneistence, hd sence. For example, eveyone koew "tha cise had no sex ‘Thich was why they were frbeden co alk about why one cloned owt eyes and sapped one's ears whenever they cue show eve SL the cootny, and why a gener and studied silence was limped” (HS 4), Even cody, despite Freud, we have escaped this repression aly co slight degre. Foucault polars out tat eis aareatvesbout how we have rived cour present state of repression colacides with another historical trative, the say Ofte rie of explo. The represin, ic Meged, est frm the needs of epalisn fr wot Sex diate ‘rovers fom thet scivites im producing the commodities cap (alin seeds and is, moreover, especialy watt if i doesnot end {the reproduction of more workers and consumers. But cers thother, hidden texon for this arrive being #0 often repeated sees cepresed, that i, condemned to prohibition, ponents, td silence, then the mere fact tha one i speaking abou fs the appesne of + deliberate tranapresion. = What susans ur cepemen co ape of cei terme of repeenion i doubles this pportunty ka speak out agaist che powers that be, toute dhe io promise bln, to link together enighteament, liberation, ad ‘mani pleaucer to pronounces scours tha combines the fervor [rknowiege he determination co change the ews, and he looging (beh garden oferty delighe” (HS 6-7), Thus Foucault sugges that we have feaons for believing in and repencing chs atative that have nothing coo wih its rth. Our belt tat exept ‘hinids with ous notions of copitlin sod ate a eoricement te rps about sex “The notion chat since dhe sevenceeth century we ve lived with silenced sexuality Foucsle cals the “wepresive hypothesis" In one this met marling revernls be precede to arpur ot oly at the repressive hypothesis wrong, But thc the pei fe deste fas enperiencd an enormous proiferion of disourse about 5 Far fom being sleced, sex has ben spoken about mote than eet before, ‘Thiet otto ny thar Foucault denies changes ithe die use about temuliey or that tte changes involved some o> hibivont. For emmplc, the senulity of children, which price co the seventeenth century could provide an occasion for humor (0 people ofall social clase, afterward becomes the subject only of Sei andthe Wl 0 Kale ws sevious daca, Because the repesive hypothesis eral cevein ‘fares of power proves Foseule with he opporanity ferenend the dcusion of Dicplin nd Pans in which power ‘own to operate ia poatve aswell as neguive ways, ‘The Deployment of Sexuality “To say tha vemulicy i deployed i sea 10 challenge oe of the mos emacs sumpions of moder cular: the idosifcacion Gf senaliy with satte, Ceralaly this asomption owes moch £0 Feo who cated sx a 8 drive, the psychelogial representation ofan inwince. Cultte was depicted by Fread as demanding the fepeession ofthis drive. Like Pead, we tendo identi 4x 8 30 ‘emen of human natce, and noe a something cultualy speci. Fouctlt is obvauly aot about to deny that there ae biological ‘mires inthe man species, among them the ecu form of production. What e ix denying, however, is chat wae we 10 nope and North Ames cal sealiy i syoaymous with chit form of reptolction, Senality i bot + dcoure ad practice that canbe shown o havea paccula pois of emergence ia Western cake ar of hi emergence enti the expanded we ofthe confesion the Caste Church. The cnfeion, a #8 caborteecllection fed description of one's tefl deeds, words, and thoughts, wat ‘Eveoped in the moascery both at pital excite and ab & Irene of comer, Monks were taught to aster their snl desies ‘reoring them inc dcoune. Daring the Middle Ages, confesion ‘Zur ibe infequent among the geeera population. Confesion “iavurls fom thi period, owever,prserbe questions ths demand ‘api answees about the Stu of eal as. BY the seventeenth ‘Earary, however, prater aren sane. While chischaoge feighe seem so support the tepreive hypothe, Rovcnle notes thar this grester diction ix sccompanind by an intent io che Frequency of cofaion, in he igor of werexaminaion, ed in che else portance of sion of npr. Thus, estead of esting ef to deenbing the devil of overt acs, the confession mst ‘ow inlode eveything har exmight hee produced oreven merely touched in one imagioatve or mena ies The locus of aang Sion sift fom ooe’ acts Yo ones desis, and che whole Church i taught co con in the manner of monk. Foucault ses» 0 eo MiciEL FOUCAULT sinuation of thi proces of curing sx iat dicouse in the que ceeseicoial wecings ofthe Margls de Sade and the anonymous ibioune aachor of My Sart Life. Win i importa hee snot Tina te sex destbed for purposes of ebolucion oof plese, cere tS Go eues the spenker responding «0 an injunction Baan” DeSede and the anonymous Victorian author ae ma ‘Gosined bp sie, But thei act of curing sex Inco disoure ‘efece a uistenn phenomenoo, ee msvargeis soley il ot at mainly CO sepres 0 © sileacessexealiey which nonecheless expe elf a all instine Ae aamner such power rele athe "rmukipiation of singular Sexier (#5 47) Such ealtipliacion bes Sine cegory of “unnatural” sexuality. Through the end of the Sidmccnth century, mariage war the focus of avs, eles, and fe ‘GRtnendationspertuning eo sex. The mariage ration Was ‘inde conseane surveillance: if was found ro be lacking, i ad © EEG fied and plead is case Before « witnes” (HS 37), Thos, BePEpie che ioablicy co fll the sexual duce of mariage Ru bejsged as violation of the law jut a adultery wat 10 ‘eited tne tw made ool relative distinctions Beeween sins such ache, rapes aduley, incest, and sodomy. Ie i true eat ‘he cuegory of "ns aioe ature” had long exited in Chistian ‘heologh but i included crimes such ax wrory cat had nothing co ‘SoU Rex Sextet contrary fo nurure may hve been posh ‘rv beverely, bur they were tl, ine fundamental ese, violations er ine Tere was such an Meaiey beeween eure ad thew Shay deformed individual, hemaphrsies, fr example SREP Be cased as camicale In ee neeenthcenery, boweve, Saetagecemed eo be he fous of sens control, The legitimate ‘eintMow Beeame the norm against which all och sexuality was Ste compared. The sex of chliven, ofthe mad, of those who were enced tthe sme wx, ow beare ce focus of erating, Thos SEIGST Linu of senualiy were ditnguished, and chose cht were Troe mere set spare Th kind of sci assumed an a00- Uy with fegard tothe other condemned forms such 8 adultery OF pe and he later were condemned lest ad Is)’ (HS 39). Now ‘ERhaty.salomy sad, aod incest wer all egarded as een ier osnut’s pot is that we tend ro identify prohibition ad con uokvund chester neglect the ocher ways i which con may BE Sema andthe Wil Kole Ms xed, Children's senuaty, for ample, was acide niece ‘ee ele with by simple probbiion, ax adultery had been, For ca st lls masturbation was ox regard as «violation enact that needed medical texrent x paca See Tyas childhood oan was ceed a if it wee a8 SEGRE fr which a cause muse be ound so chat i could be Sider Ppa ene eee of eis fore wat to dive masturbation ametag whee i could then be “covered.” Whee che eof en Ned once been taken foe granted by scien, in becoming srneset of imene erutny ie beeame an even large tree. se sdialisation of sex helped co create her sexual spi= previo, bmoverial as were condemocd os sy, tts Pere mented a oad act. But jt asthe penal sem but he Tne the one who had commited rime into» dene ad hs bingephy, > sletecat-cesury medicine raed he Fane be wasn a cate itor ad life form. His entte Pecan sced by his tmulicy. Thus Bomosenalisy stopped eink Tse pnctice of sodomy, and became “a ind of inerior are e'haaphodiam ofthe sul. The sodamite ad bec sae rton, the mosenal was ww speci” (HS 4) a ot Cencaded fom discourse; rather, dicourse EVE (Sah local babietion and mame, I dominant form ken by sexual discourse Foun calls is ema sinc), He cote sia xual with te at eis such at China, Joan, Ind, and ancient Rome ra seus drnwa fom pesare ill nderood a & tee cCaad scared ax expres” CHS 57 Ar ti has Fs ead i cones nor of eles, laws, of tor, Dat of 16 od, Tend of fbdding or pemitsing, or dsingwshing sok a enlaces peut, ic lacesty, # duration, sod i mae “rui ruc arti ot stained by surveillance oF inguiy, a i cron ot might be considered ws parlel co che Ru ars The Indian Kana Sua is pechaps te bescknown ample ofa erica inthe West MP ng co Fount, the Wener societies ae the oly 0068 sees Keath ake te form of a dscure damerically op- eee eta the confession es oc surprising that Fouclt etd nd the confession eo be cet roe deployment of x Me maciteL FOUCAULT saliy, fo te confemion fuser the owe forms of sabjcivigy dat Foucnulefsedeveibed in hie account ofthe human sciences fa Te Onde of Thing. "Th confession i ital of iacoure fn which the speaking subject i also the subject of the sextement is ao # ‘eal tat unfols within & power relationship, for coe doesnot enfesswithou the presence (or virtual presen) of + patner who {Soe simpy the interlocutor buc the authorry who toques the centesion’ (HS 61). In Divine and Pais we sa bow the di ‘iplinay technique could constitute the idividual man cbjet fo te jodged, meseured, and oamined. In Th Hisar of Seay, we ste how the individual i concured a3 speaking and desing fubjec with an inner realm of experience thatthe confesion revel. Bur me leo se the in chis moment ofsel-expresion, te individ remuna the subject (Cat iy one who is led) of the pit, oF Ine, of he human scent (docor, payhiart, paychologi, ee) ‘who requires the confntn, Boch art ties and sew oat Involve 4 power recon. In che former iri the teltion of the teacher who pastes down his wisdom ro the pop tof the maser ‘who iitaer the movie; bur im the leer, che tath comes from Telow, handed up tothe suthoriey who demands i ‘Thus when the confession sops being exclsiely che ite of penance aod becomes « sundard technique for authorities ofall Kinde, ican becomes the bai for an archive, body of recorded Enowiedge. The confesions af the Chetan ritual were secret at unrecorded dicoure they did ot Yield such an achive. But the ‘iences of medicine, psychiatry. and pedagogy inthe ioeeench eocurycomiped and classified the please, expecially the deviant Pleasures, chat were described co them. This was a0 odd tort of Science since i telied nor on observation aod experimentation, bat ‘on the questionable evidence of intospecton snd lived expercae Nevertheless a sccace of senulity was proced by s fain ofthe teaitona procedutes of the contnion and the more recent tech: rigor of che scenic disciplines. Fovcelt its five way in which the confesion was traniformed feo sence, Fis, the cones ‘rus combined with the examination. What the individoa ported ‘Ts treaced as a et of igs or syrpeome tobe deciphered. lend (Fimeely asking for «recllection of deeds and denies the seis ed manifold techniques: questionnaires, iatesogaton, hyp, fee atsciaton, er. Second, sex was pied buving var cael powers. The mos minor eve fn ones serial history coud have Seni edhe Wil 1 Kae wr cscemous consequences ia any aes of en's ie, This uid the ‘Shun eo cl a They the eral ees fr ching ot only tre ide bur he meres that ended to hep he iden. Bemurel ts lnency, th tho ex nuded be exec athe: fan nerdy sewed’ Fourth, he mening fons sexual ep {Foot elfcvdee tothe psi, but needed tobe teed ‘Ton tne othe pr tied fo eth by vpn Feo med of tcpering Pith he act of cones seed ts lial precede of Signoria se therapy. That vx ws 09 ibger uct! i ems merely ono tation, but he ‘teniagly in those of te aca or the pathologie. Who were Cfeeento who coped und wed thee procedure? Four er lou nch figure avec Elli sod K-Ebing who comple Scerpccs of though sed bowie Butte pede the Shue roy ment cine wid antber nent, Sigmund ‘rsa. Prychoalys or Fuca use be reolonony method Fad cated ie obey bu ter the combination of pods ‘erp enti, ctl herefoe denrbes is isory osexaliy STartchnnlony of paychouala” GS 13 The dcr at te probe by the consion in both, it sls ee he ni ha ped ‘cers racers bepionig in he ghee cenary. Thus ve iu wet pd tan Simla Tr On of Tig Salieryrcent invention, Preval, ean ewer he ees ‘Wee gveoc bythe deployment fale, "vost of mag, ‘Hindi and elope’ of Kah ef ears foes Sod ponents” Us 100) To vndenasd what Fowl mess Sine we might ake the aeaged manages othe European icercy sa eprentive nuance These maiges were lie Secs powe and propery. Thc od mst prove bh of hee fer the fir tae the mnrnge led. The wine sce of ‘Slane won imeded to opreduce exiting reins of Powe, prop” {rer and the see. Three produce tem of les dining {fe permite ad te fone te ce tod the it. fe wat ‘Suctned wth legless pre: hei physi eltons Sie aly tape of tlre id Alery wo forbidden Tite centered dc lp lane, while productive sx be {rece marl purnes at socouged becrus it produced hes Sivromgtent te alan Sunny afer oa ef hee pins. efecto epnce Ms MacHEL FOUCAULT sing each, but © plolee power by expuding the tre and oom of eoprl Ths ieee te later of See {> ech acer. oft legal bone been indie aly" conered mith the seraton ofthe body he guy Plus, and tenure of impreions (HS 106). Eecmily ‘peaking, semualy tes the by t= of podction td om, ‘Stn, and asa ott ple wey but ofc ad Conta by cooling population, Ths in devebing socaiy ‘St hisose censrut, Foucault awe» conection Cece ok incenifiation f the ose pas sean td the incring Imanagement ofthe behav ge goup. Te sea indeed ‘keto ecen his ot herown pete tough was wih he rte, whe athe bane te he ndvdat onl yeh ‘pu of kaowledge bse oo wha deals temas fare tered. Theft of eeating» pci, the forte at ‘spe homesenaactivgy—chagh home ey, B© peneetedbut to ine ft Paenealy, iene roel ‘Snes nt fom prion bt fw pear ‘The deployment of writy de mot replace the deployment of aan; eat as deployed on topo ety extn ten allance Thus the fui hein o wich alee a founded, became the locas of xual. But eds a the eapenae of Kxng ts prleged vas wth ost of ono pale nd wc powe, Ie became sen cel a contuned he elas ‘husband and wif, and paca Gly tagh when tng ‘deployed. Hee agin pechounlvn, wih suman ht individ penalty aes sage as et of the ea ‘tained vena ls of seb othe aly cel, piers ‘ong exmple. “The family the icechnnge Of sey td Alianee coves the lw adhe areal denen inthe Payment of wea, and convey the enon f pen {ivtnensty ef venation inte rpc fallanee (1S 08) Ces th ncn deployment aly hs brane tess lous of power sod mores aca of felings nd ove ea ine texcls word. Bur the my bo is the poi of cooley Serwcem alas sd vent, «condi thac For fn ls ‘etd in the made preoccopation withthe ince abo. The oes sein a he ay assay sey inten ‘he yen of linn prob inet bec ne te 0d sllace with motes nly. Barn the ceased ny Senay od he Will » Kase ro iin oc eps melee concn pont ofthe Ff of ance all By camng ah nce io sue Semler, he mem of allan peered onde the gue of cand lnk. Chancel, Fae secs Oe ‘lee gen ice cover a ebm cleo edt fpadiced by thw cences eae To pel ofthe “deployment of eal & to suggest chat seraity we, ie olor weapons temp ina service ot ‘Sion i mone irc Foucl dest ean hat ould views famed in avace, amor fol te Bt be oct taper tet Hie ey od ten, en peta weed ‘Sere of tes pole ced enone power, Bat Wes tary deployed by the bourgecie n her ova inter, 8 ‘Eplred ont ous se Tomer dnc, but by the bourse © Semen lated of wing to cmt he laboring canst cheep bypothea fad tc te deployment of exalny See poof gem efi eo sre he bse ad prolng he Ui ele ling cat, Tos the cul eene the deploy fen ithe tanta of he cofonon foe iis ‘Exeant fo + eet oe “ued ofthe qunion of det nod ‘rcningpttnment—th pole of i td nest. The enh {Ta ought dove tothe lee! othe open” (HST Art Tae of bah seme ws apled eo thane wha i was mest {pena fo bcp belly he Dougie: Ta borage ie subject seuality oly galerie deploynent hed ie copied lo eof i er “hun wu he Durga hac fe mae wich sex nd ce bourse who. mde il by bee po. bie fm we comic wold, wo in end by being Charged with cnjge ad prota cligion. ‘The seman fron iret ce tee thc mano ak ob, cough he Tropiccemor sn ad: ioe tie dredopacer opis 53) SESE mem of produce ween were sopreant Cour omic pdocon. A ge pocongeo gs ‘er pode nthe Howe, sual for ws ther, Ba roucion Erol ch br sod ting tue india, more ‘el eee women found Geneve ed. “Tese women we ek ‘tae in he see cat i leno to ur was co product ‘nd rece, Te dis ead idee, many women deloped ars ie 0 sacHen FOUCAULT ‘orders thac were called by a variety of sames but which ca all be oscrbed at part of the hyverstion of women's bodes, These

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